tory executes all processes of the Territorial courts, and performs, in general, the duties of a sheriff in a State. The attorney for the Territory performs duties similar to those of an attorney-general of a State. All Territorial officers appointed by the President are paid salaries out of the treasury of the United States, and Congress annually appropriates an amount for the expenses of the Territorial legislature which is the limit of legislative expenses in that Territory.

106. How a Territory becomes a State.-When the people of a Territory desire admission into the Union as a State, they elect delegates to a Territorial constitutional convention, which frames a State constitution and submits it for approval to the electors of the Territory. If approved, this constitution, with the petition of the Territorial legislature asking admission as a State, is presented by the Territorial delegate to the Committee on Territories. in Congress. The committee, if favorable to the admission of the Territory, presents a bill which, if passed, becomes the enabling act permitting the admission of the Territory. Sometimes the people of the Territory do not frame a constitution until Congress has passed the enabling act. In either case Congress must approve of the constitution, define the boundaries and determine the name of the new State. The new State organizes its civil government under its constitution, and its admission into the Union is formally proclaimed by the President of the United States.

107. Definition of Government.-Having traced Government from rude beginnings among savage tribes to some of its highest results among civilized people, we are now ready for a statement of its meaning. Government is the direction and control of human interests, and is founded upon human rights.

NOTE. The government of the city, the county, the township, town or parish varies in the different States, and it is left to the teacher in any locality to explain the nature and duties of local officers, whether

elected or appointed, etc. Each community has officers whose duties are executive, judicial, legislative or administrative in character. The study of these duties, and of the variations and peculiarities in the forms of local government, will prove interesting and profitable for the class. Local government can be studied best at first hands. In the township, town or parish a visit to the nearest justice, and in the county a trip to the county-seat, will secure any needed information. The local newspaper, local customs and usages, anecdotes and traditions, can be used to advantage in making the study of local government interesting. In large cities a manual of the city government is generally published by the city authorities, and any needed information in regard to the government of small cities can be obtained from any of its officers. (See Questions page 216.)

The terms township and town have a varying significance in the United States. In the States in which the system of government surveys has been followed the congressional township is simply a tract of land six miles square. It has no governmental organization, and, politically, has no connection with the county. In the Middle States a township is a political division of the county, and is the unit of government. A town in the Middle States is a large village, a borough or a small city. In New England there is no township division of counties; the town is the unit of government, and the county is made up of towns. The term parish, used in some of the Southern States, has the significance of the town in New England and of the township in the Middle States. In Louisiana the county is known as the parish. (See page 24, ¶ 41.)

The Nation is formed as a power on the earth. It is invested with power of God; its authority is conveyed through no intermediate hands, but is given of God. It is clothed with His majesty on the earth. It is ordained of God to do His service.-MULFORD.

You will have to look back upon a century of national advancement without a parallel in history, and to look forward to its probable continuance upon a still larger scale, with an accumulation of high duties and responsibilities proportioned to an evergrowing power.-GLADSTONE.

To the efficiency and permanency of your Union a government for the whole is indispensable. This government, the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers uniting security with energy, and containing within itself the provisions for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty.-WASHING

TON.

CHAPTER VII.

THE LAW-MAKERS AND THE LAWS.

108. Sources of Our Laws.-When the authority of the king of England was overthrown in America, the people became the source of law, and they have delegated this power to the State legislatures and to Congress. In order to make plain the powers thus delegated, the State constitutions and the Constitution of the United States declare what law-making powers exist in the State and in the national legislature. The Constitution thus becomes the guide in all law-making.

The councils of a city make the laws for the city. The State legislature makes the laws for the State. The Congress of the United States makes the laws for the nation. Its laws are called acts. An act or law of Congress, if in conformity with the Constitution of the United States, becomes one of the supreme laws of the land until it is repealed by Congress or expires by limitation of time.

But our laws really are made by the people, because the law-makers are the representatives of the people.*

* LOCAL-OPTION AND PROHIBITION LAWS.-The evils of intemperance have led to organized efforts in various States to control the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. The legislatures of some of the States have passed laws restricting or prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors. These laws have been sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States as constitutional and within the power of a State legislature. In other States the legislatures have enacted laws by which the restriction or prohibition of the sale of liquor is left to the vote of the electors in each county, town or township. The sale of liquor is thus determined by the option of the locality voting, and such localities are said to exercise "local option." Efforts have

109. The Congress.-When our national Constitution was under discussion in 1787 two political parties were in the Convention: one party wished to base the Constitution upon the States; the other wished to base it upon the people. By a peaceful compromise both methods were followed in the organization of our national legislature. The Congress has two houses: one, the Senate, represents the States; the other, the House of Representatives, represents the people-the two comprise the national legislature. The two branches of the legislature must act together in making a law.

110. The House of Representatives.-Once in two years the electors in each State choose members of the House of Representatives. Any person who by the law of the State is qualified to vote for a member of the lower house in the State legislature may vote for a Representative in Congress. The election of Congressmen throughout the Union, with few exceptions, is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November.*

111. Qualifications of a Representative.-A Representative must be twenty-five years of age, a citizen of the United States seven years and an inhabitant of the State in which he is elected. National citizenship is of more importance than State citizenship in the qualifications of a Representative: he may not have resided in the State. long enough to gain a State residence, but he may be qualified as a citizen of the United States to become a member of the House of Representatives.

been made to amend the Federal Constitution and the constitutions of several of the States by adding a clause forbidding the manufacture, sale or importation of alcoholic liquors.

* Paragraphs 110-221, inclusive, present a study of the Constitution of the United States in its three departments, legislative, executive and judicial. In addition to the explanation of the text of the Constitution, the working of the national government is illustrated and explained.