6. States granting it to "all citizens of the United States."

7. States granting it to "male citizens," or to "male citizens of the United States," or to "male citizens of the United States and male aliens who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States," under special limitations.

In each of these classifications, the enjoyment of the franchise is dependent, however, on age and residence qualifications (1).

CLASS I.

I. CALIFORNIA, 6. MAINE,

II. NEW JERSEY,

2. FLORIDA,

3. IDAHO,

4. ILLINOIS,

5. IOWA,

7. MARYLAND, 12. OHIO,

8. MISSISSIPPI, 13. SOUTH Carolina, 9. MONTANA, 14. VERMONT,

Constitutional provisions of States whose qualified voters are "male citizens of the United States."

(1) The legal age of twenty-one has been adopted by all States as the age qualification of an elector. But there is a great difference be ween the several States as to residence qualification. In twenty-nine States, the residence qualification is fixed at one year. These States are Alabama, Arkansas, Cali fornia, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania (native or former electors of this State, who have been absent and returned, six months), Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. In ten of them the term of residence is fixed at six months. These States are Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon and South Dakota. In Maine and Michigan, the term of residence to qualify as an elector is placed at three months; in Minnesota, at four months; in Kentucky, at two years; but in New Hampshire no time is specified, proof that he is an inhabitant being sufficient.

CALIFORNIA.

Citizens of Mexico, resident in California for one year after its acquisition by the United States, acquired citizenship in the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Queretaro.

*ARTICLE I.

SEC. 24. No property qualification shall ever be required for any person to vote or hold office.

ARTICLE II.

SECTION 1. Every male citizen of the United States, every male person who shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Queretaro, and every male naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become such ninety days prior to any election, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the State one year next preceding the election, and of the county in which he claims his vote ninety days, and in the election precinct sixty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or which may hereafter be authorized by law; provided, no native of China, no idiot, insane person, or person convicted of any infamous crime, and no person hereafter convicted of the embezzlement or misappropriation of public money, shall ever exercise the privilege of an elector in this State. SEC. 4. For the purposes of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or his absence while employed in the service of the United States; nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States; or of the high seas; nor while a student at any seminary of learning; nor while kept in any almshouse or other asylum, at public expense; nor while confined in any public prison.

ARTICLE XIX.

SEC. 4. The presence of foreigners ineligible to become citizens of the United States is declared to be dangerous to the well-being of the State, and the Legislature shall discourage their immigration by all the means within its power.

***

ARTICLE XX.

SEC. 2. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge to *Const. of California, 1879.

fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out of it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those thus offending, shall not be allowed to hold any office of profit, or to enjoy the right of suffrage under this Constitution.

SEC. II. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and from the right of suffrage, tersous convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, malfeasance in office, or other high crimes. The privilege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections, and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.

SEC. 12.

Absence from this State, on business of the State or of the United States, shall not affect the question of residence of any person.

FLORIDA.

*ARTICLE VI.

SECTION 1. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, that shall, at the time of registration, be a citizen of the United States, or that shall have declared his intention to become such in conformity to the laws of the United States, and that shall have resided and had his habitation, domicile, home and place of permanent abode in Florida for one year, and in the county for six months, shall in such county be deemed a qualified elector at all elections under this Constitution.

SEC. 2. The Legislature, at its first session after the ratification of this Constitution, shall provide by law for the registration of all the legally qualified voters in each county, and for the returns of elections; and shall also provide that after the completion, from time to time, of such registration, no person not duly registered according to law shall be allowed to vote (1).

SEC. 3. Every elector shall, at the time of his registration, take and subscribe to the following oath: "I do solemnly swear or affirm that I will protect and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Florida, that I am twenty-one years of age, and have been a resident of the State of Florida for twelve months and of this county for six months, and I am qualified to vote under the Constitution and laws of the State of Florida." SEC. 4. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis or insane, shall be allowed to vote at any election, nor shall any person convicted of felony by a court of record be qualified to vote at any election unless restored to civil rights.

