and for the purpose of settling up these estates and bringing them within the declaration of policy, the following order was promulgated:

To superintendents:

Your attention is invited to the provisions of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stats. L., 855) regarding the disposition of inherited Indian estates. The act provides:

"That when an Indian to whom an allotment of land has been made, or may hereafter be made, dies before the expiration of the trust period and before the issuance of a fee simple patent, without having made a will disposing of said allotment as herein after provided, the Secretary of the Interior, upon notice and hearing, under such rules as he may prescribe, shall ascertain the legal heirs of such decedent, and his decision thereon shall be final and conclusive. If the Secretary of the Interior decides the heir or heirs of such decedent competent to manage their own affairs, he shall issue to such heir or heirs a patent in fee for the allotment of such decedent; if he shall decide one or more of the heirs to be incompetent he may in his discretion, cause such lands to be sold: Provided, That if the Secretary of the Interior shall find the lands of the decedent are capable of partition to the advantage of the heirs, he may cause the shares of such as are competent, upon their petition, to be set aside and patents in fee to be issued to them therefor."

That part of the act which relates to the partition of Indian estates was modified by the act of May 18, 1916 (39 Stats. L., 123-127), which provides:

“Provided further, That if the Secretary of the Interior shall find that any inherited trust allotment or allotments are capable of partition to the advantage of the heirs, he may cause such lands to be partitioned among them, regardless of their competency, patents in fee to be issued to the competent heirs for their shares and trust patents to be issued to the incompetent heirs for the lands respectively, or jointly set apart to them, the trust period to terminate in accordance with the terms of the original patent or order of extension of the trust period set out in said patent."

It will thus be noted that in all inherited Indian estates where the land is held in trust there is authority of law to issue patents in fee to the heirs, if competent; to partition the land, if it appears to the interest of the heirs to do so, and issue fee patents to the competent heirs, and trust patents to incompetents, or to sell the land.

Examiners of inheritance have visited the various Indian reservations, held hearings, the evidence and findings have been presented to this office and passed upon, and the heirs have been determined in accordance with the act of June 25, 1910, above cited.

The records of this office show that throughout the Indian country there are approximately 20,000 Indian estates where the heirs have been determined.

It is the purpose of the office to make an extra effort to settle and close up the inherited estates, where the heirs have been determined, either by the issuance of fee patents, or the partitionment or sale of the land.

Under the law disposition may be made of these estates whether or not the Indian owners make application to dispose of them, but it is not the purpose of the office to compel the sale or partitionment of inherited estates, if it is manifest that it is not for the interest of the heirs.

The following instructions were issued to those having to do with inherited lands:

(1) Any Indian who has been found competent and has received a patent in fee covering his own allotment may be given a patent in fee covering all of his inherited land. If he is an adult, able-bodied Indian of one-half or less Indian blood, and mentally competent, he should be recommended for a patent to all of his land, allotted and inherited. To segregate the interests of competent heirs, it may be necessary to partition the estate, if the land is capable of partition.

(2) Where incompetent or old and feeble Indians are the heirs to Indian estates, the land should be offered for sale, and, if sold, the funds used for their support, or for the improvement of their allotted lands.

(3) In all cases where there are a great many heirs to the estate, and it is not practicable to partition it, the land should be offered for sale.

You are directed to go carefully over the list of inherited estates under your jurisdiction, where the heirs have been determined, and submit applications for fee patents covering all cases that may come under class 1 with your report thereon. You are also directed to take up the other inherited estates where heirs have been determined at an early date, with a view of partitioning the lands or offering them for sale.

These instructions relate principally to the mass of cases heretofore decided. It is not proposed to dispose of estates immediately after the heirs have been determined, particularly in estates where the inheritance case is a contested one. In other words, before attempting to clean up the new cases, a reasonable time must be allowed for filing motions for review.

CITIZENSHIP.

The question of Indian citizenship has become of foremost interest, and has been the subject of several bills recently introduced in Congress.

As far back as 1817 provision was made in a treaty with the Cherokees by which any member of that tribe who desired might become a citizen of the United States. Subsequent treaties and acts of Congress contained provisