hand was completed and sent for exhibition to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and was shown in Madison Square Garden, New York, before its return to France.

In 1877 Congress passed an act giving the statue a site either on Governor's or Bedloe's Island, leaving the choice to be made by Gen. W. T. Sherman. He confirmed Bartholdi's selection of Bedloe's. An American committee was chosen, with Hon. William M. Evarts as its Chairman. The head of the statue was executed and placed on view at the Paris Exposition in 1878. The entire statue was completed in 1880 and mounted in Paris in October, 1881. It was formally presented to the United States in Paris on July 4, 1884, M. de Lesseps making the presentation speech, which was responded to by the United States Ambassador, Hon. Levi P. Morton.

In April, 1885, the statue was taken apart and shipped in 210 cases on board the French man-of-war Isere, which arrived in June, and the pieces was landed and stored on Bedloe's Island in New York harbor, where it was subsequently erected. The cost of the work before leaving France was about $250,000, mostly contributed by the French people in small sums.

In the meantime the American committee was engaged in raising by public subscription and State and national appropriations, the sum necessary to provide the pedestal for the statue. An appropriation of $50,000 by the New York Legislature was vetoed by Gov. Cleveland on the ground of unconstitutionality, an appropriation by Congress of $100,000 failed by accident, and the appeal of the committee to the public for individual subscriptions met with a slow response.

Then Mr. Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the New York World, took up the work. Under The World's direction popular subscriptions reached more than $100,000 in four months. This sum, the gift of 120,000 patriotic Americans, was used to complete the pedestal.

The erection of the statue consumed the summer of 1886. The first rivet was driven July 12 and the last October 28. On the latter day the inauguration ceremonies were held. The ceremonies were attended by President Cleveland, the Governors of New York and other States, members of the Diplomatic Corps and of the Cabinet, also by a deputation from France, including

M. Bartholdi, Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, Admiral Jaures and Gen. Pelissier, representing the French Senate; M. Spuller and M. Desmons, respresenting the French Chamber of Deputies; M. Deschamps, Vice President of the Municipal Council of Paris; M. Napoleon Ney and representatives of the French Ministers of Marine, War, Commerce and Public Instruction, of the Paris Chamber of Commerce and of the French press.

A great procession, in which soldiers, firemen, the Grand Army of the Republic, French societies and many civic bodies joined, marched through the chief streets and viewed a naval review in the harbor.

Following are the principal dimensions of the statue:

Liberty's New Light.

When the Statue of Liberty was dedicated in 1886, Col. John Mills, U. S. A., then a First Lieutenant of Engineers, who had charge of the lighting of the torch, suggested to Bartholdi the idea of more effective lighting by projected or "flood" light. Bartholdi heartily approved the idea, but the science of electric lighting was not then sufficiently developed to make it practicable to carry out the suggestion. In May, 1916, the New York World started a popular subscription to provide for a new illumination plant, and on May 23, Senator James P. Clarke of Arkansas and Representative Michael F. Farley of New York introduced in Congress an amendment to the Rivers and Harbors Bill authorizing the War Department to accept and to maintain after acceptance the permanent flood lighting plant which was to be installed with money given by the people of the country.

The funds being assured, the physical work of preparation for the new illumination was undertaken. It included two principal features a reconstruction of the torch so that it should present a more realistic appearance; and the installation of powerful reflectors for flooding the exterior of the statue with light. Mr. H. Herbert Magdsick had charge of the electrical engineering problem; Mr. R. F. Garbutt had charge of the work of electrical designing and construction; and Mr. Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor, supervised the remodelling of the torch. In the latter branch of the work, Mr. Edgar H, Bostock, a glazing expert, was consulted.

The remodelling of the torch was an ingenious piece of work. A superimposed steel framing which, although supporting the range light in the torch, somewhat distorted the classic contour of the bronze-imitation flame, was removed. In its place sheet bronze was used to redesign the torch so that a bronze flame of the shape and size originally intended by Bartholdi might be had.