(*) Constitution of Florida, 1885.

(1) Act adopted June 7, 1887.

SEC. 5. The Legislature shall have power to, and shall enact the necessary laws to exclude from every office of honor, power, trust or profit, civil or military, within the State, and from the right of suffrage, all persons convicted of bribery, perjury, larceny, or of infamous crime, or who shall make, or become directly or indirectly interested in, any bet or wager, the result of which shall depend upon any election; or that shall hereafter fight a duel or send or accept a challenge to fight, or that shall be a second to either party, or that shall be the bearer of such challenge or acceptance; but the legal disability shall not accrue until after trial and conviction by due form of law (1). SEC. 7. At any election at which a citizen or subject of any foreign coun try shall offer to vote, under the provisions of this Constitution, if required by an elector, he shall produce to the persons lawfully anthorized to conduct and supervise such election a duly sealed and certified copy of hi declaration of intention, and if unable to do so by reason that such copy cannot be obtained at the time of such election, he shall be allowed to make affidavit before a proper officer, setting forth the reason why he is unable to furnish such certificate, and if said affidavit prove satisfactory to the inspectors they shall allow said elector to cast his vote; and any naturalized citizen offering to vote shall, if so required by any elector, produce his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy thereof, and in the event that said elector cannot produce the same, he shall be allowed to make affidavit before a proper officer stating in full the reason why it cannot be furnished, and if satisfactory to the inspectors of said election such elector shall be allowed to vote.

SEC. 8. The Legislature shall have power to make the payment of the capitation tax a pre-requisite for voting, and all such taxes received shall go into the school fund.

[See also Appendix].

IDAHO.

Women permitted to vote at school district elections; and to hold any school district office.

ACT OF FEBRUARY 25, 1891.

SECTION 2. That every male person over the age of twenty-one years, possessing the qualifications following, shall be entitled to vote at all elections. He shall be a citizen of the United States and shall have resided in this State six months immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote, and in the county thirty days; Provided, that no person shall be per(1) ct adopted June 3, 1887.

mitted to vote at any county seat election who has not resided in the county six months and in the precinct ninety days where he offers to vote, nor shall any person be permitted to vote at any election for the division of a county or striking off from any county any part thereof, who has not the qualifications provided for in Section 3, Article XVIII of the Constitution; nor shall any person be denied the right to vote at any school district election, nor to hold any school district office on account of sex.

or

SECTION 3. No person is permitted to vote who is not registered as provided by law, or who is under guardianship, idiotic or insane, who has at any place been convicted of treason, felony, embezzlement of public funds, bartering or selling, or offering to barter or sell his vote, or purchasing or offering to purchase the vote of another, or other infamous crime, and who has not been restored to the right of citizenship, or who at the time of such election is confined in prison on conviction of a criminal offense, or who after passing the age of eighteen years and since the first day of January, A. *. 1888, has been, or is a bigamist or polygamist, or is living or has lived in what is known as patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or in violation of any law of this State, or of the United States, forbidding any such crime; or who in any manner teaches or has taught, advises or has advised, counsels or has counseled, aids or has aided, encourages or has encouraged, any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or to live in violation of any such law, or to commit any such crime; or who has been a member of, or contributes or has contributed to the support, aid or encouragement of any order, organization, association, corporation or society which teaches or has taught, advises or has advised, counsels or has counseled, encouraged or aided any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal or plural marriage, or which teaches or has taught, advises or has advised that the laws of this State, or of the Territory of Idaho before its admission as a State into the Union, or of the United States applicable to the Territory of Idaho, prescribing rules of civil conduct are not the supreme law.

SEC. 4. For purpose of voting no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of this State, or of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, nor while a student of any institution of learning, nor while kept at any almshouse or other asylum at the public expense.

SEC. 5. Every qualified elector shall be eligible to hold any office of this State for which he is an elector, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution.