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more likely to freeze in one night, than the wide space opposite Herr's island. Having crossed the river they proceeded without delay to Frazier's, at the mouth of Turtle Creek.On the 31st of December, while Gist and the other men were out hunting the horses, Washington walked up to the residence of Queen Allequippa, where M'Keesport now stands. She expressed much regret that he had not called on her as he went out. He made her a present of a watch coat, and a flask of rum, and in his journal he states that the latter present was much the more acceptable.

On the 17th of April, 1754, the French com. mander Contrecœur, with three hundred and sixty canoes, one thousand men and eighteen pieces of cannon arrived at the " Forks," where Pittsburg now stands, and compelled Ensign Ward to surrender. This invasion is Ivory properly called in the "Address," the commencement of the war, which terminated with the loss by France of all her possessions in America, east of Mississippi.

The incidents in relation to the Subaltern who commanded the French and Indians at Braddock's defeat, were derived from La Fayette, during his late visit to this country.

The account of the remains of a deceased officer which were ploughed up during the last summer, near the Arsenal are in part founded on fact. It is true that such remains were discovered, and that money and marks of military rank were found with them.

Address of the Carriers of the "Pittsburg Gazette," January 1, 1830.

How changed the scene, since here the Savage trod,

To set his otter-trap, or take wild honey, Where now so many humble printers plod,

And faithful CARRIERS hunt a little money! How things have alter'd in this misty plain,

Since Allequippa hunted and caught fish, Where Mrs. Olver, and her gentle train,

Now read of Indians in the Wish-ton-Wish! How short the time, but how the scenes have shifted,

Since WASHINGTON explored this wostern wildland,

And with his raft, and Gist, his pilot, drifted Upon the upper end of Wainwright's Island!

'Tis seventy years ago, since that bold knight, With blanket, cap, and leggings, then the tippey,

Attended by his 'Squire, the aforesaid wight, Paid his respects to good Queen Allequippa. Her warlike Majesty was quite unhappy,

To think our courtier had not sooner come: He soothed her feelings with a blanket capé, And touch'd her fancy with a flask of rum. What changes, since from yonder Point he spann'd

The meeting streams with his unerring eye, And, 'mid primeval woods, prophetic scann'd This great position and its destiny! Since royal Shingiss dwelt upon the cliff, Which overlooks the foot of Brunot's Isle, And angled in his little barken skiff,

Where now for wood a Steamer stops awhile.

When Shingies gave him his advice about
The best and nearest route to Fort Venango,
And then decided for the higher route,
Against the route by Beaver and Shenango.
But good king Shingiss, it is very clear,
Was but a royal archer after all,
And not by any means an engineer,

And never heard or dreamt of a canal.

Where RAPP now cultivates the peaceful land, And sheers his sheep and wins the goldon fleece.

How changed the scene, since merry Jean Baptiste

Paddled his perogue on the Belle Riviere, And from its banks some lone Loyola Priest Echo'd the night hymn of the voyageur! Since Ensign Ward saw coming down yon

stream,

Where all was peace and solitude before, A thousand paddles in the sunshine gleam, And countless perogues stretch from shore to shore.

The lily flag waved o'er the foremost boat,

And old St. Pierre the motley host commanded:

Then here the flag of France was first afloat,

And here the Gallic caunon first were landed. Then here began that fatal war, which cost

The lily banner many a bloody stain;
In which a wide empire was won and lost,
And Wolf and Montcalm fell on Abraham's
Plain.

Since a subaltern in old Fort Duquesne
Begg'd of his chief, ere yet he quit the post,
To give him but a handful of his men

To venture out and meet the British host: When his red allies hail'd him with a shout,

Who led them on with Indian enterprise, When Braddock's confidence was put to rout, And all, but wary Washington, surprised. But jealousy suppress'd the Frenchman's fame,

And when his chief sent home his base report,

He cast a stigma on his rival's name,

And got the credit to himself at court. How chang'd the scene, from all that Grant

did see,

When from his bivouac on yonder height, He waked the French with his proud reveillé, And challenged them to sally forth and fight.

One Highland officer, that bloody day,

Rotreated up the Allegheny's side, Wounded and faint, he missed his tangled

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wave,

Shrouded in leaves none found him where he fell,

And mouldering nature gave the youth a grave.

Last year a plough pass'd o'er the quiet spot,

And brought to light frail vestiges of him, Whose unknown fate perhaps is not forgot,

And fills with horror yet a sister's dream.

His plated button, stamp'd with proofs of rank, His pocket gold, which still untouch'd remains,

Do show at least no savage captor drank,

As gentle blood as flow'd in Scottish veins.

I think I see him from his sleep arise,
And gaze on yonder tower with admiration:
Lo! on its battlements a banner flics,
An unknown flag of some unheard of na-
tion!

Of all the features of the scene around,

The neighbouring stream alone he recog Another such can no where else be found;

nizes;

The sun upon no river like it rises. Does he retrace what was a blood stained route;

Through thickets of the thorny crab and sloe,

Monakatoocha, and the Delaware band,
Then held their council fires of war and He lists again to hear the savage shout,
pence
Where every traco is lost of fort and foe.

But still a shorter time has passed away,
Since on the Allegheny's western beach
The lurking Shawanee in ambush lay,
In hopes some white would cross within his
reach.

Thence to the lake no white had settled yet,

And Indian tribes still held their ancient station,

When first the Carrier of the old GAZETTE

Took round that little humble publication.

The Muse, when she another year is older, Will give a present picture of this place, Which from the canvass will but rise the bolder,

That now its fading back-grounds we re

trace.

WELLINGTON AND THE CORTES.

