tain of a vessel is required to report to the collector a list or manifest of all the passengers, designating their age, sex, and occupation; the country to which they belong, and of which they intend to become residents; and the number, if any, that have died on the voyage.

§ 312. None but citizens or persons of color, natives of the United States, may be employed on board of a vessel of the United States. For every other person so employed, the commander forfeits one thousand dollars. The master of every vessel bound to a foreign place, or of every vessel of the burthen of one hundred and fifty tons or upwards, bound to a port in any other than an adjoining state, is required to make a written or printed agreement with every seaman or mariner employed on such vessel.

§ 313. Every vessel of the burthen ot' one hundred and fifty tons or upwards, navigated by one or more persons, and bound on a voyage beyond the limits of the United States, and all merchant vessels of the burthen of seventyfive tons or upwards, navigated by six or more persons, and bound to the West Indies, shall be provided with a chest of medicines accompanied with directions for administering them. Vessels crossing the Atlantic ocean, shall have on board at least sixty gallons of water, one hundred pounds of salted meat, and one hundred pounds of wholesome ship bread, for each person on board.

§ 314. A fund is provided for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, by requiring the master or owner of every vessel of the United States, before it shall be admitted to entry, to pay to the collector, at the rate of twenty cents a month for every seaman employed on board; which sum he may retain out of their wages. The fund thus provided, is administered by such persons as the president of the United States shall appoint for the purpose.

§315. The register, clearance, and other papers granted by the officers of the customs to a foreign vessel, at her depart. ure from the port from which she shall have arrived, shall,

are laid upon passenger vessels? § 312. What persons orly may be employed on United States vessels? How must contracts be made with seamen? § 313. How must certain vessels be supplied? 314. How is relief provided for sick and disabled seamen ? § 315, 316. With

previously to her entry in a port of the United States, be produced to the collector with whom the entry is to be made. And it is the duty of the master, within forty-eight hours after such entry, to deposit such papers with the consul or vice consul of the nation to which the vessel belongs; and to deliver to the collector the certificate of the consul or vice consul, that the papers have been so deposited. Any master who shall fail to comply with this regulation, shall be fined in a sum not less than five hundred, and not exceeding two thousand dollars. But this regulation does not extend to the vessels of foreign nations, in whose ports American consuls are not permitted to have the custody of the register and other papers of vessels entering the ports of such nations.

§ 316. No foreign consul may deliver to the master of any foreign vessel the register and other papers with him, until the master shall have produced to him a clearance from the collector of the port. For a violation of this law, the consul shall be fined in a sum not less than five hundred, nor exceeding five thousand dollars.

§ 317. Under the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, congress may pass embargo and quarantine laws. Embargo means a stop put to trade; or a prohibition of state, commonly on foreign ships, to prevent their going out of port or coming in. Before the war of 1812, a law of this kind was passed, (December, 1807.) In a case tried in the district court of Massachusetts, it was argued that the act was unconstitutional; that congress had no right, under the power to regulate commerce, thus to annihilate it, by interdicting it entirely with foreign nations. The court decided that the act was constitutional. The power of congress relative to commercial intercourse is sovereign, except so far as it is qualified by the restrictions expressed in the constitution.

§ 318. Quarantine signifies the time during which a ship, suspected of having contagious sickness on board, is forbid..

what regulations must foreign vessels comply on entering our ports? § 317. What is an embargo? When was an embargo law passed 318. What is the meaning of quarantine? How has congress regulated quarantines?

den to have intercourse with the place where she arrives. The term is derived from the Italian quarantina, meaning the space of forty days, that being originally the period fixed for detaining ships in such circumstances. But the time

now varies according to the circumstances of the case. Quarantines are required by the health laws of the states: and congress has enacted, that all vessels, whether from a foreign port, or from another district in the United States, and all revenue officers, shall be subject to the health laws of the state to whose ports such vessels shall be bound. And the president may direct suitable houses to be purchased or erected, in which goods may be landed from vessels subject to quarantine, at such other place in the state, as the safety of the revenue, and the observance of the health laws, may require.

