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these breeds with the Southdown, recently introduced from England. Mr. Stone, of Guelph, Canada West, has taken the lead in the introduction of these sheep. The flocks in Canada are small, averaging from twenty to fifty head. It has been estimated that 6,000,000 pounds of long wool will be grown in 1865, with a consumption in the United States of 5,500,000 pounds. The success of the Lowell Manufacturing Company in fabricating alpaca goods from Canada lustre wools has demonstrated that the wool does not deteriorate on this continent. The Canada wool has been found equal to the best English lustre wool, imported expressly for comparison. The free wool of Canada has been an inestimable boon to our worsted manufacturers. It does not compete with the production of our farmers, as we grow hardly more than 200.000 pounds of long wool, while Canada consumes 300,000 pounds annually of our clothing wool. It is not possible that our own production of long wool will keep up with the demand."

The wool here described is now subject to a duty of twelve cents per pound and ten per cent. ad valorem, its value being seldom below thirtytwo cents; and sheep, as well as other animals, are charged with duty at the rate of twenty per cent. ad valorem. It is too soon to determine how this taxation will affect the course of trade.

Proceeding to the consideration of "agricultural products" exported from Canada to the United States, we first notice "barley and rye," of which a valuation of $94,185 in 1854 had become $2,879,870 in 1864'65. This large sum was mostly paid for Canadian barley, which is des cribed, in a recent memorial of brewers to Congress, as of a superior quality, usually commanding twenty to thirty cents per bushel more than barley grown in the United States. The Canadians cultivate the fourrowed variety, but their great advantage is the perfect adaptation of soil and climate to the production of this cereal. At present not more than one third of the amount required by manufacturers of malt liquors is grown in the United States; and the statement has been made that if the barley now grown in Canada were reduced one-half, it would cripple the manufacture of malt liquors to such an extent as to involve a loss to the United States Treasury, annually of about $2,000,000. Barley was free of duty under the reciprocity treaty. The present duty is fifteen cents per bushel.

In 1854 Canada exported flour to the United States of the value of $3,370,316, reduced in 1864-'65 to $1,916,255. This large exportation of flour before the reciprocity treaties indicates that Canadian white wheat will always be required for domestic consumption in New England and New York, notwithstanding the duty of twenty per cent. Another singular fact is, that the value of wheat exported in 1854 was $2,870,652, while in 1864-'65 it was only $1,227,363, an excess in the former year of $1,642,645. Add this sum to the amount in whiche export of flour in 1854 exceeded that of 1864-'65, and the aggree more than balances the difference of agricultural which is recorded in favor of 1864-'65.

The observations suggested by the list of exports from the United States to Canada will occur in connexion with the next topic of inquiry, viz., "the nature and extent of the changes made in the Canadian tariff since 1854."

THE CANADIAN TARIFF.

By the Canadian tariff of 1849, spirits, wine, tobacco, tea, coffee, sugar, molasses, spices, &c., were charged with duties partly specific and partly ad valorem, which were gradually made exclusively specific. On the 26th March, 1859, this was altogether changed, ad valorem duties, ranging from thirty to one hundred per cent., and averaging forty per cent., were adopted, and mostly prevail at this time although additional specific. duties have been imposed on the articles named above by the tariffs since 1862. When the duties were exclusively specific there was great encouragement of purchases in American markets; but with the policy of 1859, substituting ad valorem rates, the Canadian purchaser finds it for his interest to trade directly with Europe and countries producing the articles in question.

In regard to American manufactures, the Canadian tariff is not immoderate, and is of impartial application. There is no discrimination in favor of English fabrics, while the vicinity of the American manufacturer affords him a positive advantage. A large class of articles, consisting of iron, steel, metals, and articles entering into the construction of railways, houses, ships, and agricultural implements, are admitted at 10 per cent. duty; but 20 per cent. is the prevalent rate upon manufactured articles. Excluding the class of luxuries and stimulants first mentioned, the average taxation by Canada in 1864 '65 upon dutiable goods was 18.7 per cent.; while of the total importations, 43 per cent. were of articles free of duty. Of course this large percentage was owing to the operation of the reciprocity treaty, but it is likely to continue.

