Penn's the purpose he so clearly announced. He went back to CHAP. VII. Scotland, and then returned to London. In that interval, 1682. William Penn, under the pressure of "friends," and with 25 April. the aid of Algernon Sidney, drew up and published a frame 5 May. of government and laws for Pennsylvania, the large beney- frame of olence of which-surpassing the liberality of Marylandfurnished a model worthy to be carefully studied by the proprietor of New York.* govern ment. After waiting in vain several months for his prosecutor to appear, Dyer petitioned the king to be acquitted and al- 29 June. lowed to proceed against Winder. It was accordingly ordered in council that he be discharged from his bond, which 30 Septem. was delivered to him, so that he might take his remedy at charged. law. In recompense for his losses, Dyer was soon after- 1683. ward appointed surveyor general of his majesty's customs 4 January. in the American Plantations.† Dyer dis Randolph pepper Massachu In the mean time, Randolph, returning in disgust from 16 April. his second visit to Boston, had urged legal proceedings to and Culvacate the charter of Massachusetts. Lord Culpepper, of against Virginia, also advised that the king should send a governor setts. general to New England, without which his colonies "could not be brought to a perfect settlement." Charles, now almost absolute, determined to act with effect against his father's corporation of Massachusetts Bay. He had already 1680. granted a patent to Secretary Blathwayt to be surveyor and 19 May. auditor general of all his revenues in America, with power to appoint such inferior officers as the lords of the treasury should direct. Blathwayt accordingly appointed Randolph 1681. to be his deputy in all the New England colonies except New Hampshire. With this power Randolph went back deputy to to Boston, bearing a letter from the king requiring his cor- 21 October. poration of Massachusetts forthwith to send over agents to letter to excuse its irregularities, in default of which a writ of quo setts. warranto would be prosecuted, and the charter granted by his father be "legally evicted and made void." To this * Colonial Rec. Penn., i., 29–42; Colden, ii., 182–206; Proud, i., 196–200; ii., App., 5-20; Chalmers, i., 642, 660; Dixon, 181-186; Grahame, i., 314, 506–509; Bancroft, ii., 366, 367; Kent's Commentaries, ii., 35, 36. + Col. Doc., iii., 318-321; Chalmers, i., 583; Mass. Rec., v., 460, 530. After a cool reception in Massachusetts, in October, 1684, Dyer went to Pennsylvania, and thence to Jamaica: Penn. Coll. Rec., i., 148, 197, 198, 209-211; Val. Man., 1853, 388; 1864, 580. In June, 1683, Brockholls ordered the justices at Gravesend not to let Winder plead before them, because of his malicious behavior to Dyer: Entries, xxxiii., 65, 66; ante, 352, 353. 15 October. Randolph Blathwayt. The king's Massachu 1681. Dudley and agents. CHAP. VII. peremptory command the Puritan colony was obliged to succumb. She could no longer pretend to be independent, while she set up her royal patent. Her only alternative was open, manly rebellion. But this would have been by 1682. no means profitable; and so, with a very bad grace, her 23 March. corporate authorities deputed Joseph Dudley and John Richards to represent them in England. "Necessity, and not duty," obliged this action. And now Massachusetts adopted the maxim attributed to the Jesuits, "the end justifies the means." She accordingly provided her agents with a "credit for large sums of money to purchase, if they can, what their promises cannot obtain." This "singular Bribery by method" of Puritanism, in offering a bribe for the king's "private service," was approved, if not advised, by Edward Cranfield, the royal governor of New Hampshire, who had just come from England.* 31 May. Massachu setts. The domestic affairs of New York continued to be disturbed, in spite of Brockholls's efforts, and his announcement of the duke's orders to continue all magistrates in 9 March. their places until farther directions. Esopus and Albany New York. Were troublesome, but Long Island was the chief scene of 17 Febry. opposition; and Richard Cromwell and Thomas Hicks, two 22 Feb'y of the justices of the North Riding, were ordered to be ar Troubles in rested for disaffection to the government. William Nicolls 2 October. and John Tudor were afterward directed to appear at the next Court of Assizes, and prosecute for the king all indictments found.t 11 May. Connecticut now took the opportunity to revive her boundary question. Counselor Frederick Phillipse, having bought of the Indians a tract of land on the Pocantico Creek, or Mill River, just