AMERICAN FARMER. an opportunity to analyze it, and ascertain if it finest raisins from Damascus. Sun raisins are ways: the first was insition, which is the ordinary consists of poisonous drugs: indeed it would have brought from Spain, and are so called to distin- manner of grafting; the second was terebration been more honourable to have analyzed the wines guish them from those that are scalded, or dried, through the middle of the stock, aud putting in of any suspected person, and to have exposed in ovens. Large quantities are also imported from the scions there; and the third was pairing of twe them to the public, were they guilty of so injur-Malaga, Calabria, Muscadine, Smyrna, &c. ing the constitutions of their benefactors. A wine-merchant seldom does more himself to the the 25th and 51st degree in the northern hemisThe vinous latitude is said to extend between binding them close." vines, that grow together, to the marrow, and finings of his wines than to give directions to his phere, cellar-man: were he to use pernicious finings, Speechly, in his work on the vine, says, “The how often should we hear of his being betrayed Germany, beyond the 51st degree, are dubious. improved without loss of time;" and he states, It has been observed, that all the vineyards in of so much importance; as a bad vine may be grafting of grapes is but little attended to, although by his discharged servants! For red wines, the whites of eggs, with some-the latitude for vines; and I have often been sur-grafts, which, if permitted, will run from thirty This leaves the southern coast of England within that he has had fine grapes from the same year's times a part of the shells pulverized, is the uni-prised that the culture of them should have been to forty feet the first summer. versal and only finings used. A few years back, so little attended to, where the shelter of the vine of the Syrian kind, in a hothouse at Welwhen there was so great a demand for pale sher-hills, and the soil, seem to offer so promising a beck, that produced sixteen different sorts of ry, the wine-merchants discharged the colour situation. He mentions a with the assistance of a small quantity of new milk. The folly of this fashion was no sooner time in Somersetshire: the late Sir William Bas- the banks of rivers, or where their roots can draw There are several flourishing vineyards at this grapes from as many graftings. seen, than good brown sherries returned into fa-set, in that county, annually made some hogsheads moisture in abundance. Vines have ever been found to thrive best on vour. The Africans of old used to mitigate and of wine, which was palatable and well bodied. allay the tartness of their wines with a kind of The idea that we cannot make good wine from was planted in a good soil by great waters, that lime plaster, while the Greeks of the same day the juice of our own grapes is erroneous: I have it might bring forth branches, and that it might The scripture often makes the remark: "It quickened their's with clay and marble powder-tasted it quite equal to the Grave wines; and in bring forth fruit, that it might be a goodly vine." ed, or with sea water. The Romans admired the flavour of pitch, it has been drunk as Hock by the nicest judges. some instances, when kept for eight or ten years, (Ezekiel, c. xvii. v. 8.) which was often added to their wines; thus we Grapes that are not perfectly ripe, and even sour, ed by the waters: she was fruitful and full of find it has ever been the study of the wine-mer-will make good wine, but it will require longer branches, by reason of many waters." Thy mother is like a vine in thy blood, plantchant to suit the taste of the times, but at no keeping. period has it been found necessary to add baneful drugs. If a sweet wine be preferred, raisins should be c. xix. v. 10. (Ezekiel, Grapes furnish the French with another article common addition to our country wines) can never this must be owing to the quantity of saline partiused with the grapes; for sugar and water (the applied about the roots, greatly nourishes the vine; It hath been stated, that the blood of animals, of commerce, almost equal in importance to their produce a good beverage. wines; namely, brandy. It is computed that their exportation in this liquor is not less than 50,000 uses to which the leaves and stalks of the vine the experiment of painting one half of a wall The following observations on the economical cles which it contains. pipes or pieces per ann. which, at the average of may be applied, are taken from a letter in the black, that was covered with a vine, and leaving Mr. Daws, of Slough, near Windsor, has made five shillings per gallon, produces them nearly Philosophical Magazine, No. 119, signed James the other half in its common state. That part of two millions sterling annually. The brandies imported into this country are Hall. principally from Bordeaux, Rochelle, and Cog-find that, on being dried, which should be done the weight of fruit that the other half produced. "From the experiments which I have made, I the grapes earlier, and yielded about three times the vine which covered the black wall, ripened niac; but they are very inferior to those made in in the shade, and infused in a teapot, the leaves Gentlemen, who prune their own vines, should in the neighbourhood of Nantes and Poictou, from of the vine make an excellent substitute for tea. observe, that the fruit is always produced upon whence private families in the city and suburbs of I have also found that, on being cut small, bruis- the shoots of the same year, which are thrown Paris supply themselves, and they are very care-ed, and put into a vat, or mashing-tub, and boil-out of the buds of the last year's shoots; and that ful to obtain the best quality of this spirit. All ing water poured on them in the same way as is it is not the old wood that yields grapes. It is best brandies are originally white, but by long keep-done with malt, the prunings of the vine produce to prune vines as soon as the fruit is gathered, as ing they naturally become a little stained by the liquor of a fine vinous quality, which, on being fer- the bearing shoots for the following year cannot cask; and to give this appearance of age to the mented, makes a very fine beverage, either strong then be mistaken; and it is recommended to brandies shipped for England, burnt sugar and or weak, as you please; and on being distilled, pro- shorten them, so as to leave but four eyes, as by other dyes are added to such an excess, as to de-duces an excellent spirit of the nature of brandy. leaving too many, the vine is exhausted, and stroy the natural flavour of the spirit. Private families would do well to buy none but the fermented liquor from the prunings, particu-bove the fourth eye are to be cut, and the cutting In the course of my experiments, I found that yields but poor small fruit. The shoots just athe best pale brandy, and the importation of bad larly the tendrils, when allowed to pass the vi-to be sloped or cut in such a manner, that the wabrandies would soon cease. The fruiterers of London have a considerable makes uncommonly fine vinegar." nous, and to run into the acetous fermentation, ter discharging from the shoot may not run on trade in preserved grapes, which are principally brought from Portugal in large earthen jars, close-astringent taste, and were formerly used in diar-shoots from the old wood should be rubbed off; Vine-leaves, as well as the tendrils, have an May, all vines should be looked over, and the the bud to injure it. About the beginning of ly cemented down these grapes add considera- rhoeas, hemorrhages, and other disorders re- and if one eye produces two shoots, the weakest bly to the luxury of our winter desserts, as they quiring refrigerant and styptic medicines. The must be removed, Vines require frequent exare sold at moderate prices for so rare a fruit. This art of preserving grapes was well known been recommended in calculous disorders, and shoots; and about the latter end of June, the ends juice or sap of the vine, called lachyrma, has amining, after this time, to rub off all dangling to the Romans. Columella gives a particular ac- is said to be an excellent application to weak eyes of the bearing branches are to be nipped off, but count of the manner they were preserved, both in and specks of the cornea. The tendrils of the his time, and in the time of his uncle Marcus vine were eaten as a pickle by the Romans. Columella. He recommends them to be put into small jars that will only contain one bunch, and verjuice, and is considered a very useful external The expressed juice of the unripe fruit is called that the fruit should be quite dry, when the sun remedy for bruises. is on it, and after being cooled in the shade, to be suspended in the jars, and the vacua to be filled used by painters for drawing outlines, and is men- them to certain trees, as the poplar and the elm, The wood of the vine, reduced to charcoal, is up with oat chaff, after all the dust has been tioned as good for tooth powder. The Romans reared their vines by fastening blown from it. The jars must be well baked or burned, and not such as imbibe moisture: the work to enter upon the cultivation of trees, I can- entertaining story of Ovid's Vertumnus and PoAlthough it forms no part of my plan in this to the vines, which gave rise to that elegant and &c., whence these trees were said to be married tops of the jars must be covered over, and pitch-not avoid giving a few remarks on a fruit of so ed, to keep out the air. The process of drying grapes into raisins is much importance. usually performed, by tying two or three bunches to select cuttings of those kinds which are known In the planting of vines, the first care should be together before they are cut from the vine, and to be good, and suitable to the situation and soil dipping them into a hot lixivium of wood ashes, in which they are to be placed. with a little olive oil in it: they then shrivel, and partly dry; and in a few days they are cut from in use," says Lord Bacon in his Natural History; "The grafting of vines upon vines is not now those intended for the next year's fruit, may go a month longer before they are topped. odour: the ancients used to put them into their The blossoms of the vine have an agreeable wine, to give it this fragrance. mona. hand; No grapes would glow with gold, and tempt the the vine, and dried in the sun. We procure the and adds, "the ancients had it, and that three to the very top, and even out-top the highest pop American Farmer. ON THE PRESENT STATE OF AGRI CULTURE. lars; on which account, the grape gatherers, in that a reduction of rents would be sufficient to practices; wall-fruit we must have, but training time of vintage, put a clause in the covenant of relieve the country. This is fallacious, for how superinduces pruning for all that; and standards their bargains, when they were hired, that in case is it possible there can be any reduction equal to for planting must be reared near together, by their foot should slip and their necks be broken, this depreciation in value? From the above reason of the value of the land; but this does their masters should give orders for their funeral comparison it is clearly shown the whole rent is not prove that the method is not injurious to the fire and tomb, at their own expense. gone. I will state a case to illustrate the matter future growth of the trees; in fact, in many ca(To be continued.) a little-Suppose a farm of 100 acres, and 25 ses, trees so reared cannot afterwards swell and acres of it are sown with grain, say oats, which become healthy by any means. being a good crop produced eight quarters per We could, therefore, have wished that Mr. Selections from late numbers of the London Far-acre (Westmoreland measure) being about one Lyon, instead of beginning a treatise (which is mers' Journal, received at the office of the third more than the statute acre, or 200 quarters nothing if not practical,) with an excursive and the whole 25 acres; this produce, according to doubtful argument, had commenced with the average price in 1813, would amount to £410; cause or causes, of want of health in fruit trees but at the average price of 1822, it is only worth in general, in order to proceed to the best possi£200, hence there is a loss in value of £210 from ble modes of remedying the evils when found to Kendal, May 16th, 1822. the first price. Now we will suppose the rent of exist; for unless a departure from nature (in SIR, this farm at £3 per acre, which on 25 acres will several ways,) be the origin of this, why should Several accounts have been published on the amount to £75, so that we find there is a loss of fruit trees need restoring to health more than the great depression in the value of the productions £135 on 25 acres, over and above all the rent, oaks