The Elements of Railroad Engineering

angle assumed average Baldwin Locomotive ballast block boiler bolts borrow pits brakes bridge cars cent grade Class compound locomotives cross slope crossing cubic yards culverts curvature curve resistance determined Diameter distance distant signal driving wheels elevation embankment estimated excavation feet foot formula friction frog given grade climbing grade line Heating surface inches increase joint La Follette length less lever load locomotive main line main track masonry mean effective pressure method miles an hour miles per hour number of trains operating expenses outer rail passenger pile bridges piles piston plates pounds pressure probably railroad reduced rise and fall road road-bed ruling grade shown in Fig side signal slope speed spikes stakes station steam survey switch tangent timber tion tons tractive effort traffic train mile train resistance train-mile cost truck tunnel usually vary velocity profile vertical virtual grade weight