above the present village of Tarrytown, "whereon to set a mill," had obtained a patent for it from Andros; and began to improve his property. HearConnecti- ing of this, the Connecticut authorities wrote to Brockholls, claiming that, according to the boundary agreement of 1664, cut boundary. * Chalmers's Annals, i., 410-413, 443-450; Hutch. Mass., i., 330-337; Coll., 526–540; Mass. Rec., v., 333, 334, 316-349, 521-529; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 52, 56; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 303, 307; N. Y. Col. MSS., xxix., 97; Bancroft, ii., 123; Barry, i., 465-474; Palfrey, iii., 288, 342-369, 407, 410, 411, 424; ante, 336, 337. † Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxii, 100, 108, 109, 111; Entries, xxxiii., 10, 11, 17; Col. MSS., xxx., 64, 65. Mr. H. P. Hedges, in his anniversary oration at Easthampton in 1850, says that an address to Brockholls was adopted in June, 1682, at the general training of the militia. But I think this address must have been drawn up in 1683, and was intended for Dongan, as it is word for word the same as that of 10 September, 1683, in Thomp. L. I., i., 315; ii., 228. that colony, and not New York, owned the territory from CHAP. VII. Mamaroneck north-northwestward, touching the Hudson 1682. River southward of Phillipse's mills, and extending northward to the Massachusetts line; and they had the audacity to desire, in very careful words, that the duke's officers would countenance their attempted swindle. Brockholls knew that Connecticut was never to approach within twenty miles of the Hudson River. He therefore reproved her 29 May. for so knavishly returning the "kind treatment" she had received from New York, and referred the question to the Referred to Duke of York, who soon caused it to be fairly settled.* the duke. and Mary Another intercolonial incident happened this summer. John Williams, having captured a ketch from the Spaniards at Cuba, named her the "Ruth," turned pirate, robbed at June. Accomac in Virginia, and attempted to seize Lord Baltimore in Maryland, to get from him a large ransom. With New York another sloop, Williams then went to the east of Long Isl- land. and, and captured several vessels, one of which belonged to Justice Arnold, of Southold. Brockholls at once directed 28 July. all pirates to be brought to New York. The sloop Planter's Adventure, Captain Tristram Stevens, was also sent to cruise 7 August. against the pirates. Several were secured by the authori- 14 August. ties of Rhode Island and Connecticut; and Brockholls, Pirates having arrested two, dispatched them to Sir Henry Chiche- sent back. ley, the deputy governor of Virginia, to be dealt with there 30 Septem. according to law.† 1,8, 28, and fairs in The ecclesiastical affairs of New York also required atten- Church aftion. Eliphalet Jones, the minister at Huntington, on Long New York. Island, was dealt with for denying baptism to the children of those whom he charged with "loose lives." At Staten Island and Albany there was trouble about their clergymen. In the metropolis, Domine Van Nieuwenhuysen, the patriarch, went to his rest; and the Consistory of the Dutch Church called, as his successor, Domine Henricus Selyns, who, having refused their invitation in 1670, now returned to America, and began a new and laborious service.t * Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxii, 121, 122, 123, 124; Colonial MSS., xxx., 87; Ixix., 7; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 100, 313, 314; Report of Boundary Commissioners, 1857, 42, 43, 105, 106; Bolton's Westchester, i., 175, 176, 316–319; Col. Doc., iii., 333; ante, 53–56. † Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxii, 138-147, 156, 157; Entries, xxxiii., 2, 3, 8, 9; Col. MSS., xxx., 111, 117, 118, 119; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 314–320; R. I. Rec., iii., 119, 120; Arnold, i., 469. Col. Doc., iii., 646; Doc. Hist., ii., 247; iii., 210, 244, 533-535; Thompson, i., 481; Col. MSS., xxx., 97; Murph. Anthol.; Dank, and Slyt. Jour.; Corr. Cl. Amst. ; ante, 175, 331. CHAP. VII. Meanwhile the Jesuit missions among the Iroquois had been declining. In 1680 James de Lamberville left Cagh The Jesuits nawaga, and joined his brother John, the superior, at Ononamong the daga; while Vaillant remained a year longer alone at Tion 1682. Iroquois. 7 August. the West. Hennepin's nontoguen, and then gave up the Mohawk mission. Millet staid among the Oneidas, and Carheil among the Cayugas. Raffeix having left the Senecas, Garnier remained alone among them, but with less influence--probably caused by the visit of La Salle, and, perhaps, by the presence of Father Melithon Watteau in Fort Conty, at Niagara.