University of Ann Arbor, Michigan, the Syracuse University and University of California. They are flourishing in Paris, where Madames LaChapelle and Boivin were among the most eminent of the faculty. France has 1,700 female authors, and 2,750 female artists. At the University of Zurich, in Switzerland, a few years ago, there were eighty-eight female medical students. In Russia they are admitted to the Imperial Academy of Medicine, to the Medico Chirurgical Academy and the medical department of the University of Moscow; and the Imperial Academy had, in 1875, 171 women in attendance.

They are also admitted to medical instruction in Finland, and at Munich, at Vienna, at Leipsic, at Erlangen, and in the schools of Holland, Denmark and Sweden-and in all the fifteen universities of Italy-in fact, Italy has always been hospitable to woman, and the chief honors of intellectual women have been won long ago at the University of Bologna. "At the recent examinations of the University of Bologna, a young lady received her diploma of doctress, surpassing the students of the other sex in anatomy, physiology and chemistry. At the University of Turin a fair girl graduate obtained a similar degree of success in law."

About a hundred years ago, when Mazzolini held the chair of anatomy at Bologna he was taken sick, and his loving wife, Anna Morandi Mazzolini took his place in lecturing on anatomy, and became a famous professor. The models she prepared are still the pride of the Museum at Bologna. Other women, too, were famous there as professors of medicine and professors of law, and it is said that they were lovely and beautiful, as their portraits still attest. About the same time Frau Dorothea Erxleben, the wife of a deacon, was practising at Quedlinburg, and stated in her biography "that marriage was no obstacle to a woman's studies, but that their pursuit was far pleasanter in the companionship of an intelligent husband." And I think the husband will find it far pleasanter to have the company of his wife in all his thoughts instead of getting separated in spirit by keeping her as a seamstress, nurse and housekeeper, while he is a scientist. I think every Eclectic physician should, if possible, have his wife educated in medicine. For her services will more than repay the cost, to say nothing of the increased harmony and affection, and if he should suddenly die

before he has laid up anything, he need not fear that she will become a beggar.

Dr. Germain's wife saved him from ruin at Westfield, Mass. His eyes became impaired, and gradually he became blind. But when he began to fail, his wife rode around with him, and examined the patients for him, and thus he retained his practice, and now they travel around together. I think that is a beautiful incident; it reminds me of the dear old song, "John Anderson, my Jo, John."

Women are admitted at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and large numbers are educated to medical practice in India, at Bombay, Madras, Bareilly, Mardura and Manargordy, and they are beginning to practice in China.

Thus women's rights have developed all around the globe, and it is a prophecy of the good time coming. I believe in progress and the survival of the fittest. I believe the noblest races will overrun and possess the whole earth, and I have a strong conviction that the ruling race will speak the English language. But there is one sign by which to tell who will survive and conquer, and who will perish. The noblest race is always the noblest in its treatment of women. History shows that every nation, which has cramped, oppressed and trodden down its women, has doomed itself to degeneracy or extinction, for to oppress the mothers is an act of national suicide. Asiatic civilization in ten splendid kingdoms has perished for this one cause, and the poor skin clad barbarians of Europe have developed into the world's masters, because they honored and developed their women and thus created a nobler race.

This is the glory of free America, and the mark of our moral superiority, that we give our women more honor; and, therefore, it is probable that we may lead the nations, and it is also the glory of the American system of medicine, the test of its moral superiority that it has been more hospitable to women; and, therefore, I believe that it will survive and conquer in the world of mind, and that the American system-the system of freedom-shall hold this continent, and all men shall become liberal in thought, and we shall send our missionaries across the water to carry the gospel of political, religious and medical liberty and progress, when the divine religion of our Saviour shall no longer find an obstacle in the

medical college, but shall find in the healing art the right arm of its ministering benevolence. It was for such a purpose that the American Eclectic System was introduced, and to-day we begin another winter's campaign, to which we welcome all who love their fellow men.

PHYSICS OF FOOD.

BY I. THORNTON OSMOND, A. M.,

Professor of Physics, Pennsylvania State College, September 1, 1880.

The extent and domain of physics are so imperfectly understood by so many, that I wish to give you a truer conception of them before entering upon the subject.

Many think physics a single, distinct, and limited science-like botany, zoology, or astronomy.

If we group together botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, and embryology, and call the result biology, we shall only have a science of such rank and extent as to be co-ordinate with physics. Or if we group together psychology, ethics, logic, æsthetics, philology, political philosophy and jurisprudence, and call the result metaphysics, we shall only have another science of co-ordinate rank with physics. Or, once more, if we group together arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, general geometry and calculus (in all its forms), and call all this mathematics, we shall only have another science co-ordinate with physics.

You will see the principle and truth of these statements more clearly from the following charts:

The great entities are mind, life, energy (and matter), and space and time. The part of systematized human knowledge concerning each of these constitutes a genus of science, consisting of a number of particular sciences as species.

Physics is a genus; and its species, as dynamics, acoustics, electricity, etc., rank in order with botany, zoology, etc.; with geometry, calculus, etc.; with logic, psychology. Indeed, three of the special sciences of the genus physics are so extensive and important that they are popularly thought of as independent departments of human knowledge-chemistry, mineralogy, astrono my. Yet these are logically and truly only special sciences belonging to physics. Chemistry considers energy acting on molecules of matter to change their constitution. Mineralogy considers energy acting on molecules to give a definite form to masses. And astronomy considers energy acting on immense masses of matter.

Let me now define physics, and please remember the definition: Physics is the science of energy and matter. This definition will give you a true comprehension of physics.

Energy has many forms or modes of acting, known as forces. It is, in some form, the cause of all the phenomena known to us, save those which are purely vital or purely mental. So all phenomena, save those of mind and life, are physical phenomena; and, indeed, almost all the phenomena of organic life arises out of, are accompanied by, or result in some action of energy or physical forces. Even mental action invariably calls into play physical forces.

The knowledge of physics is fundamental, and is therefore in

dispensable in all great departments of human knowledge, except, perhaps, pure mathematics. The laws of physics control, alone or associated with those of life and mind, all things of which we have sensible knowledge.

(To be continued.)

PROGRESSION.

BY S. S. BOOTS, M. D.

Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Eclectic Medical College, of Indiana.

The last ten years has been fraught with more advancement in medical science than any period of three times the same number of years preceding it. Within this time we have had introduced numerous new remedies that were unknown to the medical profession; some of these, such as grindelia robusta, yerba santa, damiana, berberis aquifolium, rhus aromatica, cascara sagrada, etc., etc., have proven to be of so much value, that we would be at a loss in prescribing for some conditions in disease were we deprived of them. These, with numerous other new remedies, have become almost indispensable with the progressive practitioner of the healing art; and the physician who is not acquainted with and does not use a large number of these new medicines, is certainly behind the times at least ten years, and he may well wonder with astonishment why it is that his progressive brother physician outstrips him in business, and manages disease with so much better success than what he can, handling some classes of disease that have been a source of trouble and annoyance both to the patient and physician, with the greatest of ease and success.

This is not the only improvement that has been made in this great and noble calling; there has been and is still being made a new study of our materia medica, in which old remedies have been thoroughly studied as to their physiological action; the result of which is, that a great many new uses for these old remedies have been discovered, and a great many of the old applications for them have been abandoned; some as of no benefit, others as of a positive injury. This new study of old remedies has clearly demonstrated that it is not the poisonous action of the agent that cures, but its direct or physiological action upon any diseased organ or part of the animal economy. It has been clearly proven, that a drug having a certain definite action in any case, under certain cir