****The grand, the important day had now arrived, that was to bring the Great Captain of the Age before the Assembly of the Spanish Nation. Supreme command had been conferred on him, without one dissenting voice; the future destinies of Spain were placed in the hands of a stranger, who was that day to accept the important charge, from the representatives of the Spanish people of both hemispheres. It was a trying moment for the great Wellington, but he was equal to it all!

His arrival in the antichamber of the Cortes having been announced, a thrilling sense of anxiety seemed to pervade the whole assembly. Every oye was directed towards the drawn, and the Hero approached the table, grand entrance. At length the curtains were dressed in the full costume of a Captain-General in the Spanish army, having been attended to the entrance of the chamber by a party of the Royal Body Guard. A buzz of adiniration ran through the house, in which the panting auditors joined, even with the fear of instant expulsion before them; the whole assembly spontaneously rose at once, to receive their Liberator-their own Hero, as they now deemed him!

With a firm but respectful step he approached the table, making the usual obeisances to the throne and to the house-the silver bell of

the President-thrice tolled-proclaimed silence-an awful stillness followed-the President, in a speech of considerable length, pronounced the decree of the Government and Cortes which invested His Grace with supreme command, and with all the powers and authority of Generalissimo and Commander-in-Chief of the whole of the Spanish forces. Dilicately forbearing to lay any stress on the extent of the confidence thus reposed in him, the President recapitulated, in eloquent and appropriate terms, the series of splendid victories which had already marked the Hero's career, and, in conclusion, expressed his own and the nation's happiness in placing such powers in the hands of an illustrious warrior, whose deeds had shed a lustre on the present age--whom Spain would ever reckon amongst the dearest objects of her regard and pride-and whose name would descend to the latest posterity, crowned with the attributes of all that was great and glorious in our nature.

The silence of the grave was not more awful than that which followed the President's well-delivered eulogium, when Wellington, unfolding a paper which he drew from his breast, prepared to read his reply. Perhaps there is not on record another instance of a But Wellington was not the man of every age. more bold experiment having been attempted. -To the astonishment of the whole assembly, he replied in the SPANISH LANGUAGE!!! reading every syllable of his speech, with pure accent, with the most powerful emphasis, and in those parts which more immediately expressed his personal feelings, adding an action to the words which doubled their force. The electrical effect produced by the closing sentence baffles all description!-Order was for the mo

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ment destroyed; deputies sprung from their seats to bestow the viva and the embrace! Our Hero found it impossible to divide his acknowledgments for the compliments and praises which on every side poured in on him like an overwhelming torrent, and which the human heart, however fortified by courage and philosophy, could not resist. He must be more, or less, than man, who, at such a moment, did not allow some of the tenderest emotions of our nature to assert a temporary sway. To the honour of our great Hero be it recorded, that even he could not articulate those thanks which his proud and swelling heart must have dictated on receiving such genuine proofs of noble and patriotic feeling.

The subdued and delighted President (af fected almost to tears) held up his inverted bell without the power to ring the peal that called to order! But this scene was one which could not last; it was such as may be conceived, but one which no pen, nor tongue, nor pencil, could describe. At length the faint, and, as it seemed, reluctant tinkle recalled the deputies to their places. The Hero gracefully retired, receiving at his exit one general "Viva," which resounded through the vaulted roof, in which the venerable President with arms uplifted, as in the act of benediction, most fervently joined!

To have beheld such a scene, was to have lived long enough. Not all the pomp and circumstance of glorious war could equal that proud moment-armies had dissolved beneath the victorious sword of the Conqueror, thousands had perished in the field of honour-but here was a bloodless victory, the Conquest of a NATION's heart!

[Selections from an article in the Museum of Foreign Literature and Science, on the great Earthquake of 1783, in Calabria and Sicily.]

-a subterraneous noise was heard, like the |
rolling of violent thunder; and then the earth
rocked, and immense districts were convulsed
to their foundations; and lakes and rivers sud-
denly appeared amidst rocks and dry places;
and towns and villages were overthrown, and
the falling ruins crushed the unfortunate inha-
bitants, of whom, throughout Calabria, 40,000
were destroyed, and 20,000 more died of the
immediately ensuing epidemics.

for a considerable time; while some declined
rapidly in health and strength, from inability
to digest their food, and of lost all power
of recollection for a considerable period. Some
remarkable and well-attested instances of the
long endurance of brute and human life with-
out sustenance, are deserving of record. Two
pigs, which had been buried thirty-two days
under the ruins, were heard to grunt by the
labourers removing the rubbish. They were
extricated in a feeble and emaciated condition,
Escapes. An instance of remarkable escape and for some time refused the food offered to
occurred to three paper-makers of Pizzoni di them, but drank water with insatiable eager-
Soriano, named Greco, Roviti, and Felia.- ness, and rapidly recovered. At Polistena a
They were walking near each other on the cat was buried forty days under the rubbish,
plain, when suddenly the ground was shaken and taken out in wretched condition. She ex-
by a terrible convulsion. Greco and Felia im-hibited an insatiable thirst, but soon recovered.
mediately fled, and had the good fortune to es-
cape, but Roviti, encumbered by a gun which
he would not relinquish, was exposed to in-
stant and deadly peril. The earth yawned
widely beneath him, and he fell into the chasm,
but was immediately thrown up again by ano-
ther shock, and fell into a contiguous swamp.
He was a young and powerful man, but the
ground still continued to heave like waves, and
kept him entangled in the deep swamp, from
which he long struggled to escape, until at
length another mighty shock threw him out,
and he fell upon the brink of a newly-opened
chasm, where he remained for some time half
dead with terror and exhaustion. A week af
ter his escape he found his gun on the bank of
the river Caridi, which had entirely changed

its bed.

