gage from Southampton, and in debarking them at Ostend, the 30th of June, 1794, prevented the enemy's ascertaining the actual strength under his command, which was an object of serious importance; and to maintain it, the Earl directed his Quarter-master-general, to issue orders that quarters should be provided at Bruges for 25,000 troops, although his force did not exceed 10,000. The delusion was admirably maintained, and the French General Pichegru, who was in the vicinity of Bruges with a force much greater than the British was completely deceived.

He soon afterwards returned to England; and had a command little more than nominal at Southampton.

In 1803 the Earl of Moira was appointed Commander-in-chief in Scotland, and promoted to the rank of General, Oct. 1.

On the 12th of July, 1804, his Lordship married Flora Muir Campbell, the present Countess of Loudoun.

His Lordship having acted steadily with the Opposition, he was, when they came into power in 1806, appointed to the post of Master-general of the Ordnance, in which he continued till the Tory party regained their ascendancy.

In 1812 the Earl of Moira was appointed to the high and distinguished office of Governor-general of British India. The vigorous prosecution and successful accomplishment of the Nepaul war was his most important achievement. Its original object was merely the suppression of the Pindarries, an association whose undisguised principle was the plunder of all its neighbours; but it terminated, as the recent Burmese war has done, in adding greatly to the territories of the Company.

On the 7th of Decen ber, 1816, his Lordship was created Viscount Loudoun, Earl of Rawdon, and Marquess of Hastings: and on the 6th of February following he was honoured with the thanks of Parliament for his conduct in the Nepaul war.

The Marquess's health being affected by his residence in India, he returned to England in 1822, and was succeeded by Lord (now Earl) Amherst, the present Governor-general. On the 22d of March, 1824, he was nominated Governor and Commander-in-chief of Malta.

Some weeks before his death his Lord. ship had met with a fall from his horse, which produced very distressing effects on the hernia, from which he had long suffered and which finally produced his death. A letter, from an officer of the Revenge, states the following remarkable request of the illustrious deceased: "The late Marquess of Hastings, in a letter found amongst

his papers after his death, requested that on his decease, his right hand might be cut off, and preserved until the death of the Marchioness, when it was to be interred in the same coffin with her Ladyship! In pursuance of his direction the hand bas been amputated."

MALTE BRUN.

Dec. 14. At Paris, aged 51, ConradMalte Brun, the celebrated geographer, and one of the editors of the Journal des Debats.

He was born in 1775, in the peninsula of Jutland in the kingdom of Denmark. His father's family was one of the first in that province; and possessing the nomination to several benefices in the Lutheran Church, he sent his son to the University of Copenhagen, to study theology, and take his degrees. The latter suffered his taste in the belles lettres to supersede theological pursuits; and at Copenhagen he published a volume of poems, and undertook the management of a Theatrical Review. At the University, however, he acquired that lofty power of reasoning which he was enabled afterwards to apply with so much success on various subjects. His father was of the aristocratic party which called for a war with France; but he espoused the cause of freedom, and wrote in favour of the enfranchisement of the serfs, and the liberty of the press, opinions not discordant from those of the minister Count de Bernstoff; and, a party having arisen which demanded the establishment of a free constitution, he became one of its most active members. In 1796, he published the Catechism of the Aristocrats, a biting satire against feudality and the coalition of sovereigns. Menaced with a prosecution, he took refuge in Sweden: and while there, he published a volume of poems which acquired for him the encouragement and approbation of the Academy of Stockholm.

