Breadwinners classified by age and sex.-In the following table the number of persons of each sex and the specified age engaged in gainful occupations is given:

Number of persons of sex and age specified who were engaged in gainful occupations.

From the figures contained in the preceding table the percentages contained in the following have been computed, and for comparison the percentages for the United States are included:

Per cent of persons of sex and age specified who were engaged in gainful occupations.

Perhaps the most noteworthy conclusion to be drawn from this table. is that the large proportion of males of all ages who were gainfully employed in Cuba as compared with the United States (see p. 157) is due not so much to a larger proportion during the years of maximum efficiency, for the proportion of men between 25 and 55 years old who were at work in the two countries was not very different, but is due, rather, to the fact that men begin to work in Cuba as young boys and continue to work into advanced years. This appears clearly in the table, but perhaps the difference between the two countries can be made more conspicuous by the following table, in which the proportion of males of a given age in the United States who were at work is treated as 100 24662-11

per cent and the relative proportion of persons of the same age at work in Cuba is computed on that basis:

Ratio between proportion of males at work in Cuba at age specified and those at work in the United States (=100 per cent).

Of boys between 10 and 15 nearly four times as large a proportion were at work in Cuba as in the United States. The proportion of young men 15-19 at work is over 50 per cent greater, and of those 20–24 the excess was 7 per cent; but between 25 and 55 the average difference was only about 1 per cent. For men 55 to 64 it rose again to between 3 and 4 per cent, and of men over 65 the proportion at work in Cuba was over one-fifth greater than in the United States. The difference between the two countries may be due in part to the difference in the character of the industries. An effort to ascertain whether this is so will be made when the figures for classes of industries are analyzed. But in very large part doubtless it is a result of the burdens, industrial and political, under which the island has been struggling of recent years. Boys and old men in Cuba have had to work in order to earn a livelihood, while in the United States many of the former have been securing for themselves, by school attendance and otherwise, a greater earning power in later years, and many of the latter class have withdrawn from gainful occupations and live on their own savings or on the surplus from other members of the household.

In the two columns for women a remarkable difference appears between the two countries. The proportion of Cuban women who were engaged in gainful occupations, while always small, rises steadily, though slowly, to a maximum at the age period 55-64. In the United States it rises very rapidly to a maximum almost twice as great in the age period 20-24. It then falls almost as abruptly, and for ages above 35 it is actually lower than in Cuba. This suggests that in Cuba the duties of wife and mother may be combined not infrequently with some gainful occupation, while in the United States the two classes of duties are more often successive and less often simultaneous. From the figures in Table XXX one may compute that among the female breadwinners of Cuba, nearly three-fourths of whom were colored, (p. 163) over one-fifth (21.2) were living in lawful or consensual marriage. Among the female breadwinners of the United States in 1890

about one-eighth (13.2 per cent) were married, but among the colored female breadwinners of that country over one-fourth (27.7 per cent) were married.

Breadwinners classified by race.-In the following table the absolute and relative number of persons engaged in gainful occupations is given with distinction of race:

This shows that the proportion of breadwinners was somewhat higher among the colored than among the whites. In the following table the corresponding per cents for the United States (1890) and Porto Rico are introduced:

The difference between the two races appears in all three countries, but in Cuba is greater than in Porto Rico and less than in the United States. To understand these differences better the classification by sex may be added to that by race.

Breadwinners classified by race and sex.-The following table gives the absolute and relative numbers for all Cuba:

The difference between white and colored among males is too small to be weighty or significant. The difference between the two races is

due entirely to the fact that gainful occupations are followed by colored women to about five times the extent that they are by white women. To determine whether this is true also of other countries the percentage figures are given side by side in the following table: Per cent of breadwinners.

In all three countries the proportion of breadwinners among white males was slightly higher than the proportion among colored males; but in all three this difference is outweighed by the fact that colored women are at work much more generally than white women. The difference between the women of the two races in this regard, however, was far more marked in Cuba than in either Porto Rico or the United States. Cuba had a proportion of males of each race at work much larger than in either other country. The proportion of white women at work was about one-half that in Porto Rico and one-third that in the United States. But the proportion of colored women at work, while below that in the United States, was higher than that in Porto Rico.

Breadwinners classified as native and foreign born.—This distinction is made in the occupation tables only for the whites. The colored foreign born, of whom Table X shows that there are about 30,000 (30,382) in Cuba-mainly Chinese and Africans—must be disregarded. The facts for the whites are given in the following table, by race and sex:

Hardly a moment's reflection is needed to detect the cause of the wide difference indicated in the preceding table between the native and the foreign-born of each sex and to reveal the insignificant character of such a table taken alone. The immigrant whites of both sexes are mainly adults, and the large proportion of workers among them is not because they are of foreign birth but is because they are adult. Hence if there is any real difference between these two classes of whites, to