In the same place, an aged woman was found under the ruins of her dwelling seven days after the earthquake. When discovered, she was insensible and apparently dead, but she gradually revived, and complained of no evil but thirst. She continued long in a state of weakness and stupor, and was unable to take more than very small portions of food, but eventually regained her wonted health and spirits. She stated, that very soon after the house fell, she experienced a torturing thirst, but that she soon lost all consciousness, and remained insensible until her release. In Oppido, a girl of fifteen, named Aloisa Basili, remained eleven days under the ruins without nourishment, and for the last six days in close contact with a dead body. She had the charge of an infant boy, and, when the house was falling, she caught the child in her arms. He suffered greatly. from incessant thirst, and expired on the fifth day. Until this period, the senses of the poor girl had not failed her, but now she sunk under the combined tortures of hunger and thirst. Despair was succeeded by total insensibility; nor was she conscious, until her release, that the falling fragments had dislocated her hips, and made her lame for life. When restored to animation, she complained of no suffering but thirst; and in answer to every inquiry concerning her situation under the ruins, she said, I slept."

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She was lying on the ground with her face
downward, the infant close to her bosom, while
with her body she covered also the older child,
thus offering her back to the falling timbers.
Her arms were clasped round both, and in this "It was generally observed, that the indivi-
affecting position the half-decayed bodies were duals buried alive beneath their houses fell
discovered when the rubbish was cleared away. into a state of drowsy insensibility; some im-
Another striking instance of parental self-mediately after the catastrophe, and others, of
oblivion, which occurred at Scido, is thus re-
corded by Vivenzio, and was also related to me
by four individuals at Pizzo. "Don Antonio
Ruffo and his wife had only one child, a daugh-
ter, of whom they were passionately fond.
When the earthquake shook their dwelling to
its foundations, and escape was impracticable,
they placed their little girl between them, and
embracing each other, awaited the will of len-

ven.

An affecting instance of maternal love and self-devotion was discovered in the ruins of Polistena. The mother of two children-a boy aged three years, and an infant of seven months-was suckling her babe when the house fell and destroyed all three. The position in which the bodies were found afforded the clearest evidence that the mother delibeAnimals. The boding terrors exhibited be-rately exposed her life to save her offspring. fore the earthquake by the animal world were remarkable. Man alone seemed to be exempt from all fore-knowledge of the approaching calamity, and causes which excited evident distress and panic in the whole brute creation, produced in him neither physical nor moral change. The effect upon animals was infinitely diversified. In some the apprehension was evinced earlier, and with vehement and rapidly succeeding emotions; while, in others, it was later, slower, and less demonstrative. A short time before the first shock, and during the whole period of the great shocks, the fishes along the coast of Calabria Ultra appeared on the surface in a state of stupor, and were caught in unusual quantities. Wild birds flew screaming and in obvious alarm through the air, and were caught in traps and nets with increased facility; while geese, pigeons, and all other domestic fowls, exhibited the same degree of terror. Dogs and asses betrayed an earlier and stronger consciousness than any other quadrupeds. They chased about in wild and staring terror, and the air rang with their horrid howlings and brayings. Horses, oxen, and mules, neighed, roared, and shook in every limb; pointed their ears forward, and their eyes rolled and glared around with terror and suspicion. When the terrible first shock was felt, they braced every limb, and endeavoured to support themselves by spreading their legs widely asunder; but many were nevertheless thrown down. Some of them took to flight immediately before the shock, but soon as they felt the earth heaving under them, paused, and stood motionless and bewildered. Pigs appeared less conscious than any other animal of approaching danger. Cats, although not so early sensible of it as dogs and asses, were more demonstrative. Their backs rose, and their fur bristled up in terror. Their eyes became blood-shot and watery, and they set up a horrible and doleful screaming. Thus foretold by the brute creation, the first shock was more immediately preceded by a sultry shower;the wind howled and the sea rolled fearfully;

The house gave way, a heavy beam fell upon the group and destroyed both parents, but did not separate them. After the lapse of several days, the ruins were partially removed, and their bodies were discovered with the child, apparently dead between them. The little girl, however, soon began to moan; she was taken out of the rubbish, and, although life was nearly gone, she at length recovered, and is now alive and well."

It was generally remarked that the positions of the men killed by the fallen ruins, indicated that every sinew had been strained in resistance, while the features and attitudes of the females exhibited the extremity of despair; and in many instances the latter were found with their hands clasped above their heads. Wherever children were found near the parents, the attitudes of the mothers indicated entire self-abandonment, while fathers were often discovered folding a child with one arm, and endeavouring with the other to stem the superincumbent ruins.

The effects of this terrible panic upon the nerves of many individuals were remarkable. Some remained for a long period in a state of helpless debility, and trembled at every trifling occurrence. Others appeared as if paralyzed

stronger nerves, some days later. Some of those who were thus interred felt no terror, but a sense of intoxication, which continued until another shock sobered them, and at the same time, by altering the position of the ruins, enabled them to escape. The most remarkable instance of self-possession and promptitude in sudden peril, occurred at Casoletto, near Oppido, where the Prince was seated at table with his family on the fatal fifth of February. On this day the oscillations of the first shock continued two minutes without interruption, and when the heaving earth began to rock the house, the brother of the Princess, a man distinguished on many occasions for his presence of mind, started from his chair, saw a large chasm opening in the wall, sprang instantly through the aperture, and escaped with the loss of a shoe. Every other member of the family perished except one son, who was afterwards dug out alive. The entire self-mastery displayed by this man under circumstances so appalling, reminds me of a singular instance of self-possession evinced by an Englishman, now resident in Venice. While entertaining a large party to dinner during a thunder storm, the lightning entered and struck a plate out of the hand of a servant standing behind his chair. Turning cooly round, he said to the man," Remind me to-morrow that I order a lightning-conductor."

The Sea.-I found at Scilla the traces of novel and singular phenomena. The changes which had hitherto fallen under my observation were produced by revolutions of the earth and the atmosphere; here, however, the heaviest calamities were occasioned by the sea.

On both sides of the towering rock of Scilla in the earth, which resembled the subdued roll
extends an open level, rising but little above of distant thunder, and continued for several
the sea, and apparently formed by marine de- days, swelling into louder volume whenever
posit. sow covered with wooden bar- the sea rose in higher surges. These various
racks; but before the earthquake it was adorn- indications continued from the first to the fifth
ed with numerous olive trees, and formed a of February, when, immediately after twelve
delightful place of assemblage and promenade at noon, Messina shared the fate of the Calab-
for the inhabitants of Scilla. When the con- rian cities. The morning had been lowering
cussion of the fifth of February frightened and foggy, and at noon the sun emitted.
them out of their houses, they fled with their through the mist a light feeble and pale as
cattle and portable property to this low level moonshine. There was an oppressive and
on the shore; forgetting in their panic how breathless stillness in the air, and in all nature,
often during former earthquakes the sea had which must have been truly awful. It was
rolled over it like a deluge, and swept away described to me-as conveying feelings of hor-
the unfortunate fugitives. And such was their rible and appalling suspense, accompanied
own melancholy fate on the night of the fifth. with an oppressive sense of languor and ex-
Twelve hours after the first shock, and soon haustion. At length about noon, and while all
after midnight, the inhabitants of Scilla, ex- nature appeared to pause for the issue, a rat-
hausted with the terrors and exertions of the tling noise was heard, which seemed to come
day, had fallen asleep amidst their fishing nets, over from Calabria. It came gradually nearer,
some on the damp soil, and others in their and, as it approached, the sea swelled up in.
boats, when the earth rocked, and a huge mass higher surges. Thus awfully and slowly did
of cliff was torn with dreadful uproar from the the convulsion roll over from Calabria, heaving
contiguous Mount Jaci. The people were earth and sea in its appalling progress; and
roused from slumber by the loud convulsion; when it reached the shores of Messina, the
night and darkness increased their dismay, and harbour-mole, which first encountered the
an universal scream of horror raised their panic shock, heaved like a billow, and the splendid
to the highest pitch. With beating hearts and Pazzalata was in great part laid in ruins. Se-
fervent prayers for succour, the appalled mul- veral buildings in varions parts of the city
titude waited some moments in dread suspense, were overthrown by the concussion, but the
when suddenly a rising murmur in the sea in- collective damage occasioned by the first shock
dicated some terrible commotion in its waters. was comparatively small. The earth continued
The awful sound approached, and in an in- to heave and tremble all day with little inter-
stant the raging element, rising 30 palms mission, and the miserable inhabitants endured
above the level of the plain, rolled foaming all the tortures of terror and suspense. At
over it, and swept away the multitude, Then length arrived the night, and with it a terrible
retreating, it left the plain entirely, But soon aggravation of the universal panic. The con-
rushed back again with greater violence, bring- vulsion of the elements increased; the awful
ing with it some of the people and animals it subterraneous rumble (called rombo by the
had carried away; then rising hipher than be- Italians) bellowed like thunder; the sea raged
fore, it reached the roofs of the houses, threw with greater fury; and the terror excited by
men and animals into trees, and upon the these phenomena was aggravated by the cries
roofs, destroyed several buildings, and by thus and groans of the impoverished, the despair-
rapidly retreating and returning several times, ing, the wounded and the dying. A night of
brought back many of the inhabitants alive, horror now ensued, in which a terrible con-
and carried off others who a moment before cussion destroyed about midnight the
had rejoiced in their escape. The water reach-built and largest quarter of the city.
ed the roof of the house in which I lodged at
Scilla, and swept away my hostess and her
child. She caught hold of a plank and clung
to it with one arm, clasping her child of four
years old with the other. The returning wave
threw them on the beach, where they remain-
ed almost senseless until the following morn-
ing, when her husband found them stauggling

in the mud, a considerable distance from his house. The number of people drowned on the beach and in the boats was 1431, according to Vivenzio.

Messina.-The destruction was not so total here as in many towns in Calabria. The lower part only of the city was overthrown, while most of the houses on higher ground remained standing, although greatly injured. The sea first gave note of an approaching convulsion, and for several days before the earthquake, an unusual irregularity was observed in the ebb and flow of the tide. The sea rose furiously at unwonted periods, the raging swell threatened to surmount the protecting mole and overflow the city, and at times subsided suddenly into calm. In the well-known vortex of Charibdis appeared a whirling current, so far surpassing any seen in modern times, as to realize, in some degree, the terrible descriptions of the ancient poets. The laws of animate, as well as inanimate existence, appeared to be suspended; for, amongst other tokens of some great revolution beneath the waters of the strait, was the appearance of large shoals of fishes, and of kinds which, at that season, were rarely seen above the surface. Before each of the succeeding convulsions, these shoals of fishes always gave notice of the impending calamity, and the people, well knowing the fatal signal, greeted them with curses and imprecations, and awaited in sullen desperation the coming evil. The roaring of the sea was accompanied by a deep low muttering

KNOW YE THE HALL.

I'd never languish for want of a luncheon,
I'd never grieve for the want of a treat;
I'd be an Alderman, constantly munching,
Where haunches of venison and green tur-
tles meet.

Oh! could I wheedle the votes at the vestry,
Enchained by turkey, in love with the pastry,
I'd have a share of those good sav'ry things;
And floating in Champagne, while Bow bells
ring.