When the restored torch flame was completed all the bronze plates were cut out, leaving, as a skeleton, riveted lines about an inch in width. These plates were then used to construct moulds upon which pieces of glass were bent. The pieces of glass, when fitted into place, substituted for the bronze torch a glass torch held together by the same riveted lines.

For these pieces three tons of yellow cathedral glass were used. A dull surface was preferred to avoid the blinding noon-day glare of a rich reflective surface. The lightest tint was used to simulate the tip of the flame, with slightly darker pieces inserted here and there down to the base of the flame, where the darkest of the tints define the lines of the bronze of the torch against the glass of the flame.

To mould 600 pieces of glass, each piece being bent to an individual template, was a task calling for minute exactness, for each template had to be made so perfect that the complete glass substitution would be water tight. The 600 pieces of glass average about one foot square, making a complete glass area in the torch of some 600 square feet.

The glass is now so fixed to the ribs that any section may be replaced at any time from the inside. Spring clips and nonhardening putty, separating the glass on the brass bolts which hold the plates to the ribs, provide a resiliency which practically insures the glass torch flame against breakage. Neither snow, ice, rain nor heat will impair this glazing.

Inside the torch is the lighthouse lens installed at a cost of $450. It is known as a fifth order light house lens, 91⁄2 inches in diameter and fifteen inches deep. The lens is supported at a height so that the light spills out in lines parallel with the height of the glass of the torch. The light has about 20,000 candle power

To put a quiver into the simulated flame of the burning torch, about fifteen 500-candle-power gas-filled electric lamps were placed upon a series of flashers. The flasher is not set to certain revolutions, the experts preferring to allow it to carry out the unsteady but constant flicker and blaze of the flaming torch.

Thus a variable light like that of a flame and a steady light by means of the lens are obtained together. The two forms of light simulate exactly the flicker and the constant glow of the burning torch.

The sources of the flood lights are fifteen batteries of projectors. Eleven of these batteries are located upon the eleven salients of the old, fort, known as Fort Wood, upon which the base of the statue was built. Three batteries are located upon the roofs of small buildings on the island. The other battery is upon the balconies of Liberty's arm, just below the torch,

The total number of projectors is 246, each being 250 watts. The lamps are thirty-five volt lamps, each of the 246 projectors having its individual compensator to step down the 220 volt current to the lamp voltage. The projectors and compensators are mounted on specially designed pipe framed circuits, individually designed for the different locations.

The Public Service Corporation of New Jersey supplies the 2,200-volt two-phase current from its Marion Station through its Garfield Avenue sub-station. The current is carried by submarine cables under the channel between New Jersey and Bedloe's Island up to the old Government power house upon the Island.

In the power house this current is stepped down to 220 volts, and then carried through underground cables to the base of the statue and from there through suitable manholes and junction boxes is distributed by circuits to the various salients of the Fort and to the other fifteen projector batteries.

The New Illumination Inaugurated

The new illumination of the Statue of Liberty was inaugurated with spectacular ceremonies on the evening of Saturday, December 2, 1916. President Wilson arrived at the Pennsylvania railroad station at 3:18 p. m. With him were Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; Hon. Wm. C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce; His Excellency Jules J. Jusserand, the French Ambassador; and others. They were greeted by Mayor Mitchel and a reception committee which included his Secretary, Mr. Theodore Rousseau, Senator-elect William L. Calder, Col. E. M. House, Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge, Dock Commissioner R. A. C. Smith, Hon. Lamar Hardy, Mr. Ralph Pulitzer and Hon. William Edwards.

The visiting guests were escorted by a procession to the landing at 80th street and Riverside Park, whence the presidential party was taken to the Mayflower and the Secretary of the Navy, the members of the Mayor's Committee, and the newspaper men to the mine-layer San Francisco. The battleships Wyoming, Kentucky and Connecticut, lying in the river, gave appropriate salutes. The Mayflower and San Francisco proceeded down stream, passed around the statue, and anchored near the island.