of the forest? Our rule with regard to forof the soil of this kingdom. The following ta- allow the farmer the extravagant profit of £135 on oaks of five feet long, with each a little bunch of betwixt the prices in 1818 and 1822. If we should est trees, is to plant them small : who would take bles will exhibit the subject in such a manner as will be manifest to the most common observer.25 acres, in the former period, still the rent is small twigs at top, to plant for timber? Then So great an alteration in the prices of the neces- entirely sunk. We may observe that this de- how should apple trees, which are trained like saries of life, continuing for so long a time to- pression is not solely confined to grain; but from whip sticks, be likely to swell properly in the gether, deserve to be recorded in the Journal of tions of the soil are affected nearly in the same squares of a foot or eighteen inches, and all the the first table we perceive that all the produc- trunk, after being grown three or four years in Comparative statement of the London markets proportion, whilst the tithes remain the same as lateral branches trimmed off? The truth is, in provisions, hay, &c. at the following different in most prosperous times, (nay, many of the that they often bend through natural weakness, periods; first, the months of February, 1814, Clergy are become more oppressive,) and the and require propping and tying straight when and November, 1821. poor rates have increased in an unparralleled de- planted. Where they stand in the nursery, they gree. Such is the present alarming change, that blow about with the wind, something like a crop November, Decrease if the Government do not devise more efficient of reed. in value measures of relief than they have done of late, per cent. the agriculture of the country must be ruined. I am, Sir, the times. Beef.. February, 1814. 1821. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 50 to 7024 to 3 10 £. 48 Mutton 60 to 80 24 to 3 10 56 Your's obediently, When such trees are planted from a moderate soil into a good one (if well chosen and carefully planted,) they swell away pretty well. But when planted from a moderate soil into poorer,-ill chosen and ill managed, they barely keep alive two or three years, but swell nothing in the trunk. This must include such a degree of pining as is PEELING AND BARKING FRUIT TREES. hardly curable. In all cases, where trees are This subject has been several times mentioned unhealthy, and mossy, the causes are herein perby query or otherwise, in our columns, and being ceived very clearly, for if the trunk does not very interesting in its nature, we take the oppor-swell sufficiently, it cannot be clean; the bark tunity that is afforded us by the receipt of Mr. corrugates and becomes a dead colour, and bound; Lyon's Treatise, to give some further informa- and the tree gets little wood, and bears poor small From this Table it apperas that the price of tion thereupon. In doing this, we purposely pass fruit. Now, if peeling be a relief at an advanced Beef has decreased 48 per cent. or near one half. over all the previous reasoning in the treatise it-period, it would probably have been much more Mutton 56 per cent., that is more than one half.self, as being wholly extraneous to the practical efficacious at an early one: Mr. Lyon says he has Veal and Pork 50 per cent., or one half. Bacon question; to enter into a controversy with the peeled trees at all ages with advantage, (that is, 53 per cent. being more than one half; and in author, either on the physiology of plants, or on we suppose, trees which were nursery raised,) Potatoes, Hay, and Clover, also a considerable the agricultural application of his principles, is and it must be obvious that in an early stage, decrease; and the total average reduction on the no part of our design. Our opinion on the whole nothing more than scraping, so as to remove the above articles is upwards of £41 per cent. or of this introductory reasoning (though many outer dead skin, might in some cases be suffinearly one half of the value. Can, or ought this parts of it are ingenious) is, that if the author cient; but when the trees are more advanced, state of things continue? I think not, though per- canker, it would have been an admirable practi- peeling must be deep, and done with cutting inhad confined his work to the cause and cure of and the bark thick, hard and corrugated, the haps they may be borne a little longer. Comparative state of London markets in the prices of Grain and Bread. There is a story told of an Indian in Pennsyl- To apply this reasoning, every one must take vania, who had advanced so far into civilization, his trees as he finds them; but to those who are February, February, Decrease as to be taught to plant apple-trees; but when he replanting, or beginning to plant, they may be 1822. per cent. was recommended to prune them, he shook his more useful. On this division of the subject we head, and said,-" God knew best how apple-present our readers with the following detached trees should grow."-In this answer of the In-extracts from Mr..Lyon's Treatise:dian, there is probably more good sense than some "The next cause (that is of want of bearing,) of our nurserymen and gardeners are well aware is constriction of the bark. This appears to be a of; for the greater part of the management that more frequent disease, and more dangerous than is applied to our fruit trees, is rendered necessary is commonly imagined. It is indicated by the From this table it appears that the average re-by their being removed out of a state of nature: unequal growth of the tree, in all parts, and most duction in the prices of the above three kinds of this departure from nature is two fold,-first, that commonly between the stock and graft: the Grain is more than 56 per cent. ; and that the the trees are either raised or planted on unsuita- choice of stocks, therefore, will be, such as grow quantity of Grain which the farmer in 1813 got ble soils; second, that they are trained to walls most equally with the grafts to be put upon £100 for, he can now obtain only £44. So that it or trellises. The first of these branches into two them; by the tree swelling more where the bark is evident to the most common capacity, he must points of very great importance, namely, that the has been cut, or torn off by accident; by the sell above twice the quantity of grain now before