garden ground; and you do not want such things place. The barn is worse. The cabbages get the breaking-up comes, take off the covering, an! to stand long, and the plants are in plenty as to putrid parts about them. If green vegetables be stir the ground (as sown as dry,) by hoeing, number. The next size is the Early York, which not fed from the earth, and be in an unfrozen amongst the stumps. They should be placed in may have 16 inches every way. The Sugar loaf state, they will either wither or rot. Nothing is an early spot; in one of the warmest places you may have 20 inches. The Battersea and Savoy nastier than putrid cabbage; and one rotten cab- have; and they will give you (at New York) an two feet and a half. The large sorts, as the bage will communicate its offensiveness to a whole abundance of fine greens towards the end of April, Drum-head and others, 3 feet at least.-Now, parcel. Pits you cannot open in winter. To when a handful of wird dock-leaves sells in New with regard to tillage, keep the ground clear of turn the heads down and cover them with earth York market for sixpence York money, which is weeds. But, whether there be weeds or not, while the root stands up in the air, is liable to the rather more than an English three pence.hoe between the plants in ten days after they are same objection. The cabbages are pretty safe ; Lastly, as to the saving of cabbage seed. The planted. The reasons for this are amply stated but you cannot get at them during the winter. cabbage is a biennial. It brings its flower and its in Paragraphs 176 to 186. You cannot dig be- have tried all the ways that I ever saw practised, seed the second year. To have cabbage seed, tween the plants, which stand at the smallest dis-or that I ever heard of; the following method therefore, you must preserve the cabbage, head, tances; but you may, and ought, to dig once, if I found to answer every purpose: it is the su- root and all, throughout the winter; and this not twice, during their growth, between all the rest preservation, and gives the least trouble, must be done, either in a cellar, or, under cover. rest. To prevent a sudden check by breaking all whether in the putting together or in the taking ing of some sort out of doors; for, the root must the roots at once, in hot weather, dig every other away for use.-Lay out a piece of ground, four be kept in the ground all winter. It is possible, interval, leave the rest, and dig them a week feet wide, and in length proportioned to your and, I think, likely, that seed from the stump is later. All the larger sorts of cabbages should, quantity of cabbage to be preserved. Dig, on just as good as any; but as one single cabbage about the time that their heads are beginning to each side of it, a little trench, a foot deep, and will give seed enough for any garden for three, form, be earthed up; that is, have the earth from throw the earth up on the four-feet bed. Make four, or five years, the little pains that the preserthe surface drawn up against the stem; and, the the top of the bed level and smooth. Lay some vation can require is not worth the smallest risk. taller the plants are, the more necessary this is, poles, or old rails, at a foot apart, long-ways, As to the quantity of cabbages wanted for a famiand the higher should the earth be drawn. After upon the bed. Then put some smaller poles, or ly, it must depend on the size of the family and on the earth has been thus drawn up from the sur- stout sticks cross ways on the rails or poles, and their taste. face, dig, or hoe deep, the rest of the ground.-put these last at five or six inches apart. Upon 202. CALABASH. An annual. Cultivated Thus the crop will be brought to perfection.-As these lay, corn-stalks, broom-corn stalks, or twigs like the cucumber, which see. to sorts, the earliest is the Early Dwarf (some- or brush of trees, not very thick, but sufficiently 203. CALE.-This is of the cabbage kind. times called the Early Salisbury;) the next is thick just to cover all over. Make the top flat There are several sorts of it; and, it is, in all rethe Early Sea Green; then comes the Early and smooth. Then, just as the frost is about to spects, propagated and cultivated like the Green York. Perhaps any one of them may do; but lock up the earth, take up the cabbages, knock all Savoy, which see under Cabbage.-The Cale the first will head ten days sooner than the last. dirt out of their roots, take off all dead or yellow does not head, or loave, but sends forth a loose, The Sugar-loaf, sweetest and richest of all cab-looking leaves, and some of the out side leaves open top, which in England, is used after the bages, if sown and transplanted when Early besides; put the cabbages, head downwards, frost has pinched it, and then it sends out sideYorks are, will head nearly a month later. It is upon the bed, with their roots sticking up; and shoots from its tall stem, which it continues to do an excellent cabbage to come in, in July and cover them with straw so thick as for the straw to if kept cropped, till May. In mild winter cliAugust. Some sown three weeks later will carry come up nearly to the root of the cabbage. Do mates it is very useful and pleasant. It does not you through September and October; and some not pack them quite close. It is better if they get rotted by the successive freezings and thawsown in June and transplanted in July, will carry uo not touch each other much. Lay some bits of ings, as cabbages do. It is always green and you on till Christmas. For the winter use, there wood, or brush-wood, to prevent the straw from fresh. Backward planted savoys, may, perhaps really needs nothing but the Dwarf Green Savoy, blowing off. If the frost catch you, before you be as good; but the Cale is very good too. It When good and true to kind it is very much have got the cabbages up, cut them off close to will, I dare say, stand throughout some winters as curled and of a very deep green. It should be the ground, and let the stumps, instead of the far North as Philadelphia. It is worth trying; sown as soon as the ground is at all warm, and roots, stick up through the straw.-Out of this for greens are very pleasant in winter. The planted out as soon as stout enough. By No-stack you will take your cabbages perfectly green Curled Cale is the best.-Its seed is saved like vember it will have large and close heads weigh-and good in the spring, when the frost breaks up; that of the cabbage.-There is a sort of Cale ing from 5 to 8 pounds each. This is the best of and to this stack you can, at all times in the win-called Boorcole, and a whole list of things of all winter-cabbages. If you have Drum-heads, orter, go, with the greatest facility, and get your somewhat the same kind, but to name them other large cabbages, the time of sowing and that cabbages for use, which you can to no other spe- would be of no use. of transplanting are the same as those for the cies of conservatory that I ever saw or heard of. 204. CALE (Sea.)-This is a capital article. Savoy. But, let me observe here, that the early The hollow part below the cabbages takes away laferior in point of quality to no vegetable but sorts of cabbage keep, during winter, as well as all wet that may come from occasional rains or the Asparagus, superior to that in merit of the large, late sorts. It is an error to suppose, meltings of snow; and the little ditches on the earliness; and, though of the easiest possible prothat those cabbages only, which will not come to sides of the bed keep the bed itself free from pagation and cultivation, I have never seen any perfection till the approach of winter, will keep being soaked with wet. Even if deep snows come of it in America.-It is propagated by seed, and well. The Early York, sown in June, will be and lie for months, as in Nova-Scotia, New also by offsets. The seed may be sown, or the right hard in November, and will keep as well as Brunswick and Canada, it is only removing the young plants (at a year old) planted, or the offsets the Drum-head, or any of the coarse and strong-snow a little; and here are the cabbages always (little shoots from the sides of the stems) planted smelling cabbages. The Early Yorks are not so fresh and good.-Immense quantities, particu- on the spot where the crop is to be produced.big as the Drum-heads; but, observe, that as the larly in woody countries, may be stacked and pre- The mode of cultivation is in beds, precisely the former require but 16 inches distance, and the served in this way, at a very trifling expense. In same in all respects as Asparagus; except that latter 3 feet, five of the former stand on the fields the side trenches would be made with the the Cale may be begun upon the second year. ground of one of the latter So that, perhaps, plough; poles, in such a case, are of all sizes, Cover the beds thick with litter in winter; so that the Early Yorks will be the largest crop after all. always at hand; and, small brush wood might do the frost may not enter very deep; and, in April I have tried the keeping of both and I know, very well instead of straw, fir-boughs, laurel- (Long Island) you will have plenty. The moment that the fine cabbages keep as well as the coarse boughs, or cedar-boughs, would certainly do bet-it peeps out, cut it, and you have a white stalk ones. The Red Cabbage is raised and cultivated ter than straw; and where is the spot in America, seven or eight inches long, which is cooked just in the same season and same manner as the which has not one of these three?-Cabbage as asparagus is, and is all eaten from top to botGreen Savoy.-There are many other sorts of Stumps are also to be preserved; for they are tom. This plant is a native of the sea beach; cabbage, early as well as late; and they may be very useful in the spring. You have been cut-and is as hardy as any weed that grows. Instead tried; but those above-mentioned are certainly ting cabbages to eat in October and November. of earth you may, if convenient, lay sand (and sorts enough for any family.-The preserving of You leave the stumps standing, no matter what especially sea sand) for it to shoot up through. cabbages during the winter is all that remains to be the sort. Take them up before the frost sets It may be moved at any age of the plant. Any be treated of under the word cabbage; but as in trim off the long roots, and lay the stumps in old stump of it will grow. After you leave off every reader must know, it is a matter of great the ground, in a sloping direction, row behind cutting it in the spring, it goes shooting on, and, importance; for, on it depends the supply of cab row, with their heads four or five inches out of during the summer it bears seed. In the fall the bages for four months in the year, North of Vir-ground. When the frost has just set in in earnest, stalks are cut down, and you proceed with the ginia and South of Boston, and for six months in and not before, cover the stumps all over a foot oeds as with those of Asparagus,-Two beds the year when you get as far North as the Pro-thick or more, with straw, with corn-stalks, or across any one of the plats are enough for any vince of New Brunswick.-The cellar is a poor with ever-green boughs of some sort. As soon as family-This is, unquestionably (after the Aspa AMERICAN FARMER. AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. TO THE ASSEMBLY OF NEW YORK. 355 ragus) the very best garden vegetable that grows. covering, occasionally at least, of some sort; and would bring good seed in June.-The quantity Sea-Cale may be had at any time in winter, as the covering is, almost always glass, either on of this plant must depend upon the taste for it; easily as Asparagus (which see,) and with les rames or in a hand-light. So that, to keep them but, it is so much better than the very best of care. The roots may be dug up in the fall and through an American winter, there must not only cabbages, that it is worth some trouble to get it. thrown under any shed with litter, or straw, over be glass, but that glass (except where you have a them, till you want them. The earth in the hot-green-house to be kept warm by fire) must have a bed must be deeper than for Asparagus: that is covering in severe weather.-They require age, all the difference. The seed is saved as easily and yet, you must not sow them too early in the REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, as that of Asparagus. 205. CAMOMILE is a medicinal herb of about the size of a dollar, and go off to seed at The Committee on Agriculture respectfully beg tall; for, if you do, they will have little heads It is a perennial, and, though it may once without coming to a large head at all. If you be propagated from seed, it is easiest propagated be too backward in sowing, the heads do not begin by parting the roots. One little bit of root will before the great heat comes; and, in that case, interest confided to their care, as requiring at all soon make a bed sufficient for a garden. The they will not head till the full.-All these circum-times, the fostering aid and protection of the leleave to report, in partflowers are used in medicine. They should be stances make the raising of them for spring use gislature-as well because that agriculture gives That your committee consider the important gathered before they begin to fade; and be dried very difficult.-Sow (Long Island) first week, or employment to five sixths of our population, as in a gentle sun, or in shade; and then put by, in second week, in September, in the same manner that it imparts life and vigour to every other empaper bags, in a dry place. that you sow cabbages. When the plants have ployment in the commonwealth. This duty is great use. 206. CAPSICUM (or Peppers.)-An annual eight leaves, put them in a warm place in the rendered the more imperative at this time, from plant, sown early in fine earth, in drills a foot natural ground, and do not put much dung in the the competition we have cause to apprehend, apart, and at six inches apart in the drills. It is ground. The back part of the Hot-bed ground even in our own ports, from the agricultural prohandsome as a flower, and its pods are used as a would be the place. Plant them six inches asun-ductions of foreign countries. The wheat of the pickle. 207. CARAWAY.-The seeds are used in cover; but do not put on the frame, till sharpish ready imported into our state. The continental der upon a piece of ground that your frame will Baltic, and the products of the Irish soil, are alcakes. The plant is an annual. spring, in fine rich ground, and leave the plants whenever you expect a frost, put over the lights cultivators of food. The consequent depression Sow in the frosts begin to come. eight inches apart each way. Then put it on, and, peace has converted millions of consumers into 208. CARROT.-Read the Article BEET; for, on, but give plenty of air. Take the lights off or systems of European husbandry, admonish us at night. If there be much rain, keep the lights in the price of labor, connected with the superithe same season, same soil, same manure, same whenever you can. preparation for sowing, same distances, same inter-put long dung from the stable very thick all round counteract the threatened evil. cultivation, same time of taking up, and mode the frame up to the very top of it, and extendWhen the hard frost comes, of the necessity of adopting measures, in time, to When we consider that the imports into the of preserving the crop, all belong to the Carrot. ing a yard wide; and, in severe weather, cover United States during the last year, exceeded the -About the same quantity also is enough for a the glass with a mat, or old carpet first; then put exports of our own productions, seventeen millarge family. Some fine roots may be carefully straw upon the mat; and then cover the straw tions of dollars: that our specie and public stocks preserved to plant out for seed in the spring; and with another mat. But, mind, they must be kept have been withdrawn from the country towards the seed should be taken only from the centre in the dark as little as possible. When the sun is meeting the deficit; and that still an awful baseed-stalks of the carrots; for that is the finest. out, they must have it; and, in mild days, they lance is annually accumulating against us in EuThe mark of a good kind of seed, is, deep-red must have a great deal of air. When there is an rope, the inference is irresistible, that we have to colour of the tap. The paler ones are degene- occasional thawing day, take the lights off, and choose only between reform and rain. Among rate; and the yellow ones are fast going back to hoe and stir the ground; for, they want strength the means calculated to effect reform, your comthe wild carrot. Some people consider that there as well as protection; and they must have all the mittee consider the improvement of agriculture, are two sorts: I never could discover any diffe-air you can, with safety to their lives, give them. by the introduction of improved and profitable rence in the plants coming from seed of what has-Thus you go on till within about three weeks of systems of husbandry-the protection and enbeen called the two sort. double her milk, if taken from common pasture time you may leave the lights off day and night. gid economy in every department of the governA Cow will nearly the general Indian-Corn planting season. By this couragement of domestic manufactures-and a riin October, and fed well on carrot greens, or tops; Ten days before Corn-planting get your ground ment, as holding a pre-eminent rank, and as entiand they may, at this season, be cut off for that ready, deeply dug and full of rich manure. purpose. They will shoot a little again before holes with a spade; remove each plant with a bail ture. the time for taking the carrots up; but, that is of earth about the roots; fix the plants well in the the province of this report, your committee beg Make tled to the peculiar consideration of this legislaof no consequence. These shoots can be cut off holes at two feet asunder; leave a little dish round leave to explain their views upon this subject at before the carrots be put away for winter. Car each; water them with water that runs out of a length. As the former of these only, falls within rots will transplant like Beets; but, they grow yard where cattle are kept. They love moisture, still more forked than the Beet in this case.— They do, however, grow large and heavy in this of water, or muddy, stagnant water, every three ing which its importance merits. We have schools especially under a hot sun. way. I have had some weigh more than three days in hot weather; hoe and dig between them of law, of medicine, and of divinity. We have Give them this sort has been done to place agriculture upon the footYour committee cannot but regret, that so little pounds. 209. CAULIFLOWER.-It is not without you have a Green-house, the trouble is little. Sow we have a national school for teaching the art of also; and you will have Cauliflowers in June.-If schools of oratory, of music, and of dancing. And some difficulty, that this plant is brought to per-as before. Put about four plants in a flower-pot war. The fine arts have their teachers, pupils, fection in any country, where the frost is severe a foot diameter at top, instead of putting under a and amateurs. The shops of our merchants, mein winter, and especially where the summers are frame. They will live in the Green house like chanics and artizans, are all schools of instruction, as hot as they are in every part of the United other plants; and will be ready to put out as where our youth are taught, by system and rule, States. Still it may be brought to perfection.-above-mentioned. Fifty plants are enough. They the particular business which they are to follow. It is a cabbage, and the French call it the flower-are very fine vegetables; but they come not ear-Yet we have no school of agriculture,-a business cabbage. Its head is a lump of rich pulp, instead lier than green peas.-To have Cauliflowers to more complicated in its details, and requiring a of being, as a cabbage-head is, a parcel of leaves eat in the full is a much easier matter, and then greater diversity of knowledge, than any art tolong in towards a centre, and lapping over each they are, in my opinion more valuable than in the which is taught. It has been severely, but justly other. The Cauliflower is an annual plant. It spring. Sow at the same time and in the same remarked, that we rely on taking this the natural blows, and ripens its seed, during the year tut it manner as you sow early cabbages. Treat the way as the devout Mahomedans do the small pox; is sown; and, in fact, the part which is eaten is plants in the same way; put them at two fect and and regard the tedious process of inoculation on not, as in the cabbage, a lump of leaves, but the a naif distance; you need not now water them; both as useless and sinful. Though agriculture seed stalks, pods, and blossoms in theirem) y an they wil begin o come early in October; and, is the parent of the arts, and the mint which coins compact state, before they expand.-It is the same if any of the a have not perfected their heads when four wealth, so modest has been its pretensions, with Brocoli-Cauliflowers may be had to eat the sharp frosts come, take them up by the rootso hamle its walk, and so feeble its advortes, in the fall, or in the spring. The last is the most bang them up by the heels in a warm part of a that its interests have occupied but a subordinate difticut to accomplish; and I will, therefore, treat barn, or in icenar; they will get tolerably good place in the public mind. It remains, at least fir- or the means of accomplishing that-To navelheads; and you will have some of those heads to among us, without system, without principles, flowers to eat in the spring, that is to say, infeat at Christus.-The seed, on account of the without schools, and almost without legislative Ju you must sow them in the fall; for, the heat, i extremely haicult to save in America; patronage. Millions are annually expended for wave a certain age before their heads will but, in a fai. Caui dower were kept in a Grethe protection of our national commerce. Our com. Yet, they are very tender. They will house during winter, and put out three weeks manufactures receive a bounty, in some cases exnot endure a South of England winter without a before corn-planting time, I am persuaded, it'travagantly high, by the imposition of duties up C on foreign goods. But our agriculture is left to struggle for itself, against the corn laws of Europe, unprotected and unnoticed. proprietor, in the period of forty years, from 6. An institute of agriculture, theoretical and 5,000 to 40,000 pounds per annum, and other dis- practical. tricts in a like proportion. And the condition of This school, which was established about sixthe tenants would be equally improved, but for teen years ago, has attracted much attention on Agriculture, says an eminent statesman, may be the accumulating weight of taxes imposed by the the continent, and has served as a model for othregarded as the breasts from which the state derives support and nourishment. Commerce, the benefactors, than those of Young, Sinclair, An- emperor Alexander caused a detailed account of Few names stand higher, as public ers, particularly in Hungary and Bohemia. The government. arts, literature, manufactures, and the refinements derson, Marshall, Coke, and others, whose la- it to be presented to him, in 1814. He was so of social life, nay, the principles of civil liberty, bors and talents have contributed to raise to its well pleased with its plan and managemeut, that depend materially for their advancement upon the present state of excellence, the agricultural char-he complimented its founder with an order of progress of agricultural improvement. "Britain,"acter of Great Britain. Yet individual means are knighthood. It is from the report alluded to, that says a late writer, "has hitherto matched any found to be inadequate in Britain, and the govern-the preceding abstract has been principally made. part of the world, in a knowledge of the arts, ment is invoked to aid, by large appropriations, in The pupils of the Hofwyl school, are employed and in the practice of trade and manufactures. the work of agricultural improvement. "I boast at high salaries, in various parts of Europe, to su The origin of that knowledge, and the source of not of any particular patriotism," says the cele-perintend and direct the labors of agriculture. those practices," he continues, “ may, in a great brated Watson, bishop of Landaff, "but I would Dr. Bright, in his recent travels in Hungary, saw measure, be traced to the improvement of agri-willingly pay my share of twenty or thirty mil-one of them who had the superintendance of an culture. This art forms the basis, or foundation, lions pounds sterling of public money, to be ap- extensive estate which he visited, the products on which all others are reared; and as it is more propriated by the legislature, for the agricultural and revenue of which had been quadrupled in a perfect in Britain, than in other countries, comshort time, by his judicious management. The merce and manufactures have risen to proportion-improvement of Great Britain and Ireland. But we do not lack precedents: For in spite same traveller enumerates eight schools, upon al excellence " To show the governing influence of the political prejudice which would fetter the the Hofwyl plan, which had been established by of agriculture, upon the moral and political con-human mind, schools of agriculture have been es- the government, or by individuals, in the Austrian dition of society, we have but to turn our eyes to tablished in France, Switzerland, Prussia, Italy, states. In these, the course of study generally Europe. The Campania of Rome, which once and the Austrian states. We have an illustrious lasts three years, in which time the pupils are was a garden, and boasted of more than twenty example to encourage and to guide us, in the es instructed in natural philosophy, chemistry, natucities, is now a noisome waste; and the character tablishment of M. de Fellenberg, at Hofwyl, in ral history, and veterinary medicine; while, upon of its few inhabitants have degenerated as its ag- Switzerland. Impelled by a belief, that agricul- large experimental farms, they are taught agririculture has declined. Sicily, once the granary of imperial Rome, has, like its mistress. become ture, in its study and in its practice, furnishes the culture, the management of fruit and forest trees; unproductive, effeminate and debased. And yet and of winning him to virtue, this gentleman unbest means of developing the usefulness of man, and the care of cattle, sheep, swine, and bees. An agricultural school was among the means the soil of both the Campania, and of Sicily, are dertook, with his private means, to establish and adopted by Leopold, to meliorate the condition celebrated for their fertility. Look to Spain, to Portugal, and to European