EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. FIG. I.-HALF MIDSHIP SECTION OF A WOODEN SHIP. a. Keel; b. Keelson; c. False Keel; d. Keelson rider; e. Side or sister keelsons; f. Limber-boards; g. Chocks for filling up to planking; h. Clamps, or sea scarfs; j. Shelf, or stringer; k. Standard knees; 7. Inside planking, or lining; m. Outside planking, or skin, made up of strakes; m. 2. Garboard strakes; m 3. Thick strakes at bilge; m 4. Thick strakes above water line, called wales; p. Sheer strake; q. Water ways; r. Planksheer; s. Stanchion, or rough tree timber; t. Outside planking above deck, called bulwarks or quickwork; u. Rail, or rough-tree rail; v. Deck; w. Upper deck beams; x. Pad-piece; y. Hold beams (i.e., the beams in the hold.) Timbers. 1. Floor timber, ground futtock or navel futtock (1st futtock); 2. 2nd Futtock; 3. 3rd Futtock (middle futtocks); 4. Top timber (4th futtock); 5, 6. Riders. FIG. II.-HALF MIDSHIP SECTION OF A STRONG CRUISING YACHT, DOUBLE PLANKED. a. Keel; b. Keelson; c. Mast-step; d. Knee; e. Fillets; f. Limber spaces; g. Garboard strakes; h. Skin; j. Case; k. Stringers; . Wale; m. Gunwale; n, Stanchion, or timber-head; p. Bulwark planking; q. Rail; r. Deck; s. Beam; t. Hanging knee. Timbers: 1 Ground futtock; 2. Middle futtock; 3. Top-timber. FIG. III.-HALF MIDSHIP SECTION OF AN OPEN SAILING-BOAT. a. Keel; b. Keelson; c. Limber spaces; d. Flat floor; e. Bent timber, head, or bent head (rib); f. Bilge keel; g. Planking; h. Saxboard, or gunwale strake; j. Rubbing piece (the edge of the gunwale); k. Water-way (side deck); 1. Coaming; m. Stringer; n. Wiring (stringers carrying thwarts); p. Thwart (seat). FIG, IV.-LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A HALF-DECKED SAILING-BOAT. a. Keel; b. Keelson; c. False keel; d. Deadwoods (stem and stern); e. Stem-post; e 2. Stem-band; f. Stemson; g. Apron; h, Breasthook; j. Stem-head; k. Knighthead; . Beams; m. Mast; n. Mast-step; p. Mast-case; q. Partners; r. Bowsprit bitts; s. Ribs, or timbers; t Stringers; t 2. Wiring (stringers carrying thwarts); u. Flat floors; v. Floor boards; w. Stern-post; w 2. Sternson; x. Transom; y. Counter stay; z. Carline. FIG. V.-PART FRAME OF A FISHING VESSEL. n. Futtocks (ribs); n 2. Stanchion, or FIG. VI.-PART FRAME OF AN OPEN BOAT. a. Keel; b. Keelson; c. Stem; d. Nose; e. Bent heads, heads, or bent timbers; f. Breasthook; g. Saxboard (the topmost strake); h. Wale, or rub bing piece; j. Gunwale; k. Inwale; l. Bilge Keel; m. Foot walings; n. Floor timbers; p. Flat floors; q. Head sheets; r. Stringers. FIG. VII.-(1) SECTION OF STEM-POST AND APRON. (2) STEM AND BREASTHOOK. Frapping.—In emergency, the bracing together of ropes so as to increase their tension. The term also sometimes signifies the binding up of anything with ropes to prevent its bursting, a practice which, as applied to ships, appears to be very ancient, for St. Luke mentions, in his description of St. Paul's voyage (Acts xxvii., 17), that "they used helps, undergirding the ship. But the practice is extinct Falconer, writing more than a century since, describes it even then as a remnant of the floating coffins. The word frap still exists, however, meaning to bind or draw together.' the frappings of the shrouds (to the masts) are called cat-harpings. Fray.-To become torn at the edge, as of a sail; or untwisted, as of a rope. : 66 66 At sea Free.-Sailing free.-Sailing with the wind abaft the beam. Freeboard.—That portion of the vessel's side which is "free" of the water; that is, which is not submerged. Its extent is measured from the load water line to the deck where the distance is shortest. (See diagrams under FRAME.) Freight. The sum of money paid for the hire of a vessel or part of her is her freightage. Hence that which she carries has come to be regarded as her freight. 66 66 French.-The word freshen is sometimes pronounced Frenchen as in frenchen hawse, etc. French fake.-A species of Flemish coil (which see). Fresh.-Fresh breeze or fresh gale.-That which on shore might be called a high wind. Thus the wind may be said to be blowing fresh. Freshen, freshen up.-To slacken off, as of a rope. The term is a relic of the days of rope cables, which, being always liable to chafe and wear bare at the hawse holes, were constantly being freshened. They were served with canvas or leather; but this serving being quickly worn through required constant fresh application of the service (binding material); and this was called freshening. Fresh way. When a vessel increases her speed she is said to get fresh way. Fret. To chafe. Frigate. In the modern meaning a full-rigged ship. (See FULL-RIGGED SHIP.) The old first-class line of battle ships, in the days of our wooden walls, were full-rigged, with three decks, while the frigates had but two; and this appears to have been their distinguishing mark, for they also were full-rigged. A frigate was supposed to be a fast sailing vessel for cruising alone, or in company with only one or two others, or for escorting merchantmen, and was not a line of battle ship. Some of the ironclad ships built in later years, though powerful steam vessels, were of this rig, as are also many of the fine merchantmen trading with the colonies to-day. The old East Indiamen were often frigate-built. This, according to Falconer, "implies the disposition of the decks of such merchantships as have a descent of four or five steps from the quarter-deck and forecastle into the waist, in contradistinction to those whose decks are on a continued line for the whole length of the ship, which are called galley built." 66 Frigatoon. The original frigate is said to have been a Mediterranean vessel, propelled by both oars and sails. At a later time a frigatoon is described as a Venetian vessel built with a square stern; without any foremast; having only a main mast, a mizzen mast, and bolt-sprit, used in the Adriatick Sea" (Bailey's Dictionary). Smyth describes this vessel as having main and jigger masts and bowsprit, with square stern. Frost lamp.-A lamp at one time used in light-houses; its advantage being that the oil was kept running in cold weather. Full.—A sail is said to be full when every inch of it is drawing. Hence, keep her full will mean keep her drawing; or, in other words, do not go too close to the wind. Full and by the wind.--Sailing with the wind ahead of the beam. (See under CLOSE-HAULED.) Full-rigged ship; ship: or frigate.-A ship having three masts with their full complement of sails, or, in other words, having royal masts. Until the introduction of four masted sailing ships, the ship had all the masts, sails, spars, etc., that it was possible to carry. In modern times the name Frigate" has been given to these ships. 66 66 FULL-RIGGED SHIP. Fumigate. It is the practice to fumigate certain craft, such as fishing vessels, from time to time, when they become infested with vermin. Enormous lice often swarm in these boats, and must be smoked out by lighting a fire over which sulphur and tar or sulphur alone is thrown, and shutting down the hatches for a considerable length of time. Funnel (of a steam boat).-The chimney for carrying off the smoke, often called the smoke stack. But it also plays an important part in creating a draught for the furnaces, and in later times has sometimes been made telescopic, so as to regulate this draught. |