9. Do laws exist in the facts (physical) or in the mind? Is there any truth so far as physical nature is concerned in the mediæval doctrine of universals? Comment on the controversy between Whewell and Mill as to what the mind contributes in the discovery of a law. Show the precise difference between a natural and an artificial class; but is there any department of Natural History in which all the classes or orders are natural? Comment on Whewell's doctrine as to classes being determined by type.

10. Explain precisely what is the difference between induction and deduction. In what sciences is deduction the all-important instrument? Does Bacon overlook deduction? When may physical science become deductive? Name the physical sciences in which deduction may now be extensively used. Discuss the question as to whether most is to be expected from induction or deduction.

11. Who introduced the phrase "final cause" into philosophical nomenclature ? What did he mean by it? What place did Bacon give to final cause? In what departments of physical science is the principle of final cause supposed to be an instrument? What is Kant's view of final cause? To what use has final cause been turned in natural theology? Is the force of the argument turned aside when it is said that the adaptations of part to part are the "conditions of existence ?"

12. How does Archbishop Whately classify fallacies? How does Mr. J. S. Mill? Under what heads of the former would the fallacies of the latter be classed? To which class does Mr. Mill refer the maxim that "like can only produce like," or "like influence like ?" How old is the maxim? Specify the forms in which it has appeared? To what theories has it given rise? • How has it lent support to Pantheism? Examine its accuracy.

METAPHYSICS.

Examiner, Rev. JAMES M'COSH, LL.Ð.
9th October, 1858.-- Afternoon.

N.B.-Those looking to mere pass are expected to answer five, and those looking to honors are expected to answer six of the queries in each of the following groups..

GROUP I.

1. Samuel Johnson tells an anecdote of a retired soap boiler, who drove into London from his villa on the soap boiling days, to give his gratuitous aid to his successor.. Explain psycho

logically what could induce the man to engage in such an employment.

2. State precisely what is the doctrine of philosophic idealism as distinguished from realism? Sketch the various forms of idealism? Was Kant an idealist? In what relation did Fichte stand to Kant? In particular, was the idealism of Fichte the legitimate following out of the doctrines of Kant? How would you meet the idealism of Fichte?

3. Malebranche and Berkeley had once a short interview. Malebranche, who had an inflammation in his lungs, and whom Berkeley found preparing a medicine in his cell, and cooking it in a small pipkin, exerted his voice so violently in the heat of their dispute that he increased his disorder, which carried him off in a few days after. The conversation, we are told, turned on the non-existence of matter. Can you guess at the positions which we may suppose to have been taken up by these eminent men-as to the existence, say, of the pipkin? In particular, what would be the position which Malebranche would find it most difficult to hold, in accordance with his principles, against the arguments of Berkeley.

4. What is meant by "unconditioned," what by "absolute," what by "infinite"? What is Locke's doctrine as to our idea of the infinite? Give Cousin's account of the origin of the idea with Hamilton's criticism, and offer remarks.

5. What eminent philosophers have held that the law of cause and effect is a law of thought and not of things? Examine that view in itself and in its consequences.

6. What is Kant's classification of the theistic arguments? What is his criticism of the physico-theological or teleological? You are invited to examine that criticism.

7. On what grounds would you rest your belief in the freedom of the will? It is said that the will is swayed by motives; define motive. How does it differ from cause as applied to the will? It has been said that it is the will which makes the motive, and not the motive which sways the will. In discussing these questions you are invited to indicate the views of a few eminent men, such as Locke, or Leibnitz, or Kant, or Edwards, or Hamilton, as to the freedom of the will.

GROUP II.

1. In what age did Plato live? To what earlier philosophers or schools of philosophy was he indebted in regard to his speculations in physics, metaphysics, and ethics? In answering this question, mention how he stood related to these men or sects, and the probable extent of his obligations. How does he seem

to classify the powers of the mind, and how do these powers stand related to his division of offices in the commonwealth?

2. Mention the steps which may have led Plato to his theory of "ideas." Can there be a distinction drawn between ɛdos and idea? In what relation do sensible things stand to the “ideas?” Is there any truth in Plato's doctrine on this subject, as shown by modern science? Did he affirm that there is an idea of all things, however mean? Can you give any general account of Aristotle's criticism of Plato's doctrine of ideas? What treatise specially contains the physical speculations of Plato?

3. In what treatises does Plato speak of the soul? What arguments does Plato (or Socrates) use in behalf of the immortality of the soul? Compare them with these advanced in modern times.