CHAPTER XI.

Naturalization of Aliens-Bankruptcy.

"To establish a uni

§319. CONGRESS shall have power, “form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the sub"ject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States."-Art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 4.

§320. The evil to be apprehended from the immediate admission of foreigners to the privileges of citizens upon their arrival in this country, has already been the subject of remark. (§201.) Many of them having been educated under monarchical governments, can hardly be supposed to have much respect for republican institutions. At best, they can have but an imperfect knowledge of them. To intrust such persons with all the rights of native citizens, would be inexpedient and even dangerous. If they be ignorant, they may be deceived or misled; if poor and vicious, their votes may be bought. They are liable thus to become the dupes

§319. What power has congress respecting naturalization and bankruptcy? §320. Why ought not foreigners to be immediately al

or tools of unprincipled politicians, who, by their aid, may be raised into power.

§ 321. But when foreigners shall have acquired a permanent residence here, and their interests shall have become identified with the interests of our citizens, it would be illiberal, if not unjust, to deny them equal privileges in the country of their adoption. Provision has therefore been made for removing the disqualifications of aliens, by naturalization. Naturalization is the investing of an alien with the rights and privileges of a native citizen.

§322. The power to make laws for naturalizing aliens, is given to congress, that they may be uniform throughout the United States. The adoption of different rules of naturalization in the several states, would be attended with great inconvenience and difficulty. A naturalized citizen, on removing into another state, would be deprived of all his political rights, until he should have undergone the process of naturalization by the laws of such state. Or if, as is now provided by another clause of the constitution, the citizens of each state were entitled to the privileges of citizens in all the states, the objects of the naturalization laws of one state might be defeated by those of others. Hence the propriety of vesting this power in congress.

§323. The constitution, while it provides for naturaliz ing aliens, does not define the character either of citizens or of aliens. In the absence of such definition, reference must be had to the English common law. In the United States, an alien may be defined to be a person born out of the jurisdiction of the country, and not having acquired the rights of naturalization. To this rule there is, however, an exception. In accordance with the principle of the English law, the right of citizenship is given by the act of congress of 1802, to children born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, of persons who are citizens of the United States; such, for instance, are the children of public ministers born during the residence of their parents in a foreign country.

lowed the privileges of citizens? § 321. By what process may they become citizens? What is naturalization? § 322. Why is the power to make laws for this purpose given to congress? § 323. Who are

§ 324. By the adoption of the constitution, the citizens of each state were made citizens of the United States; for all who were not native citizens, citizens born within the United States, acquired the rights of naturalized citizens, by assuming allegiance to the government. Aliens can acquire no title to real estate. Should they purchase it, it is forfeited to the state whenever it is ascertained by proper examination to be the property of an alien. But aliens do sometimes own real property, holding it in the name of a friend. They may own and transmit personal or moveable property in the same manner as citizens; and they may bring suits for the recovery and protection of such property. In the state of New York, it is provided, that a resident alien of that state, may hold real estate, after he shall have filed in the office of the secretary of state, a certain deposition as to his intended residence and naturalization; but he cannot lease or demise the same, until he becomes naturalized.

§ 325. An alien, to become a citizen of the United States, must declare on oath, before a court of some one of the states, or a circuit court of the United States, or before a clerk of either of said courts, two years before his admission, that it is his intention to become a citizen, and to renounce all allegiance to any foreign state or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, that whereof he is a citizen or subject. And he must, at the time of his application, declare on oath before one of the said courts, that he will support the constitution of the United States. At the ex

piration of two years, he shall, on application of the court, be admitted as a citizen; provided the court admitting such alien shall be satisfied that he has resided within the United States five years at least, and within the state or territory in which such court is at the time held, one year at least; and that, during that time, he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States. But the oath of the applicant is not allowed to prove his residence.

aliens in this country? What exception to this rule? § 324. Of what privileges are aliens destitute? § 325. To become a citizen,