standards for transplanting are raised in a man- canker, indurations, contractions, and rotting of he can raise the same sum he did in 1813. This ner totally different from that which nature would the bark appearing in different parts of the tree; I believe every farmer experiences, and I assert employ; and secondly, that standards so raised by the bark rending of its own accord; by the without fear of contradiction, that what rents are often transplanted from a rich soil to a poor inner bark rending after the outer bark has been have been paid for the last three years, have been one. Now we entreat the very respectable body taken off, frequently in the very instant, and ofpaid out of tenants capital, and not out of the of men referred to above, to believe that we ten not stopping at the peeled part, but running a proceeds of the farm. Many people imagine mean no censure either upon their judgment or great way above, bursting both inner and outer division. bark. This completely shows that the disease seive. If it had happened that the verb to Ree* feet, and will carry 4,000 spindles, employ from had been at first written with a W, there would 120 to 130 looms and from 150 to 200 hands. It rests in the outer bark. "In this case a longitudinal incision, or a par-have been no difficulty in discovering the origin is calculated that this manufactory will produce tial peeling, may prove a cure; but it is more of Wree-grass; but the diversity of spelling, and about 20,000 yds. of cloth per week. There are certain and complete to peel all round, from the the confusion with Rye, has caused all the ob-six sites for erecting manufacturing establishsurface of the earth, or rather a little below it, scurity. Most probably the first person who sowed ments, fully equal to the one now under imwhere the bark is soft and yielding, or as far it, was questioned as to how he procured the seed: provement, with a fall of 32 1-2 feet, and an "Did you? (says abundant supply at all seasons of the year, which as the bark is observed to rend and exfoliate by" Oh! (says he) I rayed it." nature, but no farther. The whole trunk, and his neighbour) then I'll ray some." Hence the belong to the company; and they have already larger branches, as far as the bark will admit of name Ray-grass; or otherwise spelled and pro- commenced blasting the ledge, for the purpose nounced according to local custom; but the seeds of erecting another of equal dimensions. These being speedily thrashed, and travelling into dis- improvements will give activity to business, and "It may perhaps be thought necessary I should' tant places, their origin was left behind. Even be of lasting advantage to the town, which is inform at what age, that is, the earliest period, in the place where first performed, the process destined to become the Manchester of Newthe trees should be peeled. It is difficult to fix a would soon be forgotten, because as soon as Hampshire. particular date for different species, varieties, Those who have labored to impress upon the soils, and situations; some species and varieties thrashed seed could be had, it would be wholly laid aside as being tedious, and producing at American people the importance of cultivating growing faster than others, and all growing faster last a sample not so clean and uniform. their own resources-of improving the advantaor slower, according to the soil or situation. It ges in their possession for becoming a great, a must therefore be regulated by the symptoms of constriction before mentioned, or as soon as the self in war as well as peace, without recourse to bark will admit of division. As the tree advan-ley's Dict. other nations, cannot but rejoice at the march of ces in age, the bark thickens and hardens; the improvement visible every where, and heartily peeling therefore must be carried further up evewish success to industry and enterprise. ry year. * Ray (to ray), to agitate corn in a seive.-Bai-wealthy and powerful nation, able to sustain it FROM THE N. Y. STATESMAN. ture. I have noticed numerous other manufacturing "The practice of grafting shows that a stricture takes place very early; for I believe it will Extract of a letter from one of the editors, now establishments less extensive, but in a flourishin the country. ing condition. The establishment for making seldom succeed where the graft is more than one bar iron at Bennington, now undergoing repairs, To pass from the confined air, and dust and year old; and as it is better preventing diseases than curing them, it may be proper to remove heat of the city, so oppressive at this season of promises important advantages to that section of the outer bark before any of these symptoms ap- the year, into the pure and healthful atmosphere country. There is an inexhaustible bed of excellent ore within a quarter of a mile of the furpear; I have accordingly done so to a number of of the country-to inhale the river breeze, the trees, (pear and apple,) of two years old, which invigorating air of the mountains, and the pace, with an abundant supply of wood for coal, immediately in the vicinity, and all the convehave both produced fruit, and grown well to the " sweet fragrance of the new-mown hay,”—is alAfter a niences for carrying on an extensive manufacmost to experience a new existence. wood. "In very young trees, a mere scraping, or ta-very pleasant journey across the mountains of king off the transverse bark will be sufficient, and Vermont, and through the most fertile and valuFROM THE MECHANIC'S GAZETTE. have wonderful effect in promoting the growth able parts of New-Hampshire, I have again enThe country INSECTS THAT DESTROY SHEEP. of the wood; but ought not to be done, till the tered the state of New York. Messrs. Printers: The destruction of sheep, month of March, when the sap has begun to be through which I have passed looks every where in motion to form a new bark; becanse if it is delightful and prosperous, and the great inter-as published in your last paper, extracted from done much earlier, the inmost bark and alburnum ests of agriculture and manufactures appear to the Northampton Gazette, arises from an insect long exposed to severe weather, may be dried and be rapidly advancing. The dry weather in the about as large as a honey bee. There is a genus of insects called by naturalcontracted, so as to become impervious to the sap. early part of the season, which for a time spread a gloom over the