the marsh by the Rock River Valley Company, organized in 1904.

THE WELSH CONTRIBUTION TO WISCONSIN

Our class in the Milwaukee State Normal School is studying the geography of Wisconsin, and is desirous of knowing what the Welsh people brought to Wisconsin. We know that the German people brought brewing and the sugar-beet industry, but we have been unable to find what the Welsh people brought.

ELLEN C. WILLIAMS, Milwaukee

The Welsh in Wisconsin have been for the greater part farmers, and have contributed by their industry and thrift to building up the agricultural interests of the state. In some portions, such as Racine and Waukesha counties, they have contributed to stock breeding and the dairy interests. In the western part of the state some Welshmen were miners, and others engaged in the manufacture of shot. See Wis. Hist. Colls., xiii, 357-360. Their best contributions to our Wisconsin life have been immaterial rather than material. The sober, religious character ofmany of the Welsh, their devotion to church life, especially their interest in church and other music, have been of benefit to the higher life of the state.

A Welsh Musical Union was organized in 1865, according to an account published March 3, 1869, in the Racine Journal. Each year the Welsh people held their musical convention, a great festival in itself. The Union also promoted church music and other forms. They offered prizes for musical compositions-a most unusual thing in the early history of the state, as it is still unusual.

The Welsh people, especially the rural folk, lived lives of great frugality, industry, and self-sacrifice, so that we may perhaps look upon their church and community singing as their characteristic form of recreation, and it was a most admirable

one.

THE STORY OF THE STOCKBRIDGES

I would like to know to what nationality the Stockbridges of Wisconsin belong, and where they came from. Are they a mixed race of people? H. C. KECK, Welcome, Minn. The Stockbridge Indians originally came from Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where a mission for Indians was established early

in the eighteenth century and a school maintained for the education of Indian boys. The tribe that formed this mission was a branch of the Mahican or Mohegan tribe, called by the Dutch the "River Indians," because they dwelt along the Hudson River. That portion of the tribe living in the Housatonic Valley was the part that removed to Stockbridge, where in time they became known as the Stockbridge Indians. They always called themselves Mo-he-con-new, or Mohegan, and when John Metoxen, their chief, died in Wisconsin, he was spoken of as the "last of the Mohicans."

In the course of their removals, first to New York after the American Revolution, then to Wisconsin about 1825, remnants of other tribes became mingled with the Stockbridges, notably the Munsee, the Wolf clan of the Delaware tribe. These two bands came together to Wisconsin, most of them from Stockbridge, near Oneida, New York. One portion of the tribe had in 1818 removed to White River, Indiana, among some of the Delaware. Upon arrival there, they found the land had been ceded to the United States; so after a few years they joined their brethren in Wisconsin. Their first home was at Statesburgh, now South Kaukauna, on Fox River. In 1832 they ceded this region for a reservation on the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago, and founded there a new Stockbridge. The Brothertown Indians lived with the Stockbridges at this place. They were kindred tribes, but in reality the small remnants of southern New England tribes-the Pequot, Montauk, Narragansett, and so forth, that gathered at a mission in New York and took the title of Brothertowns. These Indians have become citizens, and their descendants still live in Calumet County. The Stockbridges, however, declined in 1846 the offer of citizenship, and in 1852 ceded their lands in Calumet County for a reservation near the Menominee in Shawano County. There they and the Munsee still live; practically all of them, however, have become citizens and accepted lands in allotment.

THE FOUNDING OF RHINELANDER

Please send me any information you may have on the early history of Rhinelander and Oneida County.

MISS B. SIMMONS, Rhinelander

Your community is so new that your local history may be obtained from persons now living in it. It would be wise to gather in the reminiscences of the pioneers before it is too late.

Oneida County was organized in 1885 from Lincoln County. Consult Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908, on Oneida County organization and the changes in its boundary. This region had been for hundreds of years the home of the Indians, those of the Chippewa tribe having lived there from the seventeenth century. Wis. Hist. Colls. xix, 202, gives an account of a fur trader among these Indians in 1804. All these traders were French-Canadians, who came and went and left little trace, yet they may be called the first white men in Oneida County.