When Count Bernstoff was on his deathbed, he recommended to the Prince Royal to recal Malte Brun, and employ him in some diplomatic capacity. Accordingly, in 1797, he returned to Denmark, and was favourably received; but, having publicly attacked certain ministerial measures, be was again under the necessity of secking sn asylum in Sweden Soon after be removed to Hamburgh; and it is said to have been about this time that he became either the founder, or one of the most active members of a secret society, called the United Scandinavians, the object of which was to unite the three kingdoms of the North into one federative republic. This

project excited so much alarm, that Paul of Russia, and Gustavus of Sweden, demanded from the Danish Goverment, the punishment of its authors In conse. quence, a prosecution was commenced against Malte Brun, who was then in Paris, and he was sentenced to banishment. He settled in Paris in 1799, devoting himself to literary employment. In conjunction with Mentelle, he published between 1804 and 1807, "Political, Physical and Mathematical Geography," in sixteen volumes, 8vo. On the reputation obtained by this work, the proprietors of the Journal des Debats requested him to join in the editorship of that paper. He accepted the invitation; and excepting for one brief interval, he devoted himself to that laborious duty to the very day of his death. Only one hour before he expired, he traced a few lines for the Journal, but had not strength to finish them.

M. Malte Brun was acquainted with all the languages of Europe; he wrote French with the facility of a native; he had a thorough understanding of the character of all the European cabinets: and the correctness of his memory, the soundness of his judgment, and the order which he introduced into the mass of his previously acquired knowledge, made it easy for him to analyse the most complicated subjects.

In 1807 appeared his "Picture of Ancient and Modern Poland:" and in 1808, he commenced a periodical work which is still continued, under the title of Annals of Voyages and Travels, and of Geography and History. It is a faithful and learned analysis of all the voyages and travels, and of all the discoveries in modern times. In 1814 and 1815, he produced another periodical, called the Spectator, which was completed in three volumes. Of his great work, his Summary of Universal Geography, six volumes have appeared; and the printing of the seventh and last volume is nearly finished During the Hundred Days, he had the boldness to publish "Apology for Louis the XVIII;" and in 1825, appeared his Treatise on Legitimacy, in which the same sentiments are more fully developed.

Lastly, as if so many works were not sufficient to satisfy the passion for study and knowledge which consumed him, M. Malte Brun charged himself, during the last few months preceding his decease, with the drawing up of a Dictionary of Universal Geography, in one volume, which is in part printed. His labours were too great for his strength; and his physical energies were rapidly giving way. An interval of repose might have restored him, but he neglected the counsels of friendship; and

the fatal crisis speedily arrived. For three days only he kept his room; but even then he felt an anxiety to render himself useful, and only death could snatch the pen from his fingers.

M. Malte Brun was of very social habits, and during the winter had a regular weekly dinner of the literati of eminence of every country. He was extremely obliging, and had an excellent heart; it was only when he took the pen in his hand that he was really mechant, for then he neither spared friend nor foe, which made him many enemies.

On the 17th of December, his remains were interred in the Cemetery of the West, where M. Eyries paid the tribute of his esteem and regret to his colleague, and M. de la Renaudiere bade a last adieu to the man who had preceded him in his of fice.

DUKE OF YORK.

January 5, 1827, at the house of the Duke of Rutland, in Arlington-street, died, in his 64th year, his Royal Highness Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany in Great Britain, and Earl of Ulster in Ireland, Bishop of Osnaburg.

Prince Frederick was born August 16, 1763, the second son and child of George the Third and Queen Charlotte. On the 27th of the following February he was elected Bishop of Osnaburg, a nominal prelacy, to which the Elector of Hanover has the power of influencing the election alternately with another European power.

From his earliest age his Royal Highness was destined to the military profes sion, the study of which formed an essential part of his education.

On the 27th of November 1784, Prince Frederick, who had hitherto been_generally known by the title of the Bishop of Osnaburg, was created Duke of York and Albany in Great Britain, and Earl of Ulster in Ireland. These titles had then been extinct for seventeen years, from the period of the death of his uncle Edward in 1767.

On the 27th of November 1787, he was introduced to the House of Lords; but the first instance of his joining in the Debates, was on the 15th of December 1788, when the Settlement of the Regency was under discussion. On this occasion (as, there is good reason to believe, on the more recent and memorable one,) he acted as the organ of his elder Brother, who, having engaged his affections in early youth, (for in their childhood they were remarkably attached.)

had the happiness of preserving that friendship unbroken to the last.