The average per centage on goods paying duty by Canadian tariffs was 13 per cent. in 1854, 19 per cent. in 1859, and during the last fiscal year ending June 30, 1865, it was 22.3 per cent.

The rate of taxation by the American tariff upon dutiable goods has been ascertained by Dr. William Elder, statistician of the Treasury Department, at the following averages for corresponding years: In 1854, 25.6 per cent.; in 1859, 19.5 per cent.; and in 1865, 50.4 per cent.

The Canadian advance of rates is less than might have been anticipated when attention is directed to the public debt of Canada, which was officially stated in 1864 at the sum of $76,223,061. Of this amount the following expenditures by the Canadian government have been for the construction of canals and railways, which have been of great value to the western States as communications with the ocean and the Atlantic cities: 1. The St. Lawrence canals, by which vessels of 300 tons burden avoid the rapids between Kingston and Montreal.......

$7,406,269

2. The Welland canal, passing vessels of 400 tons Lurden fro Lake Ere to Lake Ontario

7,309,849

3. Chambly canal and river Richelieu, enabling vessels to pass from the St. Lawrence into Lake Champlain

438,807

4. Lake St. Peter improvements, dredging a channel for sea-going ves sels drawing 20 feet of water to Montreal..

1,098,225

5. Harbors and light-houses, mostly in aid of the navigation of the lakes and the St. Lawrence.

2,549,617

6. Grand Trunk railway.

15.812,894

7. Great Western railway, from Niagara to Detroit..

2,810,500

8. Northern railway, connecting Lake Huron with Lake Ontario. 9. Interest on railway debentures, &c. . . . . .

2,311,666

9,642,025

Total..

42,254,852

Fully fifty per cent. of the debt of Canada has been assumed for objects which are directly for the advantage of the American communities in the valley of the St. Lawrence-a consideration which should restrain say violence of remonstrance against the fiscal legislation of Canada.*

The relations of that legislation to exports from the United States to Canada will appear from the following statement, compiled from Canadian trade returns, which gives our exports for 184, the year before the reciprocity treaty; for 1859, or midway of the operation of the treaty under the advanced Canadian tariff of that year, and from 1861 to 1865, or during the period of the war, exhibiting separately the amounts of free and dutiable goods and the average rates imposed by Canadian tariffs on dutiable goods:

Years.

Rate

Dutiable goods. per ca

1854..

1859..

1861..

1862..

1863..

1864. (half-year)

Free goods.

2,526,555

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1864 '65.

15,589,055

Of manufactures and foreign merchandise there was a larger importstion to Canada from the United States in 1854 than in 1864-'65, for rea

sons already assigned. The leading articles taken by Canada in the latter year are coal, mostly anthracite, $544,511; meats, $376,968; Indian corn, largely for distillation, $781,288; wheat and flour, $3,559,749; cheese, $306.618; tobacco, unmanufactured, $277 007, and wool, $174,040. Total in 1864-'65, $6,510,211. Total of same articles in 1854, $1,498,888.

Passing from this special statement of the Canadian trade, a brief analysis will be attempted of the commercial relations of the United States to the following divisions of British America; 1. New Brunswick; 2. Nova Scotia; 3. Prince Edward Island; 4. Newfoundland; 5. Central British America or the territory of the Hudson Bay Co upany northwes tern of Minnesota; and 6. The Pacific colonies of British Columbia and Vancouvers Island.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The area of this province is 27,700 square miles, or 17,730,560 acres of which 7,551,909 had been disposed of by sale or grant on Jan. 1, 186 and 885,108 acres are under cultivation. A large portion of this surface is covered with dense forests of pine, haematac, cedar, &c., which furnish immense quantities of timber, both for export and shipbuilding. Coal

iron ore are abundant—the former said to extend over 10,000 square

miles,

or about one third of the area of the province. The fisheries of the Atlan tic coast are inexhaustible, and very profitable.

