discover it groups of the same age must be compared. This is done in the following table:

Per cent of breadwinners classified by race, nativity, sex, and age.

This table shows that among females the foreign-born whites uniformly were at work in larger proportions than the native white but in much smaller proportions than the colored. This may be connected with the concentration of the foreign-born of both sexes in the cities and the larger opportunities which cities afford for women to find work. Among males the proportion of foreign-born whites below 35 who were at work is greater than the proportion in either other class, but at later ages the proportion of colored breadwinners was higher, and after 55 the proportion of native whites was also higher. It is noteworthy, too, that the maximum proportion in gainful occupations for each sex was reached later for the colored than for either class of whites. Breadwinners classified by kind of occupation.-The occupations in which persons are engaged are grouped by the census into five main classes. Arranged in the order of their prevalence, the groups are:

1. Agriculture, fisheries, and mining.

2. Domestic and personal service.

3. Manufacturing and mechanical industries.

4. Trade and transportation.

5. Professional service.

The first class includes all persons engaged in the so-called extractive industries or those concerned with getting the wealth out of the earth or water, the third class includes those who transform the raw material furnished by the extractive industries into new forms or combinations, the fourth class includes all engaged in giving place or time values to wealth by moving it from a place where it is less needed to a place where it is more needed, or by saving it from a time when it is less needed till a time when it is more needed, while the second and fifth classes include all whose contribution to society is in the form of personal services rather than of goods or of services upon goods. The line of division between these groups or classes is often obscure, and in many individual cases serious difficulties arise regard

ing the best group to which a person or an occupation should be assigned under the imperfect description found on the schedule.

The population of Cuba engaged in gainful occupations was divided as follows among the five groups:

Nearly one-half of all workers were engaged in agriculture and over one-fifth in domestic and personal service. About one in seven was in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and one in eight in trade and transportation. In the following table the per cents for Cuba and the United States are put side by side.

Per cent of breadwinners in each group of occupations.

The main difference in occupations between the two countries is that Cuba is more confined to agriculture and gives less attention to manufacturing and mechanical pursuits than do the United States. The small proportion of the professional class in Cuba is also noteworthy.

Breadwinners by class of occupation and sex.-The sex of the workers has great influence upon the character of the work chosen or assigned. This appears in the following table:

OCCUPATIONS AND PERSONS TO A BUILDING.

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One-half of the males at work in Cuba were engaged in agriculture, etc., but only one-tenth of the females. In the United States the proportion of males in agriculture was less, but of females was greater. In both countries the females were mainly in the class of domestic and personal service, but in Cuba this class includes about seven-tenths of all women at work, while in the United States it includes only a little over four-tenths. In both countries women who go to work at all go into manufacturing and mechanical industries in rather larger proportions than men do.

SANITARY CONDITION OF DWELLINGS AND UNOCCUPIED HOUSES.

In the present census all buildings, whether occupied October 16, 1899, or not, were reported by the enumerators, and the facts regarding the provisions in them for supplying water and for disposing of garbage and excreta were ascertained. Before proceeding to a discussion of these topics a brief analysis of this return of buildings may be made.

The total number of buildings in Cuba, whether occupied or not, was 297,905, or 5.3 persons to a building. The average number of persons to a building, occupied or unoccupied, may be computed from those tables. The provinces range as follows:

In Habana city there was one building of some sort to each 9 persons; elsewhere in Cuba one to each 5. In Porto Rico there were 5.3 persons to a building, or about the same as in Cuba outside Habana. The pre'ceding table suggests that in the cities of Cuba the ratio of buildings to population was probably less than in the rural districts. The facts upon this point are brought out more clearly in the following table:

The average number of persons to a building was much less in all cities together than it is in Habana. Hence the other cities must have had a relatively small number of persons to a building. All 14 cities except Pinar del Rio and Habana had a smaller number of persons to a building than the average for all cities, and 8 of the 14 had as small a number as

the average in the rural districts of the island. The smallest number of persons to a building was found in the cities of Santa Clara province, except Cienfuegos.

Of the 297,905 buildings in Cuba, 262,724, or about seven-eighths (88.2 per cent), were occupied, and 35,181, or one-eighth (11.8 per cent), were unoccupied. The number and ratio of unoccupied buildings to the total was as follows:

The positions of Habana and Pinar del Rio suggest that unoccupied buildings may be more common in the country. The following table gives the number and proportion of unoccupied buildings in the 14 cities separately reported:

To ascertain whether the number of unoccupied buildings was unusually large because of recent disturbances, the figures for Porto Rico may be used for comparison. On that island 11.3 per cent of the buildings were reported as unoccupied. It seems, therefore, that the proportion in Cuba was not exceptional.

Passing to the occupied buildings or dwellings, one may examine the average number of persons to each. In this respect the provinces rank as follows:

In the United States in 1890 there were 5.5 persons to a dwelling. The table does not show that the average dwelling was more crowded in Habana city than in Santa Clara, for in the one case the dwelling may be more roomy. The dwelling is an unsatisfactory unit of measure, just because it can not be defined. Hence thorough and accurate

knowledge of local conditions is requisite to interpret such a table as the foregoing. Yet, if the dwellings of Cuba be divided into two classes, city dwellings and country dwellings, some progress may be made. This is done in the following table:

There were rather more persons to a dwelling in the cities of Cuba, but the difference is in no wise what the figures for Habana city in the earlier table would lead one to expect. In many of the other cities of Cuba, therefore, the number of persons to a dwelling must be low. Indeed, when the figures as a whole for the 13 cities outside Habana are compared with the rural districts, it appears that in those cities. there were on the average 5.6 persons to a dwelling, or just the same number as in the country. In the following table the figures are given for the urban and rural population of each province:

In the three western provinces there were more persons to a dwelling in the cities, although outside of Habana province the difference was slight; but in the three eastern provinces the position is reversed. It may be inferred that the dwelling in Cuban cities outside Habana is not much more roomy than it is in the rural districts, for space in a city is usually more valuable than in the country, and if the average city dwelling were larger it would probably contain more inhabitants. In this respect there is a marked difference between the Cuban figures and those for the large cities of the United States. The fifty-eight American cities each having over 50,000 inhabitants had 7.3 persons to a dwelling in 1890, and the rest of the country only 5.2. Still only three American cities had more persons to a dwelling than Habana.

Dwellings and families.-By comparing the number of dwellings with the number of families in Table XL, one may ascertain the ratio between the census families and the dwellings. Every dwelling contains at least one family, for, as already explained, one person living