In May 1789, the name of the Duke of York was brought prominently before the public, on his having engaged in a duel with Lieut.-col. Lennox, nephew of the then Duke of Richmond, afterward in 1806 the successor to that title, and the father of his present Grace. This dispute origi nated in an observation of the Duke of York, "that Lt.-col. Lennox had heard words spoken to him at the club at Daubigny's, to which no gentleman ought to have submitted." This observation being reported to the Lt.-col. he took the opportunity, while his Royal Highness was on the Parade, to address him, "desiring to know, what were the words which he had submitted to hear, and by whom they were spoken?" To this the Duke of York gave no other answer than by ordering the Lt.. col. to his post. The parade being over, he went into the orderly-room, and sending for the Lt.-col., intimated to him, in the presence of all the officers, that he desired to receive no protection from his rank as a Prince, and his station as Commanding Officer, but that, when not on duty, he wore a brown coat, and was ready as a private gentleman to give the Lt-col. satisfaction. After this declaration, Lt.-col. Lennox wrote a circular to every member of the club at Daubigny's, requesting to know whether any such words had been used to him, and appoin ing a day for an answer from each; their silence to be considered as a declaration that no such words could be recollected. On the expiration of the term limited for an answer to the circular letter, the Lt.-col. sent a written message to the Duke of York to this purport: That, not being able to recollect any occasion on which words had been spoken to him, at Daubigny's, to which a gentleman ought not to submit, he had taken the step which appeared to him most likely to gain information of the words to which his Royal Highness had alluded, and of the persons who had used them; that none of the members of the Club had given him information of any such insult being in their knowledge, and ther fore he expected, in justice to his character, that his Royal Highness should contradict the report, as publicly as he had asserted it." This letter was delivered to the Duke by the Earl of Winchelsea, when the answer returned not proving satisfactory, a message was sent to him, desiring a meeting time and place were settled that evening. The meeting accordingly took place; and the seconds published the following statement: "In consequence

ness

of a dispute, of which much has been said in the public papers, his Royal Highthe Duke of York, attended by Lord Rawdon, and Lt.-col. Lennox, accompanied by the Earl of Winchelsea, met at Wimbledon Common. The ground was measured at twelve paces, and both parties were to fire at a signal agreed upon. The signal being given, Lt-col. Lennox fired, and the ball grazed his Royal Highness's curl The Duke of York did not fire. Lord Rawdon then interfered, and said: "That he thought enough had been done." Lt. col. Lennox observed "That his Royal Highness had not fired.” Lord Rawdon said "It was not the Duke's intention to fire: his Royal Highness had come out upon Lt-col. Lennox's desire to give him satisfaction, and had no animosity against him." Lt.-col. Lennox pressed

son.

that the Duke of York should fire, which was declined, upon a repetition of the reaLord Winchelsea then went up to the Duke of York, and expressed his hope "That his Royal Highness could have no objection to say, that he considered Lt-col. Lennox as a man of honour and courage." His Royal Highness replied, "That he should say nothing; he had come out to give Lt.-col. Lennox satisfaction, and did not mean to fire at him; if Lt.-col. Lennox was not satisfied, he might fire again." Lt-col. Lennox said he could not possibly fire again at the Duke, as his Royal Highness did not mean to fire at him.—On this, both parties left the ground. The seconds think it proper to add, that both parties behaved with the most perfect coolness and intrepidity (Signed.)

RAWDON. WINCHELSEA. "Tuesday evening. May 26, 1789."

A meeting of the officers of the Coldstream Regiment took place on the 29th of May, on the requisition of Lt.-col. Leanox, to deliberate ou a question which he had submitted. Whether he had behaved in the late dispute as became a gentleman and an officer?" and after a considerable discussion, adjourned to the 3 th, came to the following resolution :-"It is the opinion of the Officers of the Coldstream Regiment, that subsequent to the 15th of May, the day of the meeting at the Orderly-room, Lt-col. Lennox has behaved with courage; but from the peculiar difficulty of his situation, not with judgment."

Amid the political agitations of the year 1791, the marriage of the Duke of York to the Princess Royal of Prussia served to cement more closely the relations which the Courts of St. James's and Berlin had found it their interests to contract, with the view of counterposing the inordinate

ambition and mighty projects of the restless Empress of Russia. The treaty touching this alliance was signed at Berlin on the 26th of January.