hopes of the husbandman, was ists astrus or gad fly. In this and most other "I now make it a regular practice to peel, or take the transverse bark off every tree I have, succeeded by plentiful rains; the products of countries they are very injurious to neat cattle, at two years old, that is, the second year from the earth revived; the early harvest has been horses, sheep, deer, and some other animals. the nursery; and find that it both promotes the every where abundant, while the latter is ad- There are accordingly several species of this growth of the tree, and brings it sooner into bear-vancing to maturity with almost unequalled ra- kind of insects, each of which has its peculiar habits and manners, according to the animals ing." ETOMOLOGY OF RYE GRASS; the cultural common name of LOLIUM. BY THE EDITOR. As evidence of the progress of manufactures, which it attacks. There is one which pierces I will mention an establishment which I visited the hides of our neat cattle, to deposit its eggs, Agri- at Dover, N. H. which promises to rival, if not which hatching into larva or maggots, feed upon surpass, the celebrated manufactory at Walt- the living animal and produce ulcers, sickness ham, Mass. The capital of the company is and death. $500,000. They have a cotton factory which The astrus equi, another species, deposits its The name of this grass (so long almost exclu- was put in operation during the war, which car-eggs, on the hair of the horse, which are licked sively sown in lays) has at length generally set-ries 2,500 spindles, employs 86 looms, 120 hands, off by the animal and swallowed with its food.— tled into Rye-Grass, a spelling which seems to and at which 10,000 yards of sheeting and shirt-The eggs hatch in the stomach, and are somedenote that it is some way referred to the cul- ing are manufactured and bleached per week.-times so numerous in the form of larva or worms, tivated grain, Rye, to which it bears no affiinity During the last season the company erected a that they destroy the coats of the stomach and in Botany, nor any resemblance in nature. In old building of 80 by 54 feet, four stories, embracing intestines, produce inflammation, and kill the aniagricultural books, the name is spelled Rey, Rie, a rolling and slitting mill, nail factory and ma-mal. These are the insects which produce the Rye, and Ray; and these spellings are often all chine. The basement and second story are de-botts in horses. in the same book. From the latter, some per- voted to the rolling and slitting mill-the con- A third species astrus ovis, the gad fly which sons have supposed that the name was adopted in struction of the rolling mill is on a new princi-annoys sheep, deposits its eggs in the nostrils of compliment to Ray, the celebrated Naturalist, ple, having but one water wheel placed at the that animal, produces disease there, and frewho flourished from 1670 to 1700 or therea-side of the platform. About 1,000 tons of iron are quently destroys them. The blind staggers in bouts, but of this I have not the shadow of proof. rolled and slit at this mill per year. The third sheep is occasioned by this insect. The eggs are I had occasion to observe several years ago, in story is used as the nail factory, and from 6 to hatched into larva (grubs, or worms, or maggots,) answer to some observations of the late Dr. Rich-700 tons of iron per year are cut into nails in which by their irritation excite inflammation and ardson, on the neglect of single grasses, that the this factory. The fourth story is occupied as a a running from the nose. When they are numerRye-grass was undoubtedly first obtained by let-machine shop, in which 40 hands are employed ous the inflammation extends up the membranes ting down some seeds from a hay-loft, before a in making the various kinds of machinery for a of the nose into the frontal sinus of the brain, a light wind; by which process, several times re-new cotton manufactory now erecting on the producing that vertigo or giddiness which causes peated, some clean heavy seeds were obtained, same falls. The building of which I have been the staggers, and occasions the death of the aniwhich could be commodiously sowed, and which speaking is of brick, the foundation of granite, mal. The worms, when hatched from the eggs certainly grew. Now, it is well known, that the and the platform and race-ways of large flat of fly, crawl up the nose; and in those sheep seive by which this operation was probably per- stone. which have horns, there is a natural communica formed, is called a Ryeing seive; or in divers The new cotton manufactory, building by the tion from the nostrils of the sheep into the cavity places, a Reying (or Reeing) Raying, and Rayling company the present season, is to be 154 by 43 of the horns, and hence the grubs or maggots are Found there, as the writer hereof has demonstra-[and that diminution is more effectual and per-public weal, it was without caring for it: his ed by dissection. manent, than if he had confined his exertions views were exclusively directed to his own priIn the season of the year when the sheep are to cutting twenty throats of every successive vate interest. He is obedient to the laws, and just and honest in all his dealings, because he attacked by this species of gad fly, their instinct generation. naturally leads them to avoid their enemies.- To increase and multiply is a divine com-knows that such is his best policy; but in no case Accordingly when these insects are heard buz-mand-and perhaps is the only command which does he allow his interest to yield to that of others, zing about them, sheep frequently start and run, all persons strive to their utmost ability to obey. and perhaps never performed an act of real genefrom no apparent cause, but actually to shun But though the usual means may be the most rosity in his life. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. them. At such time, a fly of this kind will drive agreeable, I beseech your readers to believe F, is directly the reverse of N-, in disthem from one place to another, and they are ob- that they are far from the most effectual. It is position, character, and habits. Indolent, having served to hold their noses to the ground to shut true that no harvest can be reaped unless seeds no fondness for farming, his business has been enup the avenues of approach to their enemy. are first sown-but every child knows that it tirely conducted by his overseers; and according With these facts before us, we have only to which ensures the heaviest crop of corn, but such gentry, they have exhaused his land as fast is not the greatest number of grains planted to the usual maxims which very naturally govern watch the enemy, at the season of his arrival, the means afforded for the support of the plants, as they could clear it. Nothing but the immense give him no entrance, but keep him at bay for a few weeks, till this short race is run. We know by the degree of fertility in the soil. Just so fortune which their employer possessed, prewith population. Only let bread, or the means vented him from living as most landholders in lowof no better remedy than that of covering the of obtaining bread be increased in any country, er Virginia have done, on all of his annual innostrils of the sheep, with a list of gauzy sub- and its population will soon be equal to the crease, and part of his capital. But F, is stance, through which the animal can breathe, increased supply of food. On the contrary, if moderate in his desires, and therefore not of exand keeping it in its place by some adhesive sub-bad farming or bad policy in the government, pensive habits; and notwithstanding his bad manstance. This is the only method that has sug- lessens the production of food, the inevitable agement, his income has allowed him to continue gested itself upon considering the nature of the case, and if it can possibly be done, it is recom- consequence must be a diminished population purchasing land, until he owns almost as much as mended to practical men, as the only plausible economist will sustain) shew what vast effects nual crops are not materially lessened, though These positions (which every sound political a German principality. By these means, his anremedy. the labours of a single individual may have on every field is in its turn destroyed, and deserted the welfare of his country; and what benefici- for a new one. Though he does not obtain two al effects might be produced, if it was believed per cent. from his capital, yet as less suffices (more especially by all law makers,) that he for his support, he considers his wealth increaswho directly or indirectly lessens the produc-ing as rapidly as the number of his acres. Activeness of the earth, is guilty of a sin far cording to the usual calculation of profit, injury less pardonable than murder. to the land is not taken into consideration. It is MR. EDITOR, But seriously-this subject deserves to be re-evident however, that the mode of cultivation I wish that some of your correspondents flected on by all: it will give additional grati- pursued by F, is merely abstracting the who have more leisure and more ability than fication and encouragement to the improving whole fertility of one field, in the shape of wheat myself, would take into consideration the sub-farmer, and furnish an impressive lesson to him and corn, and applying it to another in the shape ject on which I shall submit a few desultory re- who is pursuing a contrary course. It would be of purchase money. What was said of the famarks. If the morals of agriculture deserve visionary to expect that the public good alone, mous conqueror and destroyer, Attila, "that the not such attention on account of their impor-would induce any improvement by the sacrifice grass ceased to grow where his horse placed his tance, the subject is at least worth the notice, of private interest. Nor would it be desirable. foot," applies with more truth to my friend F——. and is properly within the province of all au- A farmer can in no way do as much good for Notwithstanding his many virtues, he has to the thors of addresses to Agricultural Societies. his country, as by pursuing precisely that course the fullest extent which his means permitted, Most of these gentlemen appear to be so much which is most profitable to himself. But though been the destroyer of grass, of grain, and conseat a loss for subjects, that their addresses many attempts to increase the fertility of the quently, of men. Famine marches after him, would not be badly designated by the title soil are ill judged, yet there are means enough and will not commit the less havock because he is of "Essays on things in general." I therefore which are profitable; and there is no case in able to keep beyond her reach. recommend this subject to any person intending which the owner of a farm, can be most bene- F, is remarkable for his kindness and lito prepare an annual address, unless he really fitted by its exhaustion. The many then who berality to the poor. Besides frequent occasionshould have something else to lay before waver between the two opposite causes, could al acts of charity to others, he has long supported his society and the public. scarcely remain uninfluenced by the moral several families, who would perish without such THE MORALS OF AGRICTLTURE. September 14th, 1822. The Hindoos believe that whoever plants a consideration, than on the course of farming aid. I know how to estimate the motives and actree, digs a well, and begets a child, is sure which shall be pursued by each individual, the cording to them, to respect these two individuals. of admission into heaven. As ridiculous as comfort, nay, even the existence of thousands But their private virtues and vices, have nothing this part of their religious creed may appear, of human beings would well depend. to do with my subject, except so far as the conse it shews the wisdom of their priests and ru- For the purpose of illustration I will compare quences of them affect the public good. F—, lers by whom it was instilled-whó thus brought the course of two cultivators of my acquaintance, supports by his benevolence, twenty persons, and the strongest motives to induce every individual N, inherited a farm and stock, capable of has destroyed the means of subsistence for 500, to increase the productiveness, population, and well supporting an industrious and economical which in effect, is equal to starving, or preventing wealth of his country. When our ancestors man, but which if left to the sole management of the existence of as many. N, has given noemigrated, they wisely left behind them all an overseer, and treated according to the then thing in charity, but has given in the wages of their elfs, fairies, witches, &c., and as it is im- usual practice, would not have paid the expense labour more than F's wages and alms togethpossible that we can long remain as we now of cultivation many years. Fortunately he knew er: he has increased the production of the are, free from popular superstitions, it would be what course would most promote his interest.