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TABLE 3. Percent of production and related workers employed in auto dealer establishments with formal provisions for selected supplementary wage benefits1 in 29 areas, April through August 1958

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1 If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefit was considered applicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated.

Vacation benefits such as percentage of annual earnings and flat-sum amounts were converted to an equivalent time basis. The periods of service shown do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progressions.

amounts) have been converted to an equivalent time basis. The majority of the workers in 27 of the 29 areas were in establishments providing a week's vacation after 1 year of service; in Boston and Bridgeport, provisions for 2 weeks were most common. Provisions for 2 weeks' vacations after 5 years of service were common in all areas except New Orleans, Providence, and Richmond, where a week's vacation was most prevalent. Cleveland, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and San Francisco-Oakland were the only areas in which provisions for 3 weeks' vacation were common. Approximately threefourths of the workers in Cleveland and San Francisco-Oakland, and half in Minneapolis-St. Paul

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Thus the changes indicated at 5 years may include changes occurring between 1 and 5 years.

Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen's compensation and social security.

Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.

Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. The majority of the workers in all areas except Louisville and Memphis were in establishments providing all or part of the cost of some type of health or insurance plan. Life insurance, hospitalization, and surgical plans were the most prevalent types. Accidental death and dismemberment, sickness and accident, and medical insurance plans were also reported frequently. Catastrophe insurance and provisions for paid sick leave were not common.

Provisions for retirement pensions other than benefits available under Federal old age, survivors, and disability insurance were common only in New York City and Seattle, being virtually nonexistent in most other areas. -HARRY F. BONFILS Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Work Injuries

in the United States, 1957

WORK-INJURY RATES in 1957 continued the general decline which has been evident in recent years, according to estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. Although the 1957 declines were small in many instances, they were widespread throughout most industry classifications, and new record lows were established for many industries. Over the 5-year period since 1952 improvements in injury rates have been quite marked, with a decrease of 20 percent in the average injury-frequency rate for manufacturing, but somewhat less improvement for most nonmanufacturing classifications.

Frequency of Injury

The all-manufacturing injury-frequency rate1 for 1957 was 11.4 disabling injuries per million employee-hours worked-the lowest rate recorded in the series. Among the various industry groups, the greatest absolute decreases were shown by the stone, clay, and glass group (from 18.0 in 1956 to 16.5 in 1957), and primary metals (from 12.3 to 10.9). Of the 162 individual industry classifications for which comparable data were available, 50 showed decreases of 1 full point or more and 96 reported changes of less than 1 point; only 16 reported significant increases over 1956.

Although the general level of injury-frequency rates has improved only slightly each year, the cumulative effect over the past 5 years has been quite marked. In manufacturing, decreases between 1952 and 1957 were fairly well distributed among industries at different rate levels, though the largest proportion was among industries with the highest rates (25 and over in 1952). As a result of these downward shifts, the 1957 industry listing showed only 14 individual manufacturing industries with injury-frequency rates of 25 or higher compared with 24 in 1952. At the other end of the scale, the number of industries with frequency rates of less than 5 rose from 9 in 1952 to 18 in 1957.

The 10 manufacturing industries which achieved. the lowest injury records in 1957, together with their 1952 rates are shown above.

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Among the nonmanufacturing activities for which data were available, improvement in injury rates was less marked and less general than it was among the manufacturing classifications. The injury-frequency rates for most mining activities showed encouraging improvement between 1956 and 1957, led by a decrease of 12 percent for metal mines. In contract construction, the average injury-frequency rate decreased negligibly between 1956 and 1957, but was 5 points lower than the 1952 rate. Over the 5-year period from 1952, highway and street construction recorded the largest decrease, from 46.0 to 34.8, or 24 percent.

The average injury-frequency rate for wholesale and retail trade decreased 5 percent between 1956 and 1957; however, the rate of 11.9 was above the average for all manufacturing. Over the 5year period since 1952, the rates for trade showed only minor fluctuations and little consistent improvement.

Injury rates were available for only a limited list of individual industries in the transportation, utility, finance, and service groups. Most of those in the transportation and utilities group showed little change or modest decreases between 1956 and 1957. The rate for telephone communication remained the same, but was the lowest achieved by any industry in the survey-0.8. The rates for banks and insurance companies were also low-2.2 for each industry, about the same as in previous years. The majority of the service industries showed little change or minor increases between 1956 and 1957 and few significant changes over the 5-year period from 1952.

1 For definitions, see footnote 2 of accompanying table.

Annual rates for individual industries are published in BLS press release dated December 4, 1958, which is available upon request. The Bureau also publishes quarterly and monthly injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries in releases and in table G-1 of the Current Labor Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review.

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Injury rates for selected manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, 1957-Continued

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1 Data were obtained by mail questionnaires sent to employers in each industry. The figures shown are the total number of employees in the reporting establishments. The data reported relate to all classes of employees-production, operating, and related workers; construction workers; sales, service, and delivery workers; technical and professional; office and clerical; administrative and supervisory, and all other personnel. Self-employed persons, however, were not included. Rates designated as having been compiled by the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, include the experience of workers engaged in production, development, maintenance and repair work, and supervisory and technical personnel at the operation, but exclude office personnel and employees in stores or affiliated operations not directly connected with mining or refining operations. Working proprietors were included. Mining data include Alaska as well as the other States. Data for Federal Government establishments were compiled from records of the Bureau of Employees' Compensation and represent the experience of all Federal civilian employees.

These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by the American Standards Association in 1954.

The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or in permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term "injury" includes Occupational disease.

cleaning). The injury rates for publicly owned and operated local transit systems and electric and gas utilities were higher than those for similar utilities under private operation. The rates for privately and publicly operated water supply utilities, however, did not differ greatly, neither did the rates for private and public colleges. On the other hand, the rate for State, city, and other local government hospitals was 12.6 compared with 8.2 for privately operated hospitals.

The severity rate is the average number of days of disability resulting from work injuries, for each million employee-hours worked. The computation of days of disability include standard time charges for deaths and permanent impairments-6,000 days for deaths and permanent-total impairments and variable charges for permanent-partial impairments based on estimated proportional loss of working efficiency.

Injury rates for the manufacturing groups and for the construction and trade divisions were computed from the rates of component individual industries, applying weights based on estimated total employment in each industry. In some nonmanufacturing divisions, data were not available for all industries; therefore, the division averages were not computed.

3 Based on reports which furnished details regarding nature of injury and days of disability.

Permanent-total impairments, included in this figure, amounted to only 0.04 percent of all disabling injuries reported.

Less than 0.05.

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percent of the cases reported, the injured workers were unable to work at a regular job for at least 1 full calendar day after the day of injury, but there were no permanent ill-effects. Of these temporary cases, 35 percent involved only 1 to 3 days of disability each. The average for all temporary cases in manufacturing industries was 19 days. The average time charge for permanent-partial impairments in manufacturing was 384 days per case. The resulting standard severity rate for manufacturing was 754 days of disability due to injuries for each million employee-hours worked during 1957, compared with 712 in 1956 and 763 in 1955.

Among the various manufacturing groups, the products of petroleum and coal industries reported the highest average days of disability per case— 131. This high average was due to the large proportion of deaths (1.6 percent) resulting from injuries in this group. Moreover, the reported temporary injuries involved longer periods of disability (averaging 28 days per case, compared with 19 for manufacturing generally). The relatively low injury-frequency rate for this group (5.7), however, held the standard severity rate to a moderate level-733.

Again, as in previous years, the highest injury severity rate for any manufacturing group was associated with both a high frequency rate and a high average of days of disability. The lumber and wood products group reported a severity rate of 3,228 for 1957, with a frequency rate of 37.9 and an average of 81 days per case. The lowest severity rate among the manufacturing groups was 139 for apparel and other finished textile products. In this group, very few deaths or permanent impairments were reported and the days of disability averaged only 22 per case; the frequency rate (6.3) was among the lowest.

Individual manufacturing industries showing some of the highest injury-severity rates for 1957, together with their accompanying frequency rates and averaged days per case, are listed as follows:

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In each of the preceding industries, the proportion of deaths was relatively high. The average time charge for permanent impairments also tended to be higher than for manufacturing industries, indicating a higher proportion of the more serious permanent impairments involving arms, legs, and the whole body.

One of the lowest injury-severity rates was reported for telephone communications-60-due primarily to the low frequency of injuries in that industry. The injuries which did occur, however, were just as serious as those in most other industries and averaged 77 days of disability per

case.

ROBERT S. BARKER AND FRANCES M. SMITH Division of Industrial Hazards

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