Those who are cautious are skinny and fretful,
Hunger, alas! nought but ill-humour brings;
I'd be an Alderman, rich with a net full,
Rolling in Guildhall, whilst old Bow bells
ring.

What though you tell me that prompt apoplexy
Grins o'er the glories of Lord Mayor's Day,
'Tis better, my boy, than blue devils to vex ye,
Or ling ring consumption to gnaw you away.
Some in their folly take black-draught and blue-
pill,

And ask ABERNETHY their fate to delay;
I'd be an Alderman, WAITHMAN's apt pupil,
Failing when dinner things are clearing

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Ir, as no one can deny, the study of the animated productions of nature be one of the most delightful that can occupy the attention of man, it is equally true, that of that wide and varied kingdom, the chosen province, the very paradise, is the birds. The gracefulness of their forms, the exquisite delicacy of their covering, the inimitable brilliancy of their colours, the light and life-giving transparency of the element in which they live, the singular of their songs, and the most singular fact, that, variety of their habits, the delightful melody with organs apparently more unfitted for arti culation than many of the quadrupeds, they are the only animals that can imitate man in the wonders of voice, and rival him in the inbest-tricacy of music: these, and a thousand other qualities, with the bare enumeration of which we could fill a number of our journal, render the study of birds a favourite of every elegant mind. Even the fleetest of quadrupeds is heavy and lumbering, in comparison. We boast of the greyhound, which lies panting and breathless upon the earth if it courses round a moderately-sized field, or the race-horse that is exhausted with a three-mile heat; but what are these to the little Swift, that can awaken from the eves of an English cottage in the morning, and nestle in the date-tree on the borders of the great desert of Sahara before the sun be down. That little twitterer is the very puck of creation: it cannot, indeed,

KNOW ye the Hall where the venison and tur-
tle

So often have furnished the Alderman treats?
Where the flowers of the season, the rose and
the myrtle,

Are stuck to the jellies, and mixed with the

sweets?

Know ye the Hall, where the hock and cham-
pagne,

And the Claret, and Chablis, and Burgundy
rain!

Where the pine and the melon are fairest of
fruit,

And the voice of the toast-giver never is mute?
Where the Epicure's nose is oppressed with
perfume,

Which the grouse and the ptarmigan waft
Where the ladies are soft as the victuals they
through the room?

cat,

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"Put a girdle round about the earth In forty minutes;"

but, at the rate of 250 miles an hour, which is lanzani, it can cincture the globe in less than considerably within the computation of Spalfour days, and thus be from England to Africa, breakfast in Eastness, and sup in Kent; and, in the brief space of four hours: even the eider-duck, apparently unwieldy as it is, could let the storm blow its worst, the golden eagle can dash right in the teeth of it at the rate of forty miles an hour.

A PETTICOAT BANNER.

The following article alludes to facts which we presume are familiar to most of our readsent time will give them a keener and pleaers, and we doubt not its perusal at the pre

santer relish than ever. The heroine of the. story we have the honour to be well acquainted with, and common justice requires us to say, that such another "Daughter of '76" cannot be found in "seven cities"-they being in the present effeminate age, "like angels' visits, few and far between."-Hartford Times.

In the speech of Mr. Pearce, on the bill for the relief of Penelope Donny, he mentioned

the under petticoat of Mrs. Bailey of Stonington, instead of Groton, the scene of her patriotic heroism, (Mr. Barber, her next door neighbour, might have corrected Mr. P.) The introduction of so singular an article in a congressional debate, might excite a smile, unless accompanied by an explanation. In 1814, when Commodore Decatur's squadron was blockaded by Commodore Hardy, Stonington was attacked by the enemy, and gained immortal honour by repulsing them. Attacks were also threatened on New London and Decatur, daily, nightly, and hourly, either in earnest, or by way of harassing diversion. On one occasion, the hostile ships were within half an hour's sail of New London. The forts and lines were manned there and at Groton, half a mile distant on the opposite side of the river. In the urgency of the case, two 18 or 24 pounders which were unoccupied, were taken by the citizens not on duty, and mounted on a breastwork, and measures taken to furnish ammunition for them. In the constant state of alarm that existed, the dry goods had been removed from the stores, and the clothing from the houses in the village, for fear of a repetition of its fate in 1781, when it was burnt and plundered. Paper being found insufficient for cartridges, flannel was sought for and very little found. In this critical emergency, with the enemy almost within gunshot, Mrs. Batley, wife of Captain Elijah Bailey, postmaster, a genuine daughter of '76, who had remained firm at her post, loosened her flannel, bidding them to take it in defence of her country, and if other garments would be of service, they might have them also. The pet ticoat, however, was not made into cartridges by the gallant volunteers, who made a standard of it, declaring they would fight under it to the last drop of their blood, rather than strike it to the enemy. President Monroe, on his tour through Connecticut, was introduced to Mrs. Bailey, and told the story, which was repeated to Lafayette on his visit to that place and seeing the heroine of the anecdote.

M. DE KOROS, THE TRAVELLER IN
TIBET.

THE following letter, apparently written by Mr. J. G. Gerard, of the Company's medical establishment, has appeared in the Calcutta John Bull. It is dated from Soobathoo, January 13th, 1829.