4. What does vxn mean in the writings of Aristotle? What is his definition of it? Explain the phrases employed. Name the faculties of the soul spoken of by Aristotle? The proper objects of sense are said to be twofold. What does he say as to the senses deceiving us ? Does Aristotle seem a materialist or immaterialist?

5. With what inquiry does Aristotle start in his ethics? What conclusion does he reach? What is his definition of evdaiμovia? Explain the technical terms employed in the definition, carefully distinguishing them from cognate terms. In particular how do δυναμις, εντελεχεια and ενεργεια differ from each other? Do they seem to point to real distinctions in the nature of things? Is, or is not, evdaμovia a dvvapis? What reason does Aristotle give for his decision on this subject?

6. What is Aristotle's definition of apern? Is it synonymous with virtue? Explain the terms employed in the definition. How does is stand related to eveρysia and Epyov. He draws a distinction between poαipeois and some things else. What function does he allot to right reason in determining what is virtue?

7. Specify any points of correspondence and of difference which you may have observed between the ethical systems of Plato (or Socrates) and Aristotle? What in particular are their views as to virtue lying in the intelligence or in the will, and as to the possibility of teaching virtue?

JURISPRUDENCE.

Examiner, D. CAULFEILD HERON, LL.D.

11th October, 1858.-Morning.

1. In the English language the term law has been used to denote two separate and distinct ideas, which the Greeks and ancient Romans and the modern continental nations of Europe have expressed by separate words.

2. Enumerate the various causes of obstructions which have occurred to the progress of the scientific cultivation of law.

3. Who first pointed out the distinction between the virtue of justice and the other virtues?

4. Mr. Reddie states that the jus naturæ of Puffendorf, Thomasius, and other jurists of the 17th and 18th centuries, contributed but little to the improvement of the positive law of states. Explain this.

5. What is the essence of the historical view of the science of law?

6. Savigny gives three proofs that law arises from the common consciousness of the people.

7. What class in the formation of language bears an analogy to the class of lawyers in the formation of law?

8. Define the state. Savigny expresses the duty of the state. 9. Sketch the history of jurisprudence in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, giving the names and dates of the principal authors.

10. What is the true line of demarcation between private law and public law?

11. There are two principal cases in which there is room for the arbitrary exercise of the will in the formation of law.

12. Three remedies may be applied in the case of defective statutes.

13. Define procedure.

14. Enumerate the reasons for and against the multiplicity of tribunals in a country.

15. There are four great advantages attributed to the English system of circuits.

16. According to Bentham, the enunciation of truth is supported by four sanctions.

17. Define an oath. In what form should an oath be taken? 18. What is pre-appointed evidence? Give some principal examples of pre-appointed evidence provided by the laws of England.

19. What are the objections to hearsay evidence? In the law of England the rule against hearsay evidence has been relaxed in six cases.

20. What species of fallibility are incident to direct, and what to circumstantial evidence; and what caution should be adopted in the use of such evidence?

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Examiner, D. CAULFEILD HERON, LL.D.

11th October, 1858.-Morning.

1. Define the function of labour.

2. Illustrate the doctrine that capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual reproduction.

3. What are the real limits to production?

4. Mr. J. S. Mill states that competition is not the sole regulator of the division of the produce of the earth. What other agent regulates prices? Illustrate Mr. Mill's doctrine as to prices.

5. There are two conditions of value.

6. What is the principal element in the cost of production? 7. Define credit. In what manner does credit assist production? What is the function of credit in economizing the use of money? Explain the phrase credit mobilier.

8. Money is imported into a country in two modes.

9. There are two contrary theories respecting the influence of bank issues.

10. Should the holders of bank notes be protected in any peculiar manner against failure of payment.

11. What was the origin of the phrase Laissez faire? What is the meaning of the principle of Laissez faire, as applied to affairs of Government? Apply the principle to the following

cases.

(a.) The construction of railways in remote districts, or in the colonies by funds raised from the public taxes of the United Kingdom.

(b.) Emigration at the public expense.

(c.) The construction of harbours, not for the purpose of profit, but to facilitate communication.

12. (a.) What was a pound (sterling) in the reign of William I.

(b.) What is a pound?

13. Give an account of the objects and chief provisions of the Bank Charter Act of 1844.

14. Define a tax, a direct tax, an indirect tax. State the arguments for and against direct taxation.