Sand strakes.-Another name for the garboard strakes (which see). Sand warpt. "Left by the tide on a shoal. Also striking on a shoal at half-flood." (Smyth.) Saraband.—"A forecastle dance borrowed from the Moors of Africa." (Smyth).

Sasse." A kind of weir with a flood gate, or a navigable sluice." (Smyth.)

Saucer (of a capstan).—The part receiving the spindle upon which the capstan revolves.

Save-all, or water sail.—“ A small sail sometimes set under the foot of a lower studding-sail." (Smyth.) (See under STUDDING-SAILS.) Sawbones.-The surgeon on a ship is sometimes so called, as also occasionally on shore.

Saxboard.-The uppermost strake in an open boat. To it the gunwale is secured (upon which the rowlocks are fixed), together with the inwale and outer wale, or rubbing piece. It is sometimes called the gunwale strake. (See under GUNWALE.)

Scandalising.-This is somewhat of a local term. Applied to a gaff sail (as the main sail of a yacht), it implies that the wind is let out of it by tricing up the tack and settling the peak. It is often done when coming up to moorings in a breeze.

Scant (or scrimp) (of the wind). -1. A scant wind is a head wind, in which a her course. It therefore usually implies also wind. 2. In general conversation the word short dimensions."

SCANDALISED.

vessel will barely lay a very light or poor scant" implies "of

66

Scantling (from "scant, a measurement).-The dimensions of any timber when reduced to its standard size. In shipbuilding the scantling implies the measurement, or, more properly, the proportion of the various constructive parts. A vessel is said to have good scantlings when her timbers and all other parts of her are of such dimensions as shall render her powerful and seaworthy. It need not necessarily mean that these are very large, but that they are large enough, and especially so proportioned, one to the strength of the other, that they will all strain equally together. Scarf. A precipitous steep.

Scarfing.-The joining together of two timbers, by sloping off the ends of each and fastening them together, so that they make one beam of uniform size throughout.

Scarfed.-An old term for "decorated or dressed with flags." Scaw. A jutting point of land.

66

Scend.-An abbreviation of ascend," as when a boat lifts herself up to waves. It is, therefore, the contrary to the pitch, which is the plunging of her head down; but in ordinary language a vessel is always said to pitch in a heavy sea, the word "scend" being used to describe only the upward movement.

Schooner.-There are two rigs of schooners common to our waters: the first mostly applied to traders, the second more particularly to yachts: both have two masts, fore and main.

The merchant schooner, commonly called the top-sail schooner, carries a square top sail, sometimes double (which see) on the foremast, the main mast being fore-and-aft rigged.

at

The schooner yacht is occasionally square rigged in so far as that she may carry a square fore-topsail; but more often she is fore-and-aft rigged on both masts. Schooner yachts were one time extremely popular, and the first competitors for the America Cup were of this class; but of late years the cutter has entirely superseded them in racing.

There is also another class of trading schooner, with three masts, each being fore-and-aft rigged. This is called the three-masted schooner. When it sets square sails on the foremast it is sometimes

called jackass rigged. But the jackass rig must not be confounded with the barkentine, which, at a distance, it resembles; the barkentine having a brig-foremast, while the three-masted schooner has a schooner foremast.

Besides these there is also a very beautiful class of schooner, having four masts, all fore-and-aft rigged. These vessels hail mostly from America. They are very swift and close-winded.

A

Schooner mast or schooner fore-mast.-This is spoken of in contradistinction to the brig-mast. The schooner foremast is composed of two parts only, the lower and the top mast. The brig, on the other hand, has lower, top, and top-gallant masts, and this constitutes the difference between the schooner and the brigantine, and between the three-masted schooner and the barkentine. two-masted vessel with a brigforemast is either a brig or a brigantine; with a schooner foremast, a schooner. In like manner a three-masted vessel (setting square sails on the foremast only) is a barkentine if she have a brig-foremast, and a three-masted schooner if she have a schooner foremast. (See fig.; also BRIG and BRIGANTINE.)

Schuyt, or eel schuyt (pronounced" scoot).". -A Dutch vessel, of one or two masts, employed in the eel trade between Holland and London. These vessels have those peculiar characteristics which mark the Dutch from other craft, and may for general purposes be included under the broad term

SCHUYT.

"Dutchmen." (See fig.)

Scoot.-A Dutch vessel.-(See SCHUYT). To scoot (slang)—to get out of the way. Score.-The groove on the shell of a block which admits of the strop being tightened so that it will not move. (See BLOCK.)

