hot-heads against whom he had fought. And the Austrian alliance, on which they relied, proved as much of a broken reed as that with Russia, in which M. Gueshoff had placed his trust. Poor Bulgaria was as unfortunate in her friends as in her enemies. MASON W. TYLER. El Estado y el Ejercito. A contribution to the study of a proposed law establishing compulsory military service in Cuba. By Juan Clemente Zamora y Lopez. Habana: Aurelio Miranda. 1917. pp. xii, 244. In this thesis, presented for the degree of Doctor of Public Law in the University of Habana, the author has very logically and convincingly justified compulsory military service in a democracy like Cuba. He has treated his subject under the following heads: Chapter I, Historical resumé of the doctrines relating to the State, its origin and nature; Chapter II, Concepts of the Nation, the State and Government; its methods and ends; Chapter III, Concept of War, Pacifism; Chapter IV, Historical evolution of armies; Chapter V, Reasons of an external significance which warrant the establishment of compulsory military service in Cuba; Chapter VI, Reasons of an internal significance which warrant the establishment of compulsory military service in Cuba. The chapter which naturally is of most interest to the student of international relations is that dealing with the "reasons of an external significance which warrant the establishment of compulsory military service in Cuba." The author does not attempt to conceal his apprehension that the United States is the greatest peril that menaces the independence of Cuba. He sees no danger in German ambitions in the Western Hemisphere. As for Great Britain, Doctor Zamora says that: as soon as England recovers her liberty of action, we will find in her, in case the North American menace compels us to ask it, the determined support of one who will view with pleasure as many opportunities as may present themselves to recover her lost influence over Cuba (p. 191). Furthermore, Doctor Zamora continues to observe: Cuba has become in the eyes of the South American nations, with whom the United States is interested in maintaining cordial relations, the pledge of its good faith, and cannot, without a manifest violation of its most sacred vows and agreements, ac complish any aggression against us; the increasing influence of that South American alliance which we call the A B C will protect us without any doubt with as much or greater interest than England herself (p. 192). The other main reason which would seem to the author to warrant compulsory military service in Cuba is stated by him as follows: We have entered into an agreement with the United States to guarantee to them that Cuba shall not be a base of operations against them; we are the Belgium of America, and we shall render with our cannons and our soldiers the faithful fulfillment of an obligation, heavy without doubt, but noble and glorious, because it constitutes us, not as is falsely assumed, as wards or dependents of the great Republic of the North, but rather as its sincere friend and firm ally (p. 176). It will be seen from these extracts that Doctor Zamora y Lopez has written in a striking and vigorous manner on a subject of great general interest. At a time when democracy is embattled and making immense sacrifices for the overthrow of Prussian militarism, it is welcome to have such a forceful defense of the principle of compulsory military service. The author has successfully proved that a free democracy can only maintain itself with safety when every citizen is trained to arms. PHILIP MARSHALL BROWN. Der Gedanke der Internationalen Organisation in seiner Entwicklung. By Jacob Ter Meulen. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1917. pp. xi, 362. The author divides his book into three parts, the first part being The Development of the International Idea, the second, The Different Attempts of International Organizations, and the third, A Résumé. At the end of the book (pp. 365-384) there is an excellent bibliography. A great number of books have appeared within the past decade dealing with the history of the growth of international organization due undoubtedly to the influence of the Hague Conferences. But none of them gives as sharp, succinct, and convincing an account of that growth as does the book here under consideration. In thirteen short chapters it covers the period from 1300 to 1800 and shows the changes which hurried a world, that had not a thought beyond the papal-imperial dualistic order of things, through the shocks of shattered ideals, religious and political, through the sudden rise of national aspirations and their occasional subordination to union against Turkish aspirations, toward the strange idea that international federation might have as its aim perpetual peace rather than intermittent war. The National State, as the author brings out clearly, was an ils ne passeront pas to Pope and Kaiser, and yet the new entities had to take shape and gain strength despite Pope and Kaiser, who remained both lively claimants, one to their spiritual, the other to their political domination. In the relations between Christendom and heathendom and in the propagation of the idea of 'the Just War' the Pope gained something at the expense of the Kaiser, but neither could keep pace with the doctrine of the balance of power, the idea of the civitas maxima, the successful federation, and the new economic theories which successively led up to an idea hitherto unknown of Peace. The second part of the book gives excerpts from or comments upon twenty-nine different plans for international organization. The earlier projects are based either on the recovery of the Holy Land or the expulsion of the Turk from Europe, and they also have more or