Rhinelander was, like most northern Wisconsin towns, the child of the railway. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway was organized about 1870; it was foreclosed under a mortgage in 1875 and bought in by a group of New York capitalists headed by Mr. F. W. Rhinelander. Mr. Rhinelander had great faith in the future possibilities and present resources of northern Wisconsin. His company began building north. By 1882 the railway had reached Summit Lake, with the line graded to Pelican Lake. By 1883 the road had been pushed beyond Pelican Lake, with a spur 15.7 miles long from Monico to the mouth of Pelican River, which was chosen by the president of the road as the site to which he gave his own name. Whatever settlement had been there before was called Pelican Station. Settlers came in so rapidly that by 1890 there were 2658 persons in the village of Rhinelander. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway sold to the Chicago & Northwestern in 1893, and after that the Rhinelander family was no longer connected with this region. The Rhinelander family is one of the old landholding families of New York City. The first in America (1686) was Philip Jacob Rhinelander, who was exiled from France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes-that is, in the dispersion of

the Huguenots. The family home was on the Rhine, but in territory which was a part of France. Philip Jacob settled at New Rochelle, New York, and there died in 1737. His son William removed to New York City and was buried in Trinity churchyard in 1777. His landed property has been kept together as the Rhinelander estate and has become very valuable. William's son William II bought as a sugar house a building which was used as a prison for Americans during the Revolution. This historic monument known as Rhinelander's Sugar House existed until 1892.

William Rhinelander II (1753-1825) had two sons, William C. (1790-1876) and Frederick William. The latter had a son and a grandson of the same name. President Rhinelander of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western was either the second or the third of the name. The family is now represented by Philip, bishop of the Episcopal Church.

THE CAREER OF MARINETTE

We have had several inquiries lately about the meaning of the name of our city, Marinette. As far as our records show, the name Marinette had no special significance except as it was the name of the Menominee Indian girl who married John Jacobs, and who was well known in early days for her business ability. Have you any further information as to the meaning of the name?

GLADYS M. ANDREWS, Marinette

In the Patrick Papers we find a manuscript "History of Marinette" by Dr. John J. Sherman, in which the author says that Marinette Jacobs, from whom the town takes its name, was born in 1793 at Post Lake, the source of Post River, one of the principal tributaries of the Peshtigo River. She was a daughter of a Chippewa woman and a Frenchman named Chevalier, of whom but little is known.

From our records we can add something about Marinette's father. His name was Barthélemy Chevalier, and he was for some time a resident of Green Bay. After his death his widow lived at this place. See Wis. Hist. Colls., x, 138. See also the baptismal record of Marinette's older sister in Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, 85. The name Marinette was probably an abbreviation of Marie Antoinette. It is quite possible that Chevalier may have

named his little daughter for the unfortunate French queen who was guillotined the year of her birth.

Further information from Dr. Sherman is as follows: Marinette was regularly married to John B. Jacobs, to whom she bore several children and with whom she lived on this river for some time previous to 1822, at about which time he left the river. In the Wis. Hist. Colls. you will find more about Jacobs. He was an Englishman who came out to Green Bay from Canada-a man of good education and family but sadly addicted to liquor. He taught school awhile at Green Bay, and Marinette may have been one of his pupils. At any rate he loved her, and some of his unpublished letters in our manuscripts show a deep interest in her welfare and that of his children. He went back to Canada to obtain an inheritance left him by a brother. So far as known, he never returned to Wisconsin.

Continuing Sherman's history, we find that Marinette remained on the river with William Farnsworth, to whom she bore several children and who in turn left her and settled at Sheboygan. He was lost on the Lady Elgin in 1860.

Marinette should not be morally blamed for her relations with Farnsworth, as those were the customs of the times and the people among whom she grew up. You will find a biography of Farnsworth in Wis. Hist. Colls., ix, 397-400. "The old residence of Marinette," Sherman says, "is still standing and is the property of our chief officer, F. Carney Esq. Marinette lived there with her children (among them were Mrs. Charles McLeod, John B. Jacobs, and George P. Farnsworth of Green Bay) devoting the latter part of her life to deeds of benevolence and devotion until she arrived at the ripe age of threescore and twelve, when she quietly passed away on the third of June, 1865. Her remains were first interred in the enclosure near the house where the family had a sort of temporary vault, over which was erected a building composed of cedar logs."