I am only lately arrived from a trip through the old tract, viz. Kunáwar, which I had hoped would reward me with some consoling recompense for the sacrifice I made for its accomplishment; but I failed entirely in my object of establishing the vaccine, owing to the folly and timidity of the Besáher Rajah. However, I have obtained some particulars in my journey, which, if not equivalent to the pecuniary losses I suffered, are at least interesting. The fossils and shells which occurred in my route, are very strange objects. They are chiefly valuable from having myself seen them in situ. They comprise cockles, muscles, and pearl fish, univalves, and long cylindrical productions, which are most singular objects. I found them lying upon the high land at 15,500 feet, in a bed of granite and pulverized slate; the adjacent rocks being at the same time of shell limestone. All the shells are turned into carbonate of lime, and many are crystallized like marble. I came upon a village at a height of 14,700 feet; are you not surprised that human beings could exist at such an elevation? It was yet the middle of October, and the thermometer on two mornings was 17°: what it is, at this season of the year, I cannot guess; yet the sun's rays felt oppressive, and all the streams and lakes which were sheeted with ice during the night, were free and running by two o'clock. The finest crops of barley are reared here, and to irrigation and solar heat are the people indebted for a crop. The barometer gave for the highest field 14,900 feet of elevaLion; this verifies the observations, or rather

inferences, on the limit of cultivation in the
upper course of the Sutluj; and I think it
quite possible, and even probable, that crops
may vegetate at 16,000 and 17,000 feet. The
yaks and shawl goats at this village seemed
finer than at any other spot within my obser-
vation. In fact, both men and animals appear
to live on and thrive luxuriantly, in spite of
Quarterly Reviewers and Professor Buckland,
who had calmly consigned those lofty regions,
and those myriads of living beings, to perpetual
ice and oblivion. What would have become of
the beautiful shawl goats, which furnish those
superb tissues that adorn the ivory shoulders
of our fair countrywomen, had the Professor
and the Quarterly the management of these
matters their own way?

Loompoo and Lahassea, and by their assistance study the Mongol language, which he considers the key to Chinese literature, and through it get access to Mengolia, where he expects to discover much interesting knowledge; but, unfortunately, he wants resources. The lama receives twenty-five rupees a month, a servent costs him four, his house-rent one, and his writing materials a proportion; so that he has not actually twenty rupees left for the necessaries and comforts of life in that cold region of the mountains. It would be liberality well bestowed to render him the little aid he stands in need of; but he is so tenacious of his independence, and carries his nicety of feeling to such a degree, that he will accept of nothing but from a public source, and from that, "On the north eastern frontier of Kunáwar, only because he finds himself able to make a close to the stone bridge, I attained a height of suitable return in his works. The only things more than 20,000 feet, without crossing snow, he has ever accepted from me, are a Latin the barometer showing 14,320, thermometer dictionary and a Greek lexicon, which are use27 at 1 P. M. Notwithstanding this eleva-ful in the arrangement of his materials. "I tion, I felt oppressed by the sun's rays, though offered him some rice and sugar, which I knew the air in the shade was freezing. The view he was in want of; but he returned them, and from this spot was grand and terrific beyond sent me sixteen rupees to purchase some artithe power of language to describe. I had an- cles at this place, which I have done and desticipated a peep into China itself, but I only patched to him. He is much in want of anbeheld its lofty frontier, all arid, and bare, and cient authors to consult; for instance, Pliny, desolate. It was a line of naked peaks, scarce Ptolemy, Quintius, Diodorus Siculus, &c. a stripe of snow appearing; yet every point The Asiatic Society might perhaps supply his had an angle of altitude of a few minutes, some wants, and this small boon could not possibly half a degree, and at a very considerable dis- be bestowed upon a brighter object of their patance; this argues at least 21,000 feet. tronage: indeed, my humble opinion is, that, if his allowance were made up to one hundred rupees a month, either by the Society or by Government, it would be a well-earned tribute, and one which would be amply repaid. M. Csoma showed me his labours with eagerness and pride. He has read through forty-four volumes of the Thibetian Encyclopædia, and they have fully rewarded his perseverance. He has discovered part of the Mahabharat, a poetical work, which (at least great part of it) is supposed to be lost. His learned companion, the lama, has informed him that lithographic printing has flourished for ages in the ancient cities of Teshoo Loompoo and Lahassa; and that, at the former place, the anatomy of the human body is represented in sixty different positions in cuts or prints. The Kanjur, or work in Thibetian which treats of sciences and arts, has five volumes devoted to medicine. The geography of Thibet promises to receive very considerable illustration from the printed records deposited in the monasteries. Mansarawur being considered the central source of several great rivers, is a mere figurative position, as indicating the highest level or point from which the waters are thrown off in all directions; for the Hindoos as well as the Thibetians, know as well as we do, that two rivers cannot flow out of the same lake in opposite directions.

"I found Chinese guards stationed at all the passes, partly in consequence of Lord Amherst's visit to Simla, but chiefly on account of some mandarins from China itself, who were moving slowly along the table-land, and taxing the whole country. They have been settling the affairs of Ludak, and I fancy, not much to the advantage of the rajah who sought their advice. At Dankur, I had a most friendly interview with the Ludak wuzeer, who gave me a dinner, accompanied by buttered tea, in the Tartar fashion, stamped biscuits, and dried fruits. The tea, as you may imagine, was not very grateful, and I had much apprehension for its fate, after I thought it was safely lodged. On leaving the Ludak (Spíti) territory, I was most agreeably surprised by a visit from a Chinese officer, who had travelled day and night to meet me. He was a very strange figure, dressed out in a cloak of woollen broad-cloth, trimmed with fur, a headdress crowned by a trident, a knife in his girdle, and boots of Bulgar or Russian leather. He was a man of medicine, and received many drugs from me, the uses of which he wrote down, and a pair of lancets which he seemed to know how to use: there was much of character in this personage. He drank a liquor which tasted to me like bad beer, and each time he emptied his silver cup, he filled up my tumbler much against my own wishes. There was a great deal of apparent openness manifested in all his actions; but I cannot view so unusual a departure from their accustomed suspicious vigilance, without some doubts of the sincerity of the part which this man performed. On taking leave of me, he shook both my hands, and assured me of an invitation to Lake Mansarawur next season. He had heard of my searching for fossils and curiosities, and presented me with a petrifaction from Lake Mansarawur; it seems a species of Medusa.

"But perhaps the most interesting circumstance of my tour was my meeting with the Hungarian traveller, M. Csoma Körös, at the monastery of Kánam, in Kunàwar. I found him, with his learned associate the lama, surrounded with books, and in the best health. He has made great progress with his literary studies, having nearly finished his grammar and dictionary of the Thibetian language, which he has pledged himself to government to fulfil; but his objects are vast and comprehensive, and the works he is now engaged in will form but a prelude to further researches. He wishes to invite learned men from Teshoo

"On the retrogression of literature in India, and before it, learning fled to Thibet, and there found an asylum; and on this account we are warranted to look to that country for literary riches. The very fact of printing and printed works of gigantic magnitude argues favourably, and M. Csoma's discoveries are far from the least estimable part of this vast terra incognita. M. Csoma's abode in Kunáwur is particularly favourable to any object of enterprise; and if I could but once establish vaccination amongst the lamas, I might get access to new and strange countries. M. Csoma's intelligent companion, being superior to prejudice, and possessing a modest confidence of this superiority, even offered to be vaccinated; but as I could hardly depend upon the effect, and could not have stopped to abide the result, the lama considerately thought it better to forego operation than risk a failure, which, in my absence, would likely have proved fatal to the cause. I should wish to make another trip this year, but I will not undertake it without some encouragement."

M. Csoma de Körös is a Transylvanian by birth, but of Hungarian origin; he is the indi

vidual referred to by Bishop Heber, in one of his letters, as a person "calling himself a Transylvanian, but who is shrewdly suspected of being a Russian spy:" one of those hastily written passages which maturer knowledge and experience would have induced the bishop to expunge. A very full account of the travels of M. de Körös was given in our journal, vol. xxi. p. 763, as from the Journal Asiatique of Paris, not being then aware (for it was not so stated) that it was merely a translation from the Oriental Magazine of Calcutta for March, 1825.

M. de Körös left Nagy Enyed, in Transylvania, in November, 1819, traversed Wallachia, Bulgaria, and Romania, and thence proceeded to Egypt and Syria. Staying a short time at Aleppo, he set out for Persia by way of Bag. dad, and remained some months at Tehran. He then proceeded to Khorasan, and travelled through Bokhara, Kulm, and Bamian, to Cabul, thence to Peshawer, Cashmire, and Lei, the capital of Ludak, where he arrived in June, 1822. He subsequently met with the late Mr. Moorcroft, in Tibet, who aided him in his views of studying the Tibetan language and literature, with what success the above interesting communication, and some papers transmitted to the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, afford a satisfactory criterion.

Mont Blanc is concealed by considerable mountains which stand before it.-On the 23d of June, they reached the rocky island of Kavaga, in lat. 58 59 north, which has no trees, but is covered with thickets, that afford a retreat, but very seldom disturbed, to innumerable bears, foxes, and marmots. In the bay of the same name is the small and almost inaccessible island, called Werchaturafskaja, where the valuable black foxes are said to abound.-On the 11th of July they observed Cape Thadeus, which forms the southern point of the Sea of Anadir, and was found by observation to be in 61° 40' north latitude.-On the 14th they descried the snowy plains of the Island of St. Lawrence; on the 15th they enjoyed the view of both continents at once on Gwosdef's Islands, which lie between them; and on the 16th they cast anchor in St. Lawrence Bay, in lat. 65° 37'. Here they, for the first time, had some intercourse with the Tchoukches, a fine vigorous race of men, who received them very kindly, and during their temporary stay kept up a most friendly intercourse with them. This nation is usually divided into two tribes, distinguished by the name of the Sitting, and the Reindeer Tchoukches. The former dwell in the most sterile spots on the sea-coast, and in their leather boats navigate the ocean, which affords them every thing they need. The sea furnishes them the materials for their boats, their houses, and their clothing; food, arms, Russian Voyage of Discovery.-In the mid- and fuel, by the capture of whales, walrusses, dle of June 1828, the Siniavin had left, for the and seals. The Beindeer Tchoukches traverse second time, the harbour of St. Peter and St. the continent with their numerous herds; they Paul, and sailed, with a favourable wind, on its differ both in language and manners from the voyage to examine Behring's Straits. The others. They are far more warlike, but carry coast of Kamtschatka afforded the navigators on in an amicable manner the intercourse and a very striking prospect. From the centre of trade between the Russians living on the KoAvatscha Bay they had a view of five immense lyma and elsewhere, and the tribes dwelling mountains, which rise, insulated and steep, on the coasts, the produce of whose fishery is above some lower eminences. On the south absolutely necessary to them. There is no difside of the bay stands Viluschinskaja, a magni- ference between the two tribes, either in exficent peak, covered with eternal snow, which, ternal appearance or in dress. The intercourse by trigonometrical measurement, is 6342 feet with the Russians is indispensable to both, in height. The Kamtschadale relates with partly to obtain iron and copper goods, and dread the traditions relative to the subterrane- partly, and indeed chiefly, for tobacco, of which ous spirits in the interior of this mountain; both sexes are passionately fond. For a few but the mind of the spectator who visits these leaves of Russian tobacco and some needles, countries for the first time is seized and en- any thing may be obtained from them. Thick chained by very different feelings, which no fogs prevented them from continuing their language can express. These are mountains operations on the coast. After cruising about which rise singly from the plain, on a level a long time, they at length cast anchor on the with the sea, and whose ice-crowned summits 27th, at the entrance of the Bay of Metschigare lost in the azure vault of the firmament. menski, intending, as it was then late in the The heart throbs with double violence, a day, to enter the port next morning; but a hitherto unfelt and almost painful emotion very violent wind blowing from shore would overpowers the astonished spectator; yet he not permit it; and after losing a whole day, cannot tear himself away from this sublime they found it necessary to abandon the atscene. In the starry night, in which the con- tempt and steer to the south, having little time tours of the mountains are strongly marked, in to spare. In lat. 64° 47′ they came to an apconsequence of the dazzling whiteness of the parent inlet, which had been already observed snow, he appears to forget the stars of heaven, by Clarke. They immediately sent out boats because he cannot abstract his eyes from the to look for a harbour, in which they succeeded. colossi of the earth. One of these mountains, The following day the naturalists made an exthe Karazkaja, which is but little inferior in cursion, and convinced themselves that what elevation to the Peak of Teneriffe, as it mea- had hitherto been taken for a part of the consures 11,468 feet, constantly emits columns of tinent, was in fact an island.-On the 29th smoke from its northern side, though profound they changed their anchoring-place, and persilence and tranquillity prevail in its interior.ceived, from the hills, that they were in a conThis is not the case with its next neighbour, the Avatschankaja (the burning), whose top, enveloped in thick clouds of smoke, threw out, so recently as last year, immense masses of fire, and spread terror and consternation among the inhabitants. The lowest mountain, which slopes down to the sea-coast, is the Kaselskaja. But the most gigantic of them, which is visible at a distance of 160 sea miles, and which, at the same time, announces the terrible revolutions which this peninsula has undergone, is the Kluschefskaja, or Kamtschatskaja, which has but very lately thrown out ashes and lava. Its summit, which is involved in thick clouds of smoke, is more elevated than that of Mont Blanc, being 16,542 feet above the level of the sea. But the Swiss mountains must make a very different impression from that which this Asiatic volume excites, because the latter rises immediately from the ocean, while the foot of