less clearly marked political purpose. Crucé is the first (1623) to propose an organization of more universal character including an international court, even proposing Turkey among the participants. After Crucé the projects take on somewhat more of an economic character, except that of Kant, which is almost so idealistic as to be classed among the Utopias. Sully's plan, usually called the Great Design of Henry IV, was the first to put forward the principle of the equality of the participating states (or rulers), while William Penn is the first to suggest that the representation of the different states depend upon annual income. Theoretical peace plans might naturally be supposed to cluster about a war, and the dates of the various projects proposed show that to be true. How much the plans at any given time influence the next treaty that is made cannot be determined, but that in the long run the theoretical projects have furnished the basis for the practical trials seems well established. The author is to be congratulated for having given to the world so clear and sane an account of the ideas and the results of international organization. R. V. D. MAGOFFIN. PERIODICAL LITERATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW [For List of abbreviations, see p. 655.] Aeronautics. Avenir (L') de l'aviation pour les relations internationales. Clunet, 44:501. Bombardement (Le) aérien. P. Fauchille. R. gén. de dr. int. public 24:56. Ambassadors. Inviolability of ambassadors. Law T., 142:284. Feb. Appam, The. Case of the "Appam." C. D. Allin. Minnesota L. R. 1:1, Jan.; Chicago Legal News, 49:235. Feb. Armed neutrality. American armed neutrality. J. M. Whelpley. Fortnightly, 101:705. April. Armed pacifism. Armed pacifism. Sir John Macdonell. Contemporary, 111:290. March. Balkans. Balkan diplomacy. S. R. Duggan. Political Science Q., 32:36. March. Blockade. Great (The) naval blockade. Sir Francis Piggott. Nineteenth Century, 81:281. Feb. Belgium. Belgische (Der) Volkskrieg und die Haager Landkriegsordnung. Karl Strupp. Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht, 9:281. Brand Whitlock on Belgian deportations. Current History, 6:543. June. Neutralität (Die) Belgiens und die Festungsverträge. J. Kohler. Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht, 9:298. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. J. of Comp. Legislation, 17:128. Jan. Chile. De quelques difficultés entre Chili et les pays étrangers en matière de doubles nationalités. A. Alvarez. Clunet, 44:464. China. China. Nationalité. Loi revisée sur la nationalité, promulguée par le décret présidentiel en date du 30 de décembre, 1914. Text: Clunet, 44:767. Choate, Joseph H. Mr. Choate as ambassador. Britannicus. N. American R., 205:925. June. Consuls. Status of consuls in territory under military occupation. C. H. Huberich. International Law Notes, 2:37. March. Contraband. Contraband lists and the present war. R. Howell. Virginia L. R., 2:371. Feb. Diplomacy. Democracy and diplomacy. Arthur Bullard. Atlantic, 119:491. May. Diplomatic Agents. Diplomatic agents of the United States. H. M. Wriston. J. of Comp. Legislation, 17:131. Jan. Ordinamento (L') della carriera consolare. I: consoli ed emigranti. II: consoli e diplomatici. La vita italiana 1916, vol. I:522, vol. II :27. Egypt. Egitto (L') dal dominio ottomano al protettorato britanico. E. Catellani. Rivista coloniale, 11:1, 73. Tutela (La) dell' emigrante dei trattati di lavoro. L. De Feo. La vita italiana 1916, vol. I:255. Enemy Subjects. Liquidation des firmes ou maisons de commerce anglaises qui fonetionnement en Allemagne et de la saisie des biens anglais en pays occupé. An. et Trad. de E. Dreyfus. Clunet, 44:492. Régime (Le) juridique des biens des sujets ennemis en Allemagne. Dr. Giesker-Zeller. Clunet, 44:385. Recevabilité des sujets ennemis à ester en justice en France. G. Théry. Clunet, 44:480. Espionage. Condamnation à mort pour espionnage d'individu à nationalité changeante. Clunet, 44: 586. Espionnage (L') allemand en France et particulièrement à Paris devant le Parlement. Clunet, 44:570. European War. Ambassador Gerard's difficulties on leaving Berlin. Current History, 6:62. April. American courts and the European war. Law Notes, 20:182. Jan. British blacklist. Harvard L. R., 30:279. Jan. Inexplicable (The) German idea. Philip Marshall Brown. N. American R., 205:523. April. Mise (La) sous séquestre des biens allemands et austro-hongrois en France appréciée par les juristes suisses. Dr. Reichel. Clunet, 44:489. New (The) ascendancy. Belgium, Bohemia and the Ottoman Empire. Round Table No. 26, p. 318. March. Finland. Ueber einige für die Beurteilung der finnländischen Frage bedeutsame Fragen des allgemeinen Staatsrechts. R. Erich. Zeitschrift für internationales Recht, 26:218. Flags. Law and custom of flags. Law Times, 142:166, 813. Jan. Foreign Judgments. Des voies par lesquelles l'exécution d'un jugement italien peut être poursuivie en France et du caractère facultatif, ou impératif des Conventions diplomatiques relatives au droit international privé. J. Valéry. Clunet, 44:436. France. De la francisation des noms patronymiques d'origine étrangère. Clunet, 44:497. Français (Les) en France et à l'étranger d'après le dernier recensement. P. Vergne. Clunet, 44:508. Freedom of the Seas. Address before the Annexationist meeting on the Freedom of Germany. Allemagne (L'), les neutres et nous. Dr. Albert. La Grande R., 21:106. Assistance professionnelle des avocats-avoués allemands aux sujets ennemis. Dr. Haber. Clunet, 44:448. Bismarck and Bethmann-Hollweg. J. Holland Rose. N. American R., 205:536. April. Deutsche (Das) Auslieferungsrecht in der Praxis des Reichmilitärgerichts. W. Mettgenberg. Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht, 9:459. |