No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV.. SECTION I-STATE RECORDS. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each State, to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof. SECTION II-PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS. I. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. (1). 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to labor or service in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. I. SECTION III-ADMISSION OF NEW STATES. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. DISPOSITION OF TERRITORIES. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respec ing the Territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SECTION IV-GUARANTY AND PROTECTION OF THE STATES BY THE UNION. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; (1) 5 Cranch 61, 761; 12 Peters 657; 13 Id. 519; 14 Howland 13; 18 Id. 591; 19 Id. 393; 6 Wallace 35; 8 Id. 123, 168; 10 Id. 173, 566; 12 Id. 418; 16 Id. 36, 130; 93 U. S. 72; 94 Id. 391; 114 Id. 622. and, on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legisla ture cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTON. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case shall be valid, to all intents and purposes as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year eighteen hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article, and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. SECTION I-VALIDITY OF FORMER DEBTS. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. SECTION II-SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. SECTION III-EXEMPTION FROM ANY RELIGIOUS TEST. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States (1). ARTICLE VII. WHEN THE CONSTITUTION TO TAKE EFFECT. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in the convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 1' 4 Wallace, 333. seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. AMENDMENTS -TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. *ARTICLE I. RIGHT OF CONSCIENCE, FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, ETC. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. *ARTICLE II. THE MILITIA. A well regulated militia being necessary for the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. *ARTICLE III. QUARTERING SOLDIERS. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. *ARTICLE IV. UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized, *ARTICLE V. CRIMES AND INDICTMENTS. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger, nor shall any person be subject, for the same of fense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in * Articles I to X, inclusive, were proposed by Congress September 25, 1789, and ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the State Legislatures December 15, 1791. any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor to be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. *ARTICLE VI. CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informod of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. *ARTICLE VII. TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL CASES. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. *ARTICLE VIII. BAILS, FINES AND PUNISHMENTS. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. *ARTICLE IX. RESERVED RIGHTS. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. *ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ¶ARTICLE XI. THE JUDICIAL POWER. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State (1). *See note at foot of previous page. (") Proposed by Congress March 5, 1794; ratified Jan. 8, 1798. |