-earth enough for food for 500 persons, and therea blessing to our posterity if we were to adopt For thirty years, he has not ceased striving to fore he has increased population to that amount, the Hindoo tenet, so modified as to suit our dif- make two blades of grass, where only one grew though not at all by the Hindoo mode, as he has ferent situations. We have no want of growing before, and he has met with the success which no children. It is very true that these people trees, nor of fresh water; and all experience his exertions deserved. He rejected all improve- must work to obtain N's increased product; proves that children will always be furnished ments (improperly so called) which promised not and so much the better. His improvements will not as fast as the food is necessary for their support. to return some clear profit on the capital invest- die with him, nor will the corporeal powers of Population is always precisely proportioned to ed, but considered no improvement too laborious this labouring population which will continue to the means of subsistence, and in an agricultu- or expensive, from which he could with cer- earn and consume it. The country is not benefitral country, must increase with the improve-tainty, derive the principal and interest of the ted only by having its population increased by ment of the soil, and decrease with its exhaus-first cost. He bought no land which he was not 500 persons: if they were all drones, they would tion. The farmer who makes his land capable fully able to stock, or that would not yield more rather be an evil. But the people who eat N-'s, of producing annually 500 bushels of grain more clear profit, on the purchase money, than he could corn, are field labourers, mechanics, manufactu than before his improvements commenced, in- have obtained from investing the sum in making rers, sailors, and merchants, all of whom are creases permanently the population of his couns additional improvements on the land already in continually increasing the national wealth by try by as many persons as his increased pro- his possession. At this time, by means of im- their industry, as well as its strength, by their duct will support. Another who spends his provement, and purchase together, he makes numbers. F's charity has served not only to life in reducing the fertility of his soil to the crops six times greater than when he commenced. support several families, but has doubled their same amount, diminishes population as much; Though N-, has thus eminently promoted the number, by the births which have taken place since they partook of his bounty. After his At a meeting of Farmers, held at Nor-then pan, or the fine red colour will not be se death, they must still be supported by others, or ristown on the 9th instant, Jonathan Roberts, well preserved-they require to be kept on the starve. They are not able to add any thing by Levi Pawling, George Sheaff, George Holstein, fire some considerable time, until some are their labour to the public stock, and though the and Richard B. Jones, Esquires, were constitu- wasted, or they will not keep-when the wea children will hereafter be able, their present ted a Committee to co-operate with such com-ther is cool there will be no further trouble situation is the worst of all schools to acquire mittees as shall have been appointed by Phila- with them. habits of industry. Were all our land holders delphia, Bucks, Chester and Delaware Counlike N, the wealth and population of the ties, and to meet on Saturday, the 19th of Ocstate would quickly be doubled. Were all like tober, at the sign of the Buck, near the 8th mile F-, with all his virtues, wealth and popula-stone on the Lancaster road, in order to organtion would rapidly diminish, until the country ize an Association of practical farmers, for the became a desert. Thousands are pursuing the advancement of Agriculture and Rural Econoruinous course of the latter: very few cultivate my. so as alike to increase the national resources and their own. Editorial Correspondence. Charles City County, 5th Aug. 1822. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 20, 1822. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Vols. of the Farmer, may now be had bound. The proceedings of the Pittsburgh Agricultural Society, have just fallen under our no tice-they shall be published in our next number. My opinion on this subject, taught me to exTHE EDITOR HAS FOR SALE-A bull of pect but little increase in the population of Virgithe North Devon breed, two years old last spring nia, and not to be disappointed in the report of I am very desirous of obtaining information on well grown and very beautiful. He is out of the last census, which shows a gain of but 10 per the subject of expressing the oil from the seed of one of the cows, and was got by the bull sent a cent. in the last ten years. But for the recently the Palma Christi-Our medical gentlemen give present to this Country by Mr. Coke the celeawakened spirit of agricultural improvement, a decided preference to the cold pressed oil, over brated English farmer, who says of this breed, (the impulse to which, we owe principally to the that obtained by boiling-and you would confer a "I venture to give it as my opinion that we author of Arator,) I think that the tide-water dis- favor on me by communicating through your have no cattle to be compared to them in the trict would have suffered a considerable dimi-paper, or otherwise, any information which you United Kingdom, for purity of blood, for aptinution. As much vacant land as this district con- may possess on the subject; or may obtain by tude to feed, for hardiness, for work and tains, there is but little uncultivated, which (un-means of any of your correspondents. til enriched) will yield any clear profit. Therefore, Eastern Virginia, in its present state, is fully populated, and no increase can be expected, Bethlehem, Georgia, 30th Aug. 1822. ་་ for the richness of their milk, as I have repeatedly found by a variety of experiments upon my own farms and elsewhere.