weapons for their safety. For at this time the Indians had fierce war with the Dutch, and if it had not been for the assistance of the English, they might have been all cut off.

One

The occasion of the war was this: an Indian being drunk had slain an old Dutchman. The Dutch required the murderer, but he could not be had. The people called oft upon the Governor to take revenge, but he still put it off, because he thought it not just, or not safe, &c. It fell out in that time, that the Maquas or Mohawks, (a people inhabiting the west parts, beyond the Fort of Anrania,) either upon their own quarrel, or (as the report was) being set on by the Dutch, came suddenly upon the Indians near the Dutch, and killed about thirty of them; the rest fled for shelter to the Dutch. Marine, a Dutch Captain, hearing of it, goeth to the Governor, and obtained a commission of him, to kill so many as he could of them; and accordingly went up with a company of armed men, and setting upon them, fearing no ill from the Dutch, he slew seventy or eighty of their men, women and children. Upon this the Indians burnt divers of their farm houses, and their cattle in them, and slew all they could meet with, to the number of twenty or more, of men, women and children, and pressed hard upon the Dutch, even home to their fort, that they were forced to call in the English to their aid, and entertained Captain Underhill (of whom large mention is made before) into their service, &c. Marine, the Dutch Captain, took this so ill, (seeing the Governor preferred him before him,) that he presented his pistol at the Governor, but was stayed by a stander by: Then a tenant of Marine's discharged his musket, but missed him narrowly, whereupon the sentinel, at the Governor's command, shot the fellow presently dead, and his head was set upon the gallows, and the Captain was sent prisoner into Holland. The people, also, were so offended with the Governor for the damage they now sustained by the Indians, (though they were all for war before) that the Governor durst not trust himself amongst them, but entertained a guard of fifty English about his person, and the Indians

did so annoy them by sudden assaults out of the swamps, &c., that he was forced to keep a running army to be ready to oppose them upon all occasions. The Indians also on Long Island took part with their neighbors upon the main, and as the Dutch took away their corn, &c., so they fell to burn the Dutchmen's houses. But these, by the mediation of Mr. Williams, (who was then there to take ship for England,) were pacified, and a peace reestablished between the Dutch and them. But still on the main they set upon the Dutch with an implacable fury, killing all they could come by, burning their houses and destroying their cattle without any resistance; so as the Governor and such as escaped betook themselves to their fort at Manhatos, and there lived upon their cattle. But many of the Indians being destroyed by Captain Underhill and his followers, at last they began to be weary of the sport, and condescended to terms of peace with those against whom they had manifested so great hostility before.

But to return to the affairs of the Swedes at Delaware, from which this long digression hath been made. In the beginning of the year 1644,' divers of the merchants of Boston, being desirous to discover the Great Lake, (supposing it to lie in the northwest part of their Patent, and finding that the great trade of beaver, which came to all the southern and eastern parts, did originally come from thence,) petitioned the Court to be a company for that design, and to have the trade, which they should discover, to themselves for twenty-one years. The Court was very unwilling to grant any monopoly, but perceiving that without it they would not proceed, granted their desire; whereupon (having commission granted them also under the public seal, and letters from the Governor to the Dutch and Swedish Governors) they sent out a pinnace, well manned and furnished with provisions and trading stuff, which was to sail up Delaware River, so high as they could go, and then some of the company, (under the conduct of Mr. William Aspinwall, a good artist, and one that had been in those parts,) by small skiffs or canoes to pass up the river as far as they could. But when

In March. Sav. Win. ii. 160.-H.

they came to the place, the Dutch Governor promised to let them pass, but for maintaining their own interest he must protest against them. And as for the Swedish

Governor, his fort shot at them ere they came up, whereupon they cast forth their anchor, and the next morning (being Lord's Day) the Lieutenant came aboard them, and forced them to fall down lower. When Mr. Aspinwall came to the Governor he complained of the Lieutenant's dealing, both in shooting at them before he hailed them, and in forcing them to weigh anchor on the Lord's Day. The Governor acknowledged he did ill in both, and promised all favor; but the Dutch agent being come down to the Swedes' fort, shewed express order from the Dutch Governor not to let him pass, whereupon he returned; but before they came out of the river, the Swedish Lieutenant made them pay 40s., which he had unduly forced from them. The pinnace arrived at Boston the 20th of July, 1644,1 but with much more news than what is mentioned before, for though they were not permitted to pass up the river, they were not so narrowly watched but they found opportunity to trade on Maryland side, and had gotten a good parcel of beaver; but at last the Indians coming aboard, under pretence of further trading, while some were trading others pulled out hatchets from under their garments, and therewith killed the master and two men, and carried the other two (being but five in all) ashore, and rifled the pinnace of all her goods and sails, &c. Soon after other Indians came aboard, and falling upon these, slew the sachems and took away all the goods they had stolen. There was one Redman suspected to have betrayed this pinnace, for he (being truckmaster, because he could speak the language,) was put out of his employment on account of his evil carriage, and did bear ill-will to the master, and, out of revenge, sold them to the Indians, bargaining however for his own life, but at last, at the procurement of the Swedish Governor, was fetched in by