66

Scotch. To be scotched up is to be supported, as a boat may be when propped or "scotched up" against a quay by timber shores or legs. Scotchman. A piece of stiff hide, or batten of wood, placed over the backstays fore-swifter of the shrouds, etc., so as to secure the standing rigging from being chafed. Perhaps so called from the skotch or notch where the seizing is passed. (Smyth.)

Scow.-1. “A large flat-bottomed boat, used either as a lighter or for ferrying. 2. In old Naval works the scroll is thus written. (See SCROLL.)

Scow banker.-A manager of a scow; also a contemptuous term for a lubberly fellow." (Smyth.)

Scrabble." A badly written log,"

Scratch.-1. The line from which a race is supposed to start. And in a handicap where the various competitors are given more or less start, the one who has no start is called the scratch man or scratch. 2. In another sense, a scratch race is one in which the crews are brought together by lot or without previous training together. It is, therefore, often understood to mean a race got up at short notice.

Screw-Screw bolts or screw eyes.-Bolts which have an eye at the head and screw into the deck or elsewhere. In sailing boats they are very frequent, sometimes taking the place of shroud plates, sometimes acting as fair leads, etc.

오

SCREW EYES:

Screw stretcher and screw tightener.-(See SET-SCREW.)

Screw propeller.-The propeller of a screw steam vessel.

Screw well.-An aperture into which a screw propeller may be lifted when connecting or disconnecting it.

Scrimp. The same as scant (which see).

66

It is

Scroll, or scroll-head (in old Naval works written scrow ").— A curved timber at the head of a ship by way of ornament. mostly seen in old vessels, but occasionally on schooner yachts.

Scud. To run before the wind. It is usually, but not necessarily, understood to mean before a high wind.

To scud under bare poles. -To run before the wind without any sail set, the masts, yards, and rigging of a ship being sufficient to keep way on her, even in a

SCUDDING.

moderate breeze. Vessels may occasionally be seen scudding to an anchorage in large estuaries, such as that of the Thames. That the practice is ancient is certain, for St. Luke speaks of it. (See under STRIKE.)

Scud.-Low, misty cloud, flying quickly.

Scud like a mudian.-An expression hurrying someone off-"Be off quickly "; the mudian rig of vessel being very fast.

MUDIAN.)

(See

Scull. With rowing men, to scull is to row with two oars called sculls. (See under OAR.)

Single sculling.-Sculling by only one person.

Double sculling.-Two persons sculling; a plan very popular on the Upper Thames, and very much quicker than " pair oar" rowing. On rare occasions eight scullers are put in a boat and are found to walk away " from eight-oared boats; but the plan is not common. Sculling, at sea, is often performed with only one oar used at the stern of the boat, the sculler mostly standing to do his work.

66

Scuppers. - Openings in the bulwarks of a ship to carry off deck water. They are usually fitted with swinging flaps or doors, some are mere holes cut in the waterways, which holes are often fitted with small pipes called scupper hose or scupper shoots-or if with leather valves the valves are called scupper leathers.

Scuttle. The meaning of the word scuttle is "a hole cut." Thus an opening in a vessel's sides or deck, whether to admit light or to allow of persons descending through it, is a scuttle; as the 'forescuttle," which is the name given to the forecastle hatchway when that consists of a mere opening in the deck without hood or companion.

66

To scuttle a ship is to cut a hole in her, below the water line, so as to sink her; and in the same sense to scuttle a deck, or any other part, is to cut an aperture in it.

To scuttle down is to close and, if necessary, batten down the scuttles.

A scuttle butt is a large butt (carried by vessels on deck and containing the water required for the constant use of the ship) into the top of which a hole, or scuttle," is cut large enough to admit of a pail being lowered through it.

66

Sea." The sea was called saivs from a root si or siv, the Greek seiō, to shake; it meant the tossed-about water in contradistinction to stagnant or running water." (Max Müller.)

The high seas are that part of the ocean beyond the (three mile) limit over which the Government of a country claims jurisdiction.

The word sea is often used to describe the condition of the surface of the water, as a heavy sea when the waves are large, a long sea when there is a considerable distance between them, a short or choppy sea when they follow closely one upon the other, a cross sea when, in consequence of a change of wind or a run of tide, the waves meet each other from different directions. A single wave is often called a sea, and in the plural, the seas may mean the waves.

Sea board.-The sea shore.

Sea boat.-A good sea boat generally means a boat which conducts herself well at sea: a bad sea boat one which sails all awash.

Sea borne.-Carried by sea. Brought from over the sea: as seaborne coal, which comes round the coast by ship.

Sea craft or scarf (in shipbuilding), the scarfed strakes, called the clamps. (See next page.)

Sea devil.-1. The fish known as the angler, also called the fishing frog and wide gab (Lophius piscatorius). 2. One of the tribe Acanthopterygii.

R