On the 29th of September the Duke of York was married, at Be lin, to Frederica Charlotte-Ulrica-Catharina, only child of King Frederick. William, by his first consort Elizabeth-Ulrica-Christiana, Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel; and half-sister of the present King of Prussia.

On the occasion of his marriage, the Duke had voted him by Parliament the sum of 18,000l. per annum, and the King settled on him 7,000l. from his Irish revenue, which, in addinon to the 12.000/ per ann. he before enjoyed, constituted a yearly income of 35,000l. The sum of

3,000l. per ann. was at the same time voted to the Duchess in case she should survive. There was, however, some opposition to these grants. Several Members deemed the revenue proposed by the Minister too large, as the Duke received a very considerable one from the Bishopric of Osnaburg, stared by some at no less than 35,000l. a year. But this appearing an object unfit for parliamentary discussion, the votes proposed by the Ministry passed in his favour

In 1793 the Duke was called into active military service. A British army was ordered for Flanders, to form part of the grand ariny under the Prince of Saxe Coburg. The Duke was appointed, to the command of that Army, aided by Sir Ralph Abercombie, Sir Wm. Erskine, and other officers of distinction. The first military operations in which his Royal Highness assisted, occurred in the neighbourhood of Tournay, and near St. Amand and Vicogne, in the month of May, in the course of which he was promoted to the rank of General. In the subsequent battle of Famars, on the 23d of May, he commanded a princi pal column of the allied army, and bore a share in the success of that brilliant day; the result of which was the investment and siege of Valencienness. The direction of this operation was entrusted to his Royal Highness, to whom the city was surrendered, after a considerable part of it had been reduced to ashes, on the 26th of July.

Having joined the main army, the Duke of York co-operated, on the 7th and 8th August, in the movements against the enemy's positions at the Camp de Cesar, Bois de Bourlon, &c. upon the line of the Scheldt, from all which they were dispossessed, or retired, although without material loss, owing to the indecision and slow. ness of the allied army.

The Prince of Cobourg, after these operations, laid siege to Quesnoy, and subse

quently invested Maubeuge, while the Duke of York continued his march in the direction of Orchies, Tourcoing, and Menin, with the British, Hanoverian, and Hessian troops, to which was added a body of Austrians, under the orders of Lieut. General Alvintzy. The object of this separation was the siege of Dunkirk, which had been determined upon by the British Cabinet, and which was viewed with regret, not only by the Austrian Generals, but also by his Royal Highness, who had remonstrated against it, as far as he could.

After a succession of severe and san guinary actions, fought by the besieging and covering armies with success, though without any positive effect, the principal of which occurred on the 24th of August and on the 6th and 8th of September, the Duke of York found himself under the necessity of raising the siege. The retreat was effected in good order, and without any other loss than that of the heavy iron ordnance, which, being on ship carriages, could not be removed; and the army reassembled at Furnes and Dixmude.

After some trifling affairs the army went into winter quarters, the Duke of York's head quarters being at Ghent, whence, attended by Gen Mack, he proceeded to England, to concert with the British Government the plan and measures for the ensuing campaign.

His Royal Highness returned, in the month of February 1794, from England to Courtrai, to which place the British headquarters had been removed, upon a forward concentration of the cantonments. The troops under his command moved successively to Tournay, St. Amand, and the Plains of Cateau where the greater part of the allied army was united, under the command of the Emperor, on the 16th of April. On the following day a general and successful attack was made upon the enemy's positions at Vaux, Premont, Marets, Catillon, &c,; and Landrecies was immediately invested.

On the 10th of May the French, to the number of 30. 000, under Pichegru, made a furious attack on the Duke, near Tournay. They were repulsed. But in a subsequent engagement at the same place, they defeated the Allies on the 14th. On the 18th the Duke of York's division was attacked, and obliged every where to give way, and the Duke himself was on the point of falling into the enemy's hands. It was with prodigious efforts that General Fox and Abercrombie found means to restore sufficient order among the troops to save them from total destruction and effect a retreat.