Turkey. Why have manage a school, which should improve" the of Tuscany; and that duchy is now among the commerce, the arts and learning, languished in art of cultivation, and the character of the culti-best cultivated and most productive districts of vator He encountered many difficulties in the Europe. those countries for centuries? Because agriculThe emperor Napoleon, among other good ture their nursing mother, has been neglected and undertaking, among which the prejudice of his fellow citizens was not the least formidable. But deeds, organized and endowed the national farm degraded. his perseverance has triumphed over them all. at Altfort. "Here," says a gentleman who resiIf, then, agriculture is the fountain from whose The school prospers. Several professors have ded some years in France, "all the branches of abundant streams every portion of our country is been employed to aid him in his labours, and the science connected with Agriculture, are taught. watered and enriched,-how important is it that number of his pupils is now only limited by the Chemistry, botany, the anatomy of cattle, farwe should watch over it with a paternal care-extent of his accommodations. riery, with the mechanics, and as much of geolo that we should disseminate its improvements, and It may not be amiss to detail some of the pro-gy as is known, and farm work and domestic endeavour to multiply its blessings;--that we minent features of this and other agricultural economy, in every branch, and down to the smalshould elevate it to the rank of a liberal and schools in Europe: For although their orgrniza-lest article, are there exhibited and explained. fashionable study, and call in the aid of science, tion may not be exactly suited to our habits and It was believed in 1810, that this academy had and of approved experience, to enlarge the political condition, they afford tolerable data for tended much to enlighten the people of France, sphere of its usefulness. To effect these desira our own practice. on the general subject of husbandry-as well by ble ends, your committee respectfully recommend, The establishment of M. de Fellenberg, may the examples it gave of new and improved mathat a law be passed, for establishing a school of be arranged under the following heads: chinery, and the most successful objects and agriculture, for the education of our young men 1. A pattern farm, designed to serve as a mo-modes of culture-as by sending abroad into the in the practice and theory of husbandry. del. This exhibits "the principle and the ap- provinces, many scientific men, who carried their We may be told, that we are venturing on an plication of all that has been found advantageous, knowledge with them, and were essentially the untried experiment; that we have no precedent and, at the same time, the most accurate practi-means of introducing new and better practices." to guide us; and, that did schools of agriculture cal details." In 1808 or 1809, the king of Prussia establish promise important benefits to a state, they would 2. An experimental farm, designed to advance ed a school of agriculture at Moegelin. In long since have been multiplied in other countries. the progress of the science and the art; to assist twelve years, the value of the farm was increased It should be borne in mind, that the inducements the labors of the pattern farm, and to give exer-from 2,000 to 12,000 rix dollars. Van Thaer is to disseminate knowledge among the agricultural cise and instruction to the pupils. the director, and under him there are three pro class, are no where so strong as in the United 3. A manufactory of implements of husbandry, fessors-one for mathematics, chemistry, and States; and that what is deemed salutary here, of the most approved models, for the use of the geology; one for veterinary knowledge, and a may be dangerous on the other side of the Atlan-school, and for sale, under the care of a skilful third for botany, and the use of the different vegetic. There, the few, who constitute the privi-mechanician. table productions in the materia medica, as well leged classes, are the proprietors of the soil, and 4. A school of industry for the poor. The boys as for entomology. Besides these, an experienrely, for the preservation of their power and their belonging to this school, taken from the most in-ced agriculturist is employed to instruct the pu wealth, upon the comparative ignorance and de-digent classes, are gratuitously instructed by a pils in the mode of applying science to the pracpression of the many. Here, those who till, are competent master, who is constantly with them.tical business of husbandry. There are attached the owners of the soil, and the legitimate deposi- They are kept by themselves-receive a good edu-to this institution, a botanic garden, arranged actaries of power; and the purity and permanancy cation, and are taught agriculture, and some me-cording to the Linnæan system, and a repository of our political institutions, are based upon their chanic art, in shops attached to the establishment and manufactory of agricultural implements. intelligence and virtue. In Great Britain, the want where most of the useful trades are carried on. It is true, we have not yet any schools of agriof agricultural schools has been supplied, by in- 5. A boarding school for the children of afflu culture in the United States. But it may be predividual liberality and enterprize. Many of the ence, who are sent thither from the German dicted, without the gift of prophecy, that we great landholders, stimulated by an efficient na-states, as well as from the neighbouring cantons. shall not be long without them. Their advantational board of agriculture, have become active The very complete education which these re-ges are becoming so self-evident, and the public laborers in the field of experiment; and by the ceive, under the eye, and in the house of the prin-attention is so awakened on the subject, as in all application of capital and science, have improved cipal, terminates with a course in the agricultu-probability to leave to this legislature only, the the value of their estates from two to ten fold. ral institute; at the same time, it forms pupils privilege of deciding, whether New-York shall The rent roll of the Coke estate, in Norfolk, has who carry to their abodes the theoretical and take the lead of her sisters in this, as she has tain this way been augmented, by its enlightened practical knowledge which they have acquired. ken the lead of them in most of the other great improvements which distinguish our day and new systems of husbandry. Every day's obser- of periodical publications; and the students country. The subject has been twice before the vation affords proof in our own practice. Why would disseminate a