interpretations. Where standing alone on a line, the word "Total" generally implies that the figure entries on that line represent the summation of the sub-entries. "Total" also may signify the whole and thus be a class in itself; for example, the "Total" of the urban and rural classes. As a rule, the use of the term "Total" in several places in the table (in the boxheads as well as the stub, for example) should be avoided. The term should be changed to a more specific description. For example, rather than having "Total; Male; Female," the designation could be "Both sexes; Male; Female." 3.55 Block.--A block is a distinctive segment of the stub consisting of a group of related line captions with their heads and subheads. Usually the block is a selfcontained unit. A stub may consist of a single block, a series of repeated blocks which are identical except for changes in heads, or a series of independent nonrepetitive blocks different in content and coverage. 3.56 Space breaks and indentation. --Space breaks are inserted at regular intervals in a stub, to improve legibility. For this use, reader space breaks are usually inserted in solid blocks of more than 10 or 15 lines. For analytical purposes, space breaks separate lines or groups of lines in terms of analytical relationship. Where tables in a series have identical stubs, placement of space breaks should be the same for each table. The effectiveness of the stub arrangement depends on proper vertical spacing of the center heads and line captions. The headings and total lines should always tend to "sit" close to the material to which they relate. If space is provided below a center head or total line, the same amount of space must be left clear above it; preferably, the space above should be greater than the space below (see example 13). Also, if horizontal rules EXAMPLE 15. recommended. This places the more numerous sub-entries at the margin, and allows more space for long line captions. To avoid confusion, an indented total line must always carry a space break above it; very often there is a space break (of less depth) below it. In some instances, placing the total line flush with the margin is clearer. In example 14 below, indenting the total line makes it possible to bring the longer line captions out to the margin. EXAMPLE 14. Preferred: Economically active population 14 years old and over.... Agriculture, forestry, fishing. Mining and quarrying..... Manufacturing..... Electric light and power, gas services..... Water and sanitary services. Transportation, storage, communication..... Wholesale and retail trade. Satisfactory: Economically active population 14 Agriculture, forestry, fishing.... Manufacturing..... Electric light and power, gas services..... Water and sanitary services... Construction..... Transportation, storage, Wholesale and retail trade.. In example 15, however, indenting the total line for the Provinces is confusing; the rural entry appears to be a subtotal for the Provinces that follow. 3.57 Unit specification. --Specifying the unit of presentation is required when the unit differs from one part of the table to another, particularly from line to line. If the same presentation unit prevails throughout the table, it should be made clear in the title or in the headnote. Where unit indicators are required in the stub, they are placed at the right of the given stub line. Leaders are run solidly between the line caption and the indicator. The indicators usually line up on the right and are followed by two leader dots. the table (or in fractional-measure tables, to the next repetition or continuation of the stub). 3.61 Cell.--The cell is the basic unit of presentation. The description of a cell entry consists of the combination of the line caption and the column caption, which in turn are supplemented or qualified by related center heads and colon lines in the stub and applicable spanner heads in the boxhead. Normally each cell should contain an entry of some kind--either a figure, a reference symbol, or a word. For uniformity, it is generally preferable to aline cell entries at the right of the column (allowing space for drafting vertical lines and some "bear off" or white space) rather than to center them in a column. Cells left completely blank are subject to misinterpretation. Blanks are particularly objectionable where the user is unable to tell whether the cell was deliberately left blank or whether it is a mistaken omission. Where such confusion is likely, a dash (-) is entered in an otherwise blank column. A footnote symbol standing alone in a cell is enclosed in parentheses; normally this indicates that information for that cell is not available or the data are not provided for some other reason. 3.62 Unit indicator.--The unit indicator (or unit of quantity) is intended to make clear the exact unit of measurement to which the statistics refer; for example, number, percent, dollars, years. The unit indicator usually appears in the stub or boxhead, but occasionally appears in the field. If part of the field, the unit indicator is placed at the top of the column to which it applies, on the line above that allocated to the first line of data. 3.7 Footnote As the term implies, a statement or note inserted at the foot (bottom) of a table is a footnote. A footnote may be (a) a specific reference to a designated portion of a table, (b) a source note, or (c) a general note referring to the table as a whole or a major portion of it. Brief wording of footnotes is desirable; superfluous words should be omitted. It is not necessary to include such words as "These statistics" or "This item." Even though not a complete sentence, the footnote always ends with a period. Footnotes are often typed in smaller size type than the rest of the table. The first line is indented, while the second and subsequent lines are flush with the left margin of the table. 3.71 Specific footnote.--As compared with a headnote, which refers to the table as a whole, the specific footnote explains a certain cell entry, a line caption, a column heading, or a word. However, a footnote reference is never attached to a table title or a headnote. Reference symbols are necessary to refer the reader from one part of the table to another. A reference symbol in the body of a table means that an explanation with that symbol will be found in the footnotes. Arabic numerals are the preferred type of reference symbol, and in typewritten copy they may be superior numerals (1) or raised numerals in a modified caret (11). Each table in a series is assigned an independent series of reference numbers, beginning with "1" in each case. For multi-page tables, the numbering of the footnotes may start anew on each page and the footnotes placed at the bottom of the affected page; or the references may be numbered as a continuous sequence throughout the table and the footnotes gathered together at the end of the table. In this latter case, each page except the last should carry the note "See footnotes at end of table." (This note carries no crossreference symbol.) In column headings and line captions, the reference symbol is placed after the affected word, phrase, date, or figure. In cells, the symbol is placed in front of the affected number. In blank cells, the symbol is placed within parentheses and is alined at the right of the column. Whether in text or tables, footnote references are placed in sequence from left to right, including the stub and boxhead and proceeding line by line. When an identical situation in several places within one table calls for the same footnote, the same reference symbol is placed at each situation. The number to be repeated is the one used in the first instance. against a stub center head, the footnote refers to all entries in the block. When an entire line of figures is to be qualified, the reference symbol is placed against the stub line entry. Footnotes are placed in order of reference number. Whenever possible, each is placed on a separate line, with the reference symbols lined up at the left. When space is a problem, however, the footnotes may be arranged across the page, following each other. Recurrent footnotes must appear on each page affected, even though the number symbol may be out of order. Footnotes to text tables are placed below the text table, whereas the footnotes to the text itself are placed at the bottom of the page. 3.72 Source note.--The source note indicates the specific source of the statistics. (Such a note need not be used if the table presents survey results directly and the report is a primary source.) A source note 389 255 240 352 2110 (3) 85 167 73 37 260 (3) 1Includes persons with a job but not at work during refer ence week. 2Seasonally adjusted. 3Not applicable. 4Worked 15 or more hours during reference week in a family enterprise. might reasonably be considered a distinctive component of a statisti- type of footnote. It is General note.--The general footnote is a statement which qualifies, describes, or explains the table as a whole, or an easily identified major portion of it. In concept, it is virtually identical with the headnote. The general footnote is appropriate where the desired explanation is too long to permit incorporating it in a headnote or the nature of the discussion makes headnoting inappropriate. It is introduced by the word "Note" or "General note" followed by a colon, and is placed at the bottom of the table following specific footnotes but preceding the source note, if any. 3.8 Horizontal and vertical rules There are varying types of single rules according to weight (hairline, medium weight, and bold) for vertical and horizontal use. In the typing of a table, space should be allowed for subsequent drafting of the horizontal and vertical rules. 3.81 Horizontal rules.--A single bold rule is used as the top rule of the boxhead, and runs the full width of the table. A medium weight rule is used at the bottom of the boxhead to set it off from the remainder of the table. It is also used at the bottom of the table, running the full width of the table. This line designates the end of the table (not necessarily the end of the page). Note that when a table is continued from one page to another, the bottom rule of the table falls only on the last page. The single hairline rule is used to distinguish additive totals. The line may be continuous, or each additive total may be individually underlined; in either case, the rule does not run through the stub. (In letterpress, boldface type is generally used for additive total captions.) 3.82 Vertical rules.--The single hairline vertical rule is the standard tabular rule. It is normally used at the right of the stub and at the right of all columns which are not total columns or panel-ending columns. However, no vertical rule is placed after the last column on any table page (except that the last column on the left-hand page of a parallel table carries a hairline column rule). The single medium vertical rule (heavier than the hairline rule) is best used to set off independent segments or panels. It need not be used, however, when the independent segments are narrow and appear often on a page; in these cases, the hairline rule is used. The single bold rule may be used to set off additive totals--total columns or panels. Where the totals represent summations of the series of columns that follow, the total column or panel carries a bold rule at the right. The bold vertical rule may be used to set off parts of a fractional-measure table; in this case, the rules precede the new stub. The narrow table is used most frequently. It has a single stub which applies to the data across the entire page, and a single boxhead which applies down the full depth of the table (see exhibit III-6-2). It is the simplest in basic pattern and the most readily understood. It is called "narrow" because it is placed upright on the page, with the printing running across the narrow dimension of the paper. One form of the narrow table is the multipage narrow table, which requires two or more pages. This type of table has a continuous boxhead but the same stub (the boxheads change from page to page). Another form of the multi |