* There is, unquestionably, a growing party in Canada who advocate an advance of duties with a view to encourage manufactures. Ilon. Isaac Buchanan, of Hamilton, is the prominent with

exponent of such a policy. While advocating a Zoll Verein or Customs Union with the Used Mr. Galt, the Canadian m nister of finance, in-is's that the Canadian tarifs protective, in the usual sense of that term; but it is easy to see that Mr Buchanan's vic are making way in Canada.

Europe

The following statistics of New Brunswick are compiled from the latest ocial reports. The revenue for the fiscal year ending Oct. 31, 1864, was $1,060,815; for 1863, 8844,894; increase, $215,921; and derived as follows:

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The exports to the United States are largely of lumber, but otherwise the trade with this country is of the same nature as that of Nova Scotia, which will be given in more detail. The population of New Brunswick in 1864 was 272.780.

The Financial Secretary of the province, in his last report, says: “The reciprocity treaty had been ten years in operation on the 12th of November, 1864. Daring ten years ending Dec. 31, 1864, importations from the United States amounted in value to 6,728,8961. sterling, against 3,730,7521. during ten years immediately preceding the treaty." The same officer remarks that the only instance of coal mining in New Brunswick is by an American company.

In regard to the shipbuilding interest, it is stated by the same authority that the number of vessels built in New Brunswick during 40 years has been 4,169, measuring 1,584,386 tons, and the structures of 1864 were mnch above the average of those years.

The funded debt of New Brunswick, mostly incurred for railroads, was $5,702,991 in 1863.

NOVA SCOTIA.

The peninsula of Nova Scotia, including the island of Cape Breton, has an area of 18,746 square miles; in acres, 11,996,440, and probably no equal surface of the world combines so many natural advantages. Among these are a fertile soil, a climate softened by insular position and the vicin ity of the Gulf Stream, capacious harbors never closed in winter, immense coal-beds accessible by vessels, and a productive gold district, besides deposits of iron, copper, manganese, gypsum, and slate. Although agriculture is prosperous, yet seafaring pursuits so largely engross the people that large importations of breadstuffs and provisions are male from the United States.

The following statements of the trade of Nova Scotia are official for the year ending Sept. 30, 1865:

The amount of customs and excise duties collected in 1865 was $1,047,

891, against $990,169 in 1864-an increase of $57,721. The amount in the hands of the Receiver-General at the close of the last fiscal year was $222,932, against $225,150 at the end of September, 1864. The income and outlay for the fiscal year 1865 were thus nearly balanced.

The imports of the province have been rapidly increasing for the past four years. The official figures for those years are: 1862, $8,445,012; 1863, 10 201,392; 1864, $12,604,642; 1865, $14,381,662.

Here is an average increase of $2,000,000 a year for a province containing only about 350,000 people. The imports for 1864 and 1865 were divided between the various countries with which the Nova Scotians trade as follows:

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The imports from the United States in 1865 are classed thus:

Subject to duty.

Free under reciprocity.
Free under tariff...

$1,186,160

1,747,306

1,392,391

Those articles free both under the tariff and under reciprocity are put in the former class. Nearly the whole of the imports which are classed as free of duty under the reciprocity treaty consisted of wheat flour, no less than $1,529,819 of flour having been imported. The imports-beef, pork, and bams-from the United States, during the year, were valued at $170,282, and of butter and lard at $23,051. The principal dutiable articles imported from the United States were:

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The total exports of the province for the last fiscal year were valued at $8,830,639. The leading articles were fish, coal, lumber, and its manufactures. A portion of the exports, however, consisted of articles not produced in Nova Scotia, which had evidently been imported and then sold into the other maritime provinces.

(To be continued.)

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