knowledge of them orally, legislature of Pennsylvania-a favourable report does the county of Dutchess outstrip her neigh- and by their practice. has been made in the popular branch upon it, and bors in fertility and wealth? Not because nature Horticulture would be improved, and its benethe project postponed, but not abandoned. But has been more bountiful to her soil; but because fits extended, by this school. A knowledge of Virginia has begun to act in earnest. The society her farmers are better instructed. Why, in pas-grafting, inoculating, transplanting and pruning of Albemarle county, with the late President sing through our country, in any direction, do we fruit trees,-of the best varieties of fruit, and of Madison at its head, has appropriated $1,000 of see one farm twice or thrice as productive as culinary vegetables and their management, are its funds towards endowing a professorship of ag-another, with equal natural advantages? This useful qalifications to almost every man in the viculture in the university of that state. They contrast cannot be wholly owing to indigence, or community, and administer to his profit as well have also addressed a circular to the other agri-to indolence, in the unsuccessful cultivator. It as to his comfort. cultural societies in the state, inviting their co-proceeds rather from the want of method-of Secondly. To commerce and manufactures, operation; and have called upon the citizens of knowledge. Knowlege is science and science is the benefits of this school will be in the ratio of the commonwealth at large, to aid by private only precepts and principles grounded on demon-the increased products and profits of agriculture. subscriptions, restricting each to one dollar.―stration. Commerce and manufactures prosper or languish Their plan very properly embraces a course of It has been said, that agriculture is a trade, an as the harvest is abundant or scanty. Take the instruction in the practice as well as the theory art, or a science. That as a trade, it requires husbandman from the soil, and they perish.of husbandry. "To the due success of agricul-only the exercise of bodily power. That as a Multiply his products and they thrive. ture," says Mr. Madison, "theory and practice art, it employs the understanding and the judg- Thirdly. A school of agriculture will improve are both requisite. They always reflect light on ment; and that as a science, it comprehends a the morals of society. Industry is the best preeach other. If the former, without the test of knowledge of natural history, of chemistry, &c.ventive of vice, and the surest promoter of virthe latter, is a vain science; the latter, without so far as these are subservient to the improve-tue. This school will promote industry, not only the enlightened precepts of the former, is gene-ment of husbandry. We have many who follow on account of the pecuniary rewards which it will rally enslaved to ancient modes, however erro- the trade, less who practise the art, and but few old out, but from the desire of honourable distinc neous, or at best but too tardy and partial in who understand much of the science. tion which it will cherish. The students will car adopting salutary changes. In no instance, per- The introduction and multiplication of impro-ry with them to their dispersed homes, constituhaps," he adds, "is habit more unyielding, orir-ved machinery, would be an important benefit tions hardened by the salutary influence of field rational practices more prevalent, than among growing out of this establishment. Mr. Brown, labor,-minds enriched and invigorated by useful those who cultivate the earth. And this is the an English writer on husbandry, and his estimate knowledge, and familiar with the best systems of more to be lamented, as agriculture is still so far has been adopted by Sinclair, calculates, that a husbandry ;-habits of reflection, of industry and below the attainments to which it may fairly as-profit of 1,800,000 pounds sterling, per annum, sobriety;-and a laudable ambition to excell, in a pire." would result to Great Britain, if one half of the business, in which private gain is always public Your committee beg leave to suggest some of grain raised in the kingdom, should be threshed good. The more conspicuous the example, the many advantages which are likely to grow with the improved threshing mills. Mr. Burgess, whether of industry or of indolence, of virtue out of the establishment of an agricultural school in a late address to the Rhode Island society for or of vice, the more extensive its influence.in this state. And, the promotion of industry, enters into a calcula The greatest stimulus to study and application, First, to its agriculture. This school will col-tion to show, that the general use of Wood's cast which can be infused into the youthful bosom, is lect the best systems, and most recent improve-iron plough, would effect an annual saving, in the hope of excelling. Here will be ample scope ments in husbandry, from Europe and America; that small state, of $8,000. The faculty of this for its indulgence. If endowed with an ordinary analyze them,-adapt them to our climate, our school would be competent to investigate the capacity, this school will confer upon the pupil soils, our productions, and our wants ;-demon-principles, and to test the usefulness of the im- advantages which cannot fail to render him constrate their utility in practice, and disseminate a plements now in use, and of those which genius spicuous in life. His example will operate as a knowledge of them into every part of the state. and skill may hereafter bring forth. Their opin-stimulus to industry and improvement to the cirThe Hofwyl farm will serve to illustrate the ex-ions would inspire confidence in those found to be cle around him; and the sphere of its influence tent of these advantages. Mr. Brougham visi-useful, and prevent imposition and toss by those will be constantly enlarging. By raising the ted this in 1816, and inquired minutely into its found to be useless. Genius would thus be en-character of agriculture, and classing it among details. Two years afterwards, he spoke in high couraged, and imposture put down. An authori- the liberal and learned pursuits of life, we shall commendation of it in a report which he made ty to grant honorary rewards, for inventions pro-attract many to its shrine, and to habits of useto the British parliament, upon the subject of ved to be valuable, could not fail to facilitate fulness, who would otherwise eke out lives of ineducation. The whole establishment, he says, improvement. A manufactory would afford mod-dolence and vice. The professions are overstockcomprises but 214 acres; and the average annu-els of the best machinery, to those who might ed. Many who have been