-That they may Corn and cotton crops of the upper counties of answer in America as well as they are now uniexcept from the improvements of the soil, and Georgia, good. Of the wheat crop, almost an versally acknowledged in England I most corthe consequent increased means of subsistence. entire failure. Certainly not a sufficient quanti-dially hope, and my wishes will then be gratified." We export provisions it is true; this may at first ty of good wheat in the State for sowing. seem to indicate a surplus of the means for subsistence, and a fund for additional population. HEMP. To save trouble the price of this Bull is $200 -by means of a ring in his nose, which all bulls ought to have, he may be managed by any boy, and may be safely transported any where by water. But such a conclusion would be incorrect. Our Extract dated Detroit, 24th Aug. 1822. surplus food is exchanged for clothing and other Perhaps in no part of the Union can be commodities, which in fact, or from custom, are as found so much good hemp land within the comThe Editor has pigs now on hand of necessary as sufficient food. Our only consolation pass of a hundred miles square, as can be found improved blood-which he can recommend tor is, that our excess of population emigrates to the in this territory, and we can think of no better Breeders to persons wishing to get a good West, instead of starving, as in most fully popu- agricultural speculation for a monied man to stock of hogs-many are already bespoken, and embrace, than that of erecting a hemp breaker the rule is" first come first served." They lated countries. If private individuals can exert so much influ- and cleaner, employing fifteen or twenty men, will be put into a suitable pen, and sent with ence on the population and strength of their and commencing the raising of Hemp on a provisions for the voyage to any port for $15 country, how much more extensive must be that large scale within a few miles of this place. the pair, or three pigs or $20. of the government. A member of the legislature, Good land for such a project can be obtained by a single vote, may retard population more for 10 shillings per acre, and labourers can be than by destroying the productiveness of all the had for 8 or 10 dollars per month. The article PRICES CURRENT.— -CORRECTED WEEKLY. land in his possession. A single bad law, which of hemp commands a good price at Buffalo; to Red wheat, $1 25 to 1 27-White do., $1 27 to cramps ingenuity and industry, or destroys their which place it could be transported for a1 30-White corn, 75 to 76 cts.-Yellow do., 70-honest gains, or what is worse, puts them into mere trifle. But there is little doubt, that it Oats, 35 to 37 cts.-Rye, 60 to 63 cts.-Flour other's pockets, causes more poverty and depo- would far increase the value of the speculation, from the wagons, $6 50-Shad, No. 1. trimpulation than a thousand exhausting cultivators. were factories for the manufacture of Hemp to med, $7 50 to $8-No. 2, $5 50 to $7-No. 1, Many are the sins of this description, which be erected on the fine streams which wash the untrimmed, $7-No. 2, do. $6-Herrngs, No. 1, have been committed by our legislatures, both banks of the hemp land. These streams are $3 25 to 3 37-No. 2, $3 to 3 12-Beef, Northern state and federal; it is enough to name as ex-very numerous, and afford the most ample fa-mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, prime do. amples, the protecting duty policy, banking, cilities for any kind of machinery. $9 to $9 75-Hams, 12 to 15 cts.-middlings, 10 to and laws for the compulsory support of the There is nothing like agricultural enterprize 11 cents-Cotton, West India, per lb. accord poor. The last, though now the least of such yet to be found in this country, although weling to quality, 15 to 25 cents-New Orleans evils, will hereafter become the heaviest. Poor have a few tolerably good farmers-none very prime, 16 to 18 cents-Georgia, upland, do. 14 laws impose taxes and penalties on honest indus-good. Your's respectfully." to 16 cents-Cheese, N. England, 12 to 15 cents, try, and offer rewards for idleness, extravagance, scarce-Coal, Virginia, per bushel, 25 to 30 drunkenness, and debauchery-and their inevi- The following recipe comes from the hands of cts.-English do., 40 cts.-Flax per lb. 10 to 10 table consequence will be to increase those vices, a lady, eminent for the neat and judicious man-cents-Hops, fresh, per lb. 10 to 12 cents-Hogs' until their support shall have absorbed the whole agement of all her household concerns; we can lard, per lb. 9 to 10 cents-Hides, E. Shore, per income of the industry of the nation. England say from happy experience, that tables spread un-lb. 8 to 10 cents-Leather, soal, per Ib. 24 to 25 has already drawn near to that dreadful situa- der her superintendance, are always inviting, as cts.-Upper do., whole hide, $3 to $4 25tion, and with her example before us, we are well for the variety of good things, as for the Salt, St. Ubes, per bushel, 50 cts.-Cadiz, do. pursuing the some course, to the end. taste with which they are displayed. APPOMATTOX. 42 cts.-Liverpool, blown, 40 cts.-Ground do. Edit. Am. Farmer. 50-Turks' Island, 60-Wool, Merino, full blood, TO PRESERVE TOMATOES THROUGH per lb. 35 to 40 cts.-Do. mixed, 28 to 30 cts.A VALUABLE AND WONDERFUL CALF. THE WINTER. Common country do., 20 to 20 cts.-Hay, per A caff only seven months old on the 16th of Peel the Toma toes, cut them small, and stew ton, $18 to $20-Straw, do. $12-Oats, country, last month, the property of Nathan Cook, of them without water, their own juice being pr. bushel, 20 cts-Beef, fresh, per lb. 6 to 10 cts. Fayette, Seneca county, is stated to have given sufficient : season them with salt, pepper, Pork, do. per lb. 5 to 8 cents-Veal, per lb. 6 for the last month from 1 to 2 pints of milk every grated ginger, garlic pounded fine, to your to 10-Mutton, per lb. 5 to 8-Lard, 12 centsday; and has a bag and teats of a handsome size. taste-when cool, put them up in bottles and Butter, 371⁄2 to 50-Cheese, per lb. 12 to 18The usual quantity of cream rises on the milk as cork them so as to exclude the air-look at Eggs, per dozen, 18 cents-Potatoes, per bushel, en milk from cows. The calf is but common them frequently, if you observe an effervescence 80 to $1-Wood, hickory, $5 to $5 50-Oak, do. sized for the age, and Mr. C. is obliged to have it of mould, or a disposition to foment-heat them $3 12 to $3 75-Pine, do. $2 to $2 25. milked regularly to prevent injury, TOBACCO-No sales, very dull. over a slow fire-they must be done in an ear |