' In Sav. Win. ii. 179, is the following note.

"Hubbard has committed

a wretched mistake, after transcribing the above paragraph. He applies to the expedition of this pinnace a disaster that befell another, whose crew were cut off by the Indians." The first pinnace returned to Boston, as mentioned in the text, July 20, 1644. In September, a bark was set out from Boston with seven men to trade at Delaware," under the command of

66

other Indians, who brought him and the boy to the fort, from which he was carried to Boston, and there tried for his life, and found guilty by the grand jury, but sentence was deferred in expectation of further evidence from Delaware. If there were evidence enough to condemn him more would have been redundant, but all men's sins do not go before unto judgment. But he shall give an account in due time.

For a close of these uncomfortable transactions between the Dutch, Swedes, and English of New Haven, and those parts, the reader may take notice that trucking with the Indians hath seldom been observed to be blessed to them that were most addicted thereunto, whether French, Dutch, or English; but for the present Dutch Governor, sc. in the year 1643, and till the year 1647, Mr. William Kieft, (a sober and prudent man,) although he always abstained from outward force, yet had continually molested the Colonies of New Haven and Connecticut, using menacings and protests against them, upon all occasions, so as they were almost wearied out with his vexations, demands, and oppositions. But at last going for Holland in the year 1647, in a ship of 400 tons, well manned and richly laden, to the value (as was supposed) of £20,000 in their passage home the mariners, mistaking the channel, were carried into Severn and cast away upon the coast of Wales, near Swanzy, so as the said Dutch Governor, with about eighty other persons, were drowned, and not above twenty suffered to escape. This fell out in the year 1648.1

The loss in general ought sadly to have been lamented, especially as to the lives of so many Christians, that perished so near their own home by such a sad mistake; yet those who were acquainted with the particulars of some or more of the forementioned circumstances, could not but take notice of the solemn providence of God that appeared therein, to bear witness against those that had so many ways injured his own people in those parts, which some could not pass by without due acknowledgment Captain Luther. The Indians killed the master and three (not two) others. Redman was finally acquitted. Sav. Win. ii. 179, 203, 236.-H.

A mistake; it was in October, 1647. See Sav. Win. ii. 316; Thompson's Long Island, i. 106.-H.

and observation; for though indeed God seemed not to favor the designs of those Colonies in the matter of their trade with the Indians, (the salvation of whose souls should have been their principal aim, and so their merchandise might have been holiness to the Lord of Hosts,) by his constant blasting their Plantations, intended chiefly to carry on such designs, yet he seemed to be more highly offended with them that, without cause, set themselves so violently to oppose them.

The inhabitants of the towns about Boston, being alarmed by the forementioned troubles, (for those who now began to bark, might ere long be as ready to bite,) looked upon themselves but as a place without gates and bars, and that without some fortification, at the entrance into the harbor of Boston, they were laid open to the invasion of a mean and contemptible enemy, were willing to raise some fortification, and maintain it at their own charge, rather than to be left open to an enemy any longer.

The General Court had given all the encouragement they could in the year 1643,' although some were discouraged because they found so many avenues about Boston, that if one passage were stopped, others were left open, wherein enemies might enter; and also because they feared that the people would not be so able to perform, as they were forward and willing to engage.

But in the year 1615, being every day made more sensible that the keeping the said fortification would be of no small benefit for their defence and security, they set upon the work with a fresh resolution, and chose a committee out of the several towns to raise means to get the work done; but at last the General Court, being informed by the petition of the inhabitants, that the charge of the work, and maintaining of the garrison, would be a burthen too heavy for them that had undertaken it, were induced to put the public hand thereto, by which it was always after that time effectually carried on.

In March, 1643-4.-H.