educated in them, are al profit of the pattern farm alone, for a period want to buy, and serve as a school of instruction resorting to agriculture, illy qualified as they are, of four years, he found to be 836 pounds sterling, to the pupils, in the application of mechanics. to make a subsistence. Others would follow their or about $4,000, exclusive of the cattle concern, An experimental farm, of the operations of example, did not lethargy, false pride, or the want which was kept separate. We are furnished, in which, accurate details should be kept, would of knowledge or capital, interpose serious obstaRees' Cyclopedia, with numerous statements, furnish good tests of the value of grains, grasses, cles. How fortunate would it have been for demonstrating the superiority of the new over plants and animals, which may be introduced these, had they been nurtured in a school of agthe old system of husbandry; two or three of from abroad, or but partially known among us-riculture. Instead of being burdens to their which shall be noticed in abstract. The first would instruct us in their culture and manage- friends, and leeches in society, they might have comparison is made on a mixed, or grazing, breed-ment-and do much towards establishing general been public benefactors, and blessings to their ing and tillage farm, of 314 acres, in York. and salutary principles in the business of husband-families. That system of education has been Under the old system, the net profits amounted ry. It is not enough to know what experiments bad, which has taught young men to expect a to £318 108. and under the new system, the same prove successful. We need to be advised of fortune, without instilling into them a single lands yielded a net profit of £596, making a dif- those which prove unsuccessful, in order that we quality which can preserve or acquire one. ference of £278; or nearly 100 per cent. in favor may avoid the errors which their results indicate. Fourthly. A school of agriculture will tend to of the new system of husbandry. The second Errors in husbandry are not published by the in- augment the revenues of the state. The increascase is that of a tillage farm, of 139 acres, in Lin-dividuals who commit them, because they would ed tolls upon the extensive lines of our canals, colnshire. Under the old system, the profits imply a want of knowledge. "The art of agri-consequent upon the increase of the products of werc £130,-under the new £452-Difference in culture can never be brought to its highest de-agriculture, will in a few years remunerate the favor of the latter-£322, or 250 per cent. Agree of perfection, or established on rational and treasury, in the opinion of your committee, for third statement exhibits the profits of an acre of unerring principles, unless by means of experi- every expense incident to the establishment, land, being the medium of several hundred acres, ments, accurately tried and properly persevered Our situation is singularly propitious in this resin Yorkshire, for six years, Under the old sys-in. It is full time, therefore, by the establish- pect, and holds out a prospect of indemnity tem, the profit was £1. 98. 3d.-under the new, ment of an experimental farm, under the sanc-which no other state possesses. The new wants £17. 6s. 9d, an increased gain of more than 1100 tion and at the expense of government, to bring which it will create for the salt and plaster of the per cent, in favor of the latter. The medium the art to as great perfection as possible, by as-west, and for the lumber and iron of the north, profit of an acre in tillage, in England, is stated certaining the principles on which it ought to be will be extensive: and most of these will be subat from 27 to 36 dollars per annum. conducted." The public would be made ac-iect to toll on their way to the consumer. We need not resort to Europe for evidence of quainted with the important facts developed by Fifthly. It remains for your committee to con the disparity which exists between the old and the operations of this farm, through the medium sider the influence of a school of agriculture up 1 on the political institutions of our country. It lation to their arrangement, exhibit the model ciples of equity, sanction the propriety of making has been urged against the establishment of agri- of a well organized farm establishment. The this a condition of their charters. cultural schools in Europe, that it is danger- land is already proffered to the state. The Hon. Your committee would also beg leave to sugous to educate the labouring classes; that their Stephen Van Rensselear, as an evidence of the gest, whether the avails of a tax upon bank stock knowledge may become the elements of discon-high expectations of public usefulness which he might not be applied to this school without pretent; that an educated people are more difficult to entertains from the proposed establishment, and judice to the interests of the state. It is not the object of your committee to comgovern; and that the government which labours to in accordance with a spirit of liberality which enlighten the great body of the nation, prepares has characterized his life, has offered a gratui-promit the state, by the bill which they are about for itself the means of resistance." However tous deed of the lands required for the use of the to offer for consideration. It will become the forcible these arguments may seem where the institution. This will be of sufficient extent for a duty of a succeeding legislature, when the plan divine right of kings is acknowledged, and where model and an experimental farm, and for the other and estimate of the expense shall be laid before blood peers it over virtue and intellect, our po-purposes of the institution, and embrace a va- them, and when public opinion shall have been licy and our duty demand the observance of max-riety of soils and a command of water for ex-heard on its merits,-to decide whether the ims directly the reverse. Our agricultural po- periments in irrigation. This school will super-school shall be organized and endowed or not. pulation constitute, by their numbers and their sede the present board of agriculture; and the Your committee cannot close this report, withhabits, our efficient strength in war. They also, existing appropriations to the latter, may be out adverting, for a moment to the uniform and either directly or indirectly, bear most of the advantageously transferred to the former. As commendable liberality of the state, in endowing public burthens. And they are, emphatically, the object of appropriating $10.000 annually to seminaries of learning, and in disseminating the the guardians of our civil and religious freedom. county agricultural societies, is principally to blessings of education. It