* 1679. After leaving the Upper Niagara, La Salle had sailed in La Salle in the Griffin through Lake Erie, traversed the other lakes beyond, and anchored safely in Green Bay. The bark was 18 Septem. quickly freighted with furs, and sent back to Niagara, with orders to return to the head of Lake Michigan; and La Salle, with his exploring party, coasted southward in canoes. But the Griffin was never heard of again, and the first decked vessel built in Western New York is supposed to 1680. have foundered between Green Bay and Mackinac. DisJanuary. heartened by his reverses, La Salle built a fort on the Illinois River, below Lake Peoria, which he appropriately 29 Feb'y named "Crèvecœur." Hennepin was now dispatched, with rascality. two Frenchmen, in a canoe, down the Illinois, to explore the Upper Mississippi. The father accordingly visited the great falls of the latter river, which he named after his patron, Saint Anthony of Padua. Afterward he met some Canadian fur-traders, under Daniel du Luth, with whom he 1681. came back to Michilimackinack. After remaining there 6 April. until Easter, he returned to Niagara, whence he revisited the great Seneca village of Todehacto, or Conception, where, on Whitsunday, he conferred with Tegancourt, the chief of the tribe. At Montreal Hennepin was cordially received by Frontenac, to whom he gave "an exact acNovember. count" of his adventures; and he soon afterward sailed from Quebec to France, without having met La Salle since their parting at Fort Crèvecœur, in February, 1680.† 26 May. * Col. Doc., iii., 518; ix., 171, 190, 193, 762, 838; Shea's Missions, 274, 286, 289, 293, 294, 313, 374, 410; Disc. Miss., 91; Sparks's La Salle, 26; ante, 326, 327. + Hennepin's Louisiana, 50-187, 188-312; New Discovery, 77-144, 145-299; La Potherie, ii., 137-140; Hist. Col. Lou., i., 54, 56, 200-214; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 245, 246; Col. Doc., iii., 254; ix., 131, 132, 135, 141, 158, 334, 795; Col. MSS., xxxv., 160; Shea's Discovery, 91-147, 161; Sparks's La Salle, 26-59, 78-93; Charlevoix, ii., 267, 271; Garneau, i., 239-241; ante, 321, 324. It need hardly be repeated to scholars that Hennepin's afterthought, in his "New adven After dispatching Hennepin up the Mississippi, La Salle CHAP. VII. left Tonty in command of Crèvecœur, and returned on foot 1680. to Fort Frontenac, after directing a new fort, which he 2 March. named "Saint Louis," to be built near the present town of La Salle's Peoria, in Illinois. Before this fort was completed, six tures. hundred Iroquois and Miamis, commanded by the Seneca chief Tegancourt, attacked the weaker prairie warriors of 10 Septem. the Illinois, of whom twelve hundred were slain or taken captive. La Salle, on reaching Cataracouy, had meanwhile found himself overwhelmed with misfortunes-" in a word, that except the Count de Frontenac, all Canada seemed in league against his undertaking." Duchesnau, the intendant, wrote to Paris that, under pretext of discoveries, the 13 Novem. intrepid explorer of France in the New World was trading with the Ottawas, in violation of his patent from the king. After sending to Frontenac a memoir of his doings, in which he recommended the Ohio as a "shorter and better" 9 Novem. route to the great West, La Salle went back to the Illinois December. country, where he found his fort, Saint Louis, deserted. 1681. Thence he returned to Michilimackinack, where he met his June. lieutenant, Tonty, and then went down to Montreal to recruit his own forces. Embarking at the head of the Niagara, the undismayed adventurer returned to the Miami. 2s August. Duchesnau, the intendant of Canada, had always been La Salle's backbiter. This was the inevitable antagonism of genius and inferiority. But the noble-minded Frontenac prophesied to his king that, despite of the obstacles and 2 Novem. misfortunes he had encountered, La Salle would still "ac- and Ducomplish his discovery; and that, if he were a living man, differ. he would proceed, next spring, to the South Sea."* Frontenac chesnau 6 7 April. Frontenac's prediction that La Salle would succeed was fulfilled. Early the next year the follower of Jolliet and 1682. Marquette floated down the Illinois River, and traced the Feby. stream of the Mississippi until at last its yellow waters be- La Salle excame salt, and the sea was discovered in the Gulf of Mex- Mississippi. ico. The American problem of the century was solved. Frenchmen had reached the outlet which Spaniards had Discovery," of his having descended the Mississippi to the Gulf, is an audacious falsehood: plores the |