The rest of this disastrous campaign was a succession of disappointments. The Allies were at length no longer able to oppose the enemy. A reinforcement of 10,000 Eritish troops, under Earl Moira, having arrived at Ostend, and marched with all speed to the relief of the Duke, on the 8th of July effected a junction. On the 14th of September Pichegru attacked the several posts which the Duke had taken along the river Dommel, and compelled him to retreat across the Meuse. The French crossed the Meuse in October, and on the 19th attacked the Duke's army. The Duke, after suffering severely, withdrew his troops across the Waal. On the 27th of October the French again com. pelled the Duke to move further off for security. A series of disasters succeeded, which terminated in the retreat of the British and their German auxiliaries

through Westphalia. On the 14th of April 1795, the different British brigades embarked in the Weser for England. And thus terminated the warfare, under the Duke of York, in the years 1793, 1794, and 1795.

In February, 1795, the Duke of York was nominated to the situation of Commander-in-chief.

In 1799, the Duke again appeared in the field. On the 26th of August, the vessels, conveying a large British force, came to anchor near the shore of the Heider, and on the 27th the troops began to disembark. The first enterprise was the taking of the Helder. His Royal Highnes. himself iauded in Holland on the 13th of September, and the force under him including 1000 Russins, a nounted to nearly 35,000 men. An engagement with the French took place on the 19th of September, which, owing, it is said, to the misconduct of the Russians, was unfavourable to the Duke. On the 8th of October another action took place. The right wing of the British was commanded by Sir Ralph Abercrombie, the centre division by General Dundas, and the left wing by Major-general Burrad. The French were entirely defeated. In this engagement their loss exceeded 4,000 men and 300 prisoners, and the British lost about 1,500 men. in another engagement, which followed soon after, the British were again master of the field of battle, though the loss amounted to 1,200 British and 700 Rusians. The army directed its march towards Haerlem; but intelligence having been received that the French had succeded in throwing up strong works in their rear and that a corps would be placed in their rear as they advanced, his Roval Highness was

forced to pause. General Daendels having attacked the right wing of the British on the 10th of October, under Prince William of Gloucester, he was under the necessity of falling back. On the 17th of October suspension of arms was agreed on between Generals Brun and Daendels and the English and Russian commanders, and it was agreed on that the English and Russians should be allowed to evacuate Holland, on condition that 8,000 seamen, either Batavian or French, prisoners in England, should be given up to the French govern

ment.

Upon his return to England, the Duke of York again directed his time and attention to the amelioration of the military system; each successive year afforded fresh proofs of the benefits arising from his unabated exertions.

On the 27th of January, 1899, Gwyllym Lloyd Wardle, esq. commonly called Colonel Wardle, brought forward a motion in the House of Commons, for the appointment of a Committee to investigate the conduct of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, the Commander-in-chief, with regard to promotions, exchanges, and appointments to commissious in the army, aud in raising levies for the army

On this occasion the Duke of York was acquitted by a majority of 278 to 196, but finding that a prejudice existed against him in the public mind, his Royal Highness waited upon the King, and rendered his resignation on the 18th of March 1809.

One of the first acts of his present Majesty, after his being vested with the full powers of Regent, in 1811, was to reinstate his Royal Highness in his former office. Lord Milton brought this re-appointment before the House of Commons, and concluded with moving, "That it has been highly improper and indecolus in the advisers of the Prince Regent to have recommended to his Royal Highness the reappointment of the Duke of York to the office of Commander-in-chief." When a division took place, there were only 47 for the motion, and 296 against it.

Since that time the Duke pursued the even tenor of als way, devoting himself to business with the greatest regularity. Every arrangement, the most minute, was submitted by the heads of departments, for his sanction; the memorial of every offi cer, the petition of every soldier, engaged his personal attention, nor were any suffered to pass unnoticed.

In July, 1814, and again at the same period in the following year, both Houses of Parliament passed a vote of thaks to the Duke of York, for the benefits he had be