appears from a stateHence our danger arises, not from an excess, but encourage improvements in stock, and excite ment drawn up in 1820, that there then had been from a want of knowledge in the great body of useful experiments in tillage, it may admit of a appropriated of the public monies, as follows: the people. Our yeomanry are not deficient in question, whether this appropriation also, with To the literature fund, the renatural talents; but education has generally de- the exception of that part which is awarded as venue of which is annually nied to them that polish of language, and that premiums for household manufactures, may not distributed among academies, $201,489 fluency of speech, which often, in their profes-be more usefully applied to this school These As special grants to academies, 396,800 sional brethren, is a potent recommendation to items, with a moderate appropriation, would As do for literary the posts of profit and honour. Perhaps the serve as the nucleus of a fund, which may here purposes, possible in the relative proportion of their num- There is another means of augmenting this 28,715 113,275 418,500 106,800 $1,265,579 Total for colleges and academies, Tetal, 68,100 $83,100 12,000 25,000 1,232,900 $2,618,579 is our duty, as legislators, to further the general To the New-York Historical Society, interests of the state, yet we ought not to pass To charity and free schools in cities, The plan and regulations of this school will laws specially to facilitate private speculation. To common schools, properly fall within the province of the com- It is a fact of notoriety which has been blazoned missioners, to be named in the bill accompanying in the public newspapers, that one individual did this report, and these it will require time and receive a bonus, or gift, of $60,000, to release his deliberation to mature. It may not be impro- privilege in a banking company recently incor cheated lands, and unappropriated literature and To which may be added the value of the esper, however, to state generally, that the course porated by the legislature of this state; and it is school lots, in the military tract. of studies contemplated, will embrace every a fact equally well established, that another inbranch of science which is applicable or useful dividual did receive about $20,000 for a similar it was the wish of the committee, to have obThese facts are derived from unofficial, though to agriculture, and the practice of other coun- release to the same institution. By a reference to tained them from official sources. tries and other states, and that the labours of the Lang's shipping and commercial list, it will be therefore liable to error, and probably are inThey are pupils will extend to every department of prac-seen, that the average price of the stocks of all correct in stating some of the items too low. tical husbandry, including gardening and the man- the banks in the city of New York, is seven per agement of cattle. It will be desirable to fix the cent. above par; and that the stock of one of question the wisdom of the legislatures who made The above abstract is not introduced to call in tuition so low, as to place the benefits of the the banks most recently incorporated, is seven- these appropriations, but to direct public attenschool within the reach of youth of moderate re-teen per cent. above par; or, that $100 of the tion to an important fact which it discloses, viz. stock of this bank is worth $117 in cash. Expe- that of all these munificent grants, amounting in sources. Having thus given an exposition of the bene-rience has admonished us, that the original sub-the aggregate to about three millions of dollars, fits which are likely to result to the state, from scribers seldom continue to be the holders of bank not one dollar has gone in direct aid of agriculthe establishment of an agricultural school, and stock; and that the applicants for charters have ture, the great business of our state, the source of the course of instruction contemplated, it re- as often been influenced by cupidity, as by a of its wealth, and the foundation of its greatness. mains for your committee to suggest the ways desire to promote the public good. What has Of the one million two hundred and fifty-five and means by which this school is to be estab- once happened, is very likely to happen again: thousand dollars, given to colleges and academies, lished and supported. A commendable economy but be this as it may-that new applicants can the cultivators of the soil have derived but very ought always to govern in the appropriation of well afford to pay a bonus to the state, is evi-little indirect benefit: For through these semipublic money; but in public, as in private con-denced by the fact, that the several banks which naries, lies the road to the professions,-not to the cerns, a reference to future indemnity, and ulti- have paid bonuses for their charters, continue in plough ;-to mental, not to bodily labour. Eightymate gain, ought not to be lost sight of. Your the successful prosecution of their business, with-three thousand one hundred dollars, have been apcommittee, for the reasons already detailed, are out any sensible diminution in the price of their propriated exclusively to the medical department. induced to consider the appropriations requisite stocks. The stock of the Bank of America, which Now that we have bestowed so much care and exto this object, rather as a loan, than as a donation paid a bonus to the state of $100,000, and a far pense upon the limbs, your committee conceive it and as a loan too for which the state will re-greater amount to individuals, is quoted at about to be just and proper, that we should endeavour ceive usurious interest. They possess no data to the par value. If, as is reasonable to be inferred, to infuse intelligence, vigour, and activity, into determine what funds will be requisite to support the stocks of new banks in our commercial capi- the body, that it may the better sustain and this seminary. The Hofwyl school maintains it-tal, are to bear a premium of ten or fifteen per strengthen the members. self, and is a source of profit to its beneficent cent. the moment they are issued, is it unreason- Your committee have prepared a bill in accorproprietor. It may be proper to remark, that able or improper to ask, that a portion of the dance with their views upon this subject, and nothing of ostentation or extravagance is con-profits, thus created by legislative indulgence, have directed their chairman to ask for leave to templated. The buildings snelo play soli-should accrue to the state? The example of the present the same. dity, simplicity, neatness and taste; and, in re-national and state legislatures, as well as the prin J. BUEL, Chairman. |