siderable channel, formed by two large islands
and the continent of Asia. This channel,
which contains a number of excellent harbours,
received the name of Siniävin Strait; and in
the time that intervened to the 6th of August,
it was accurately surveyed by the captain and
the officers. Cape Mertens forms the southern
entrance of this channel, which, ever since the
time of Cook, has been taken for a bay. Here
they left Behring's Straits, sailed on the 9th
of August round Cape Ischakotzk, and were
again in the Sea of Anadir.-On the 14th they
were off a cape where Behring had been ex-
actly a hundred years before, on the same day
at noon; for which reason Captain Lütke call-
ed it Behring's Cape.-On the 16th they reach-
ed the great, and hitherto undescribed, bay of
the Holy Cross, where they remained till the
5th of September, and made an accurate sur-
vey of it; from which it appeared, that it ex-

tended farther, to the north than East Cape in Behring's Straits, and reached the polar circle. Here, however, the winter overtook them with all its northern terrors-violent storms, heavy snow, and thick fogs; and they were compelled, to their great regret, to leave these dangerous coasts, on which they had remained longer than any preceding navigators. It was not till the 23d that they happily arrived in the harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul, where, to their great joy, they found the Moller, which had returned to that place on the 20th of August. They intended to put to sea again on the 28th of October, to survey some of the western Carolines, and then return to Europe by the way of Manilla and the Straits of Sunda. Not a single man had died on board the Siniävin druing this long voyage.

Varieties.

Inland Trade between Mexico and the United States.-The inland trade between Mexico and the United States is increasing rapidly. This is, perhaps, one of the most curious species of foreign intercourse which the ingenuity and enterprise of American traders ever originated. The extent of country which the caravans traverse-the long journies they have to make-the-rivers and morasses to cross→→ the prairies, forests, and all but African deserts to penetrate, require the most steel-foed constitutions, and the most energetic minds. The accounts of the inland expeditions remind one of the caravans in the East-those famous pieces of narrative and fiction which throws an air of fascination over the stories and tales

of Asiatic or African origin. The dangers which both encounter-the caravan of the "East," and the caravan of tho "West"-are equally alarming and equally numerous. Men of high, chivalric, and somewhat romantic notions are required for both.

By the late caravan, $200,000 in specie were brought to Fayette, Missouri, besides a considerable quantity of other valuable merchandise. Specie is an article of some importance in the western states, the paper currency of that quarter of the Union not being in the best condition. Opening an avenue to Mexico by which specie can be procured in exchange for American productions, is therefore, an object of much and just importance.

The route which this singular inland trade takes, is beyond the usual boundaries or highways of the country. The caravans generally strike away to the southwest, near the heads of the Arkansas and Red rivers, not far from the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The caravan referred to, travelled about a thousand miles through the Indian country, before it reached the Mexican boundary. Within the limits of our sister republic it has about the same distance to traverse, and equal dangers to encounter.

This inland trade to Mexico, promises to be valuable to the western states. It ought to be encouraged and protected by every proper measure within the competency of the government, and it is on this principle that the Secretary at War has recommended mounting a few companies of United States troops, which will give to these inland traders all that protection which is necessary and useful. It may become, in time, a subject of negotiation between Mexico and the United States. At present, the principal aid to be afforded by our government, consists in a right disposition of the United States troops stationed in those regions; and if the Secretary's suggestion is adopted; it will prevent the Indians and others, from plundering the caravans and destroying those men who engage in the enterprise.-N. Y. Courier.

Moderation of Ancient Church Wardens.-In the churchwardens' account of the parish of St. Clement Danes, at the time the present church was building, there is a charge of ons

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