room of the NSO Executive Committee, for example, was used to show the completion of enumeration in each county by inserting a red pin for manufacturing and a blue pin for mining. When the entire map was covered by flag pins, the field collection phase of the census had been completed.

Another way of preparing a map of the entire country would be to assemble the small-scale province maps shown as exhibit II-3-6, trim their margins, and fit them together. This method is often less satisfactory, however, because there may be slight differences in scale in the various province maps, due to unavoidable differences arising from the printing process. Changes in humidity, for example, will often increase or decrease the size of paper slightly and this can cause changes in the size of the resulting impression.

1.2 Small-scale province map

This is the map referred to above as exhibit II-3-6. It would be used principally in the provincial field offices to locate the counties and to record the progress of the enumeration by the use of flag pins. If the map is intended as a visual aid to plan and control assignments, it should be much larger and should include various features. For wall mounting, the map should be approximately 85 by 170 centimeters, and it should show wards in addition to natural features such as rivers, lakes, mountains, and man-made features such as highways, roads, and trails. Urban areas could also be shown in outline. Another useful addition would be the names and addresses of the county agents.

Another way of preparing a map of each province would be to fit together the smallscale county maps (see below). The several difficulties mentioned in the preceding section would also apply to such a project.

1.3 Small-scale county map

A map of this type is shown in exhibit II-3-5. They could be used in the county agent's office, but the maps would probably be more useful in the provincial field offices, in connection with many datagathering projects.

1.4 Intermediate-scale map for general use Maps of this type are illustrated in exhibit II-3-4. They are used principally by county agents to locate ward boundaries, delineate enumeration areas and, in some instances, to record the progress of the enumeration within the county. Note that the example map shows a complete ward, but the scale is not large enough to permit the inclusion of all the symbols for industrial establishments, stores, and similar type structures. Villages and hamlets are indicated, as well as roads, trails, and a creek. Crew leader area boundaries are shown in this example even though they were not used in the industrial census. Enumeration district (ED) boundaries are shown and can be used for enumeration purposes if the workload (that is, the number of factories and mines) is large enough to warrant breaking up the ward among several ED's.

1.5 Large-scale maps

Portions of such maps as used by enumerators in the 1970 population census, and again in the 1975 industrial census, are shown in exhibits II-3-1, II-3-2, and II-3-3. The scale on these maps was about 80 to 100 meters per centimeter, large enough so that all features of interest to enumerators, such as stores, factories, sawmills, mines, oil wells, and gravel pits could be shown on the maps for rural areas. On the urban maps, only the more prominent of these features could be shown separately; groups of

industrial establishments were indicated as clusters on the maps but they were listed separately on Form 123.

The large-scale maps were intended to be carried by enumerators while working in the field. The standard size of the map, in most cases, was 60 by 72 centimeters. Maps of this size could conveniently be folded to 10 by 24 centimeters, a size which fits readily into a pocket or purse.

1.51 Large-scale rural map.--The largescale rural map illustration, exhibit II-3-1, shows only a portion of a ward. In practice, most of the rural maps of this size covered complete wards. There are several features of the map which are useful only as landmarks for the enumerator, such as churches, schools, and cemeteries. The ED boundary line was important for the population census, but may not be needed for the industrial census. Note that the map shows scattered homes as well as those in Chateau hamlet. These features also were useful in the population census but were of no particular value in industrial census work.

Before this map was sent to the field by the central office, the known industrial establishments were indicated on it by means of the symbols that are shown in the legend. These entries were by no means complete, however, and it was up to the enumerator to locate other in-scope establishments if there were any.

The

After completing the canvassing of an assigned area, such as a ward or ED, the enumerator was instructed to inform the supervisor of any errors discovered in the maps, such as omissions (establishments shown on the maps which no longer existed), new roads, and other new landmarks. supervisors were instructed to inform the provincial field offices of such corrections and additions, and the field offices in turn informed the Geography Division of the NSO. The information was passed on in the form of a corrected copy of the map, together with a memorandum describing the changes and the circumstances under which they were found. For each map, the county agents were asked to verify that the county, city, or ward boundaries were shown correctly. They were instructed to cross out the incorrect boundaries, if any, and draw in the correct boundaries in red pencil. In the transmittal to the NSO, they were also asked to supply the names and addresses of local officials with whom the boundary changes could be discussed.

3.

The

WRITTEN DESCRIPTIONS OF AREAS In the absence of large-scale maps for use by enumerators, written descriptions such as that given as an example in chapter IV-5, Enumerator's Field Kit, are very useful. example is based on detailed knowledge of an enumeration district, however, and as such could hardly have been written unless a large-scale map had been available. Even if a map of the proper scale is not at hand, a smaller-scale map should show at least the outside boundaries of the enumeration district in terms of roads, rivers, and other landmarks. The written description given to the enumerator should never provide less than this, and preferably it should provide more detail. Sometimes written descriptions may be based on aerial photographs, which are either not available to enumerators or not understood by them.

The contents of the Enumerator's Field Kit are described in this chapter. These are the materials which the enumerator will have available at all times in the field. The field kit should include all of the material which the enumerator will need in most interviews, but will not necessarily provide all the answers which may be needed in the field. To try to anticipate all possible situations, no matter how complex, would put a heavy strain on the resources of the central and provincial offices. Moreover, too much detail can confuse the interviewers.

If any situations arise which are not covered in the materials available in the field kit, the enumerator should be instructed to say, "I do not know the answer, but I will consult my supervisor and will have an answer for you as soon as possible," then proceed with the interview.

2. FIELD ENUMERATOR'S POCKET MANUAL This manual is undoubtedly the most important single piece of material which the enumerator will carry. It covers rules of conduct, field procedures, legal provisions, scope of the industrial census, and the census questionnaires. The contents of the Pocket Manual used in Providencia's 1975 Industrial Census are shown in exhibit IV-4-1. The portion of the manual (exhibit IV-4-2) is essentially complete except that the industry descriptions and the discussion of borderline activities, extend only through the International Standard Industrial Classification

industry number 3319. A pocket manual that is tailored to the needs of a particular country and a particular census should follow through and complete these industry descriptions and highlight the borderline activities for the entire industrial census for that country.

The Pocket Manual (a portion of which is shown in exhibit IV-4-2) is intended not only for use in the field, but it is an important training document as well. In it is contained all, or nearly all, of the information the enumerator will need; his training should include a thorough study of the Manual.

3. ADVANCE PUBLICITY MATERIAL

The field kit should include a booklet, leaflet, or other publicity announcement to cover most of the points likely to be raised in the field by respondents about the census. The fact that figures given to the census enumerator are not available for investigation, taxation, or regulation purposes should be carefully explained, and that the census is designed solely to serve its statistical objectives--that nothing will be published which will reveal, directly or indirectly, the operations of a single company. In a census taken only once every 10 years, it may be anticipated that many of those interviewed will be unfamiliar with these facts and will need persuasion in order to cooperate in supplying answers to the various inquiries.

Uses of the published census results also should be emphasized--both as to ways in which industrial statistics fulfill government needs and the value of the data to individual

This card should be presented to every potential respondent who is interviewed by the enumerator, to identify himself or herself and to introduce the industrial census. The card should include the full identification of the agency conducting the census (in this case the National Statistical Office of the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development), the name and signature of the employee, a recognizable photograph of him or her, and the words "Census Employee" and "Official Credential" located in a prominent place, where it can be seen readily.

Temporary employees, such as enumerators who are hired only for the duration of the industrial census field work, should be asked to return the identification card on the termination of their employment. If any difficulty is anticipated, this return of the card could be made a condition before the final payment for work is made to the

enumerator.

5. SUPPLY OF CENSUS QUESTIONNAIRES
AND INSTRUCTIONS

A sufficient number of census questionnaires and accompanying instruction sheets should be supplied to each enumerator so that there will be no shortage of these forms as enumeration proceeds. The number of forms should include at least two copies per respondent so that the respondent may keep a copy of the figures supplied to the

enumerator (or mailed in to the central office). The supply should be generous, because nothing could hamper collection effort more than having to wait a week or even a few days for additional copies of the questionnaires. Even if it is found to be

expedient to limit the number of forms given to each enumerator before the start of field enumeration, supervisors should have an ample number of these forms readily available.

5.1 Supply of Form 123

An integral part of the collection process is Form 123, the Establishment Control Record (exhibit II-6-1). An ample supply of these forms should be made available to each

enumerator.

5.2 Supply of Form 124

Form 124, Request for Payment (exhibit IV-1-2), is important to the enumerator because it is the only vehicle for requesting payment for his wages and expenses, or (in the case of employees on a regular payroll, like the county agents) asking for reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenditures. Enough copies should be included so that the person asking for reimbursement or hourly wage payment can retain a copy for his own records.

5.3 Supply of "Official Business" envelopes and stationery

The enumerator will need envelopes and stationery marked "Official Business" to communicate with the supervisor and sometimes with respondents. An ample supply should be included in the field kit.

6. DESCRIPTION AND MAP OF ENUMERATION AREAS

Maps used by enumerators are discussed above in chapter IV-3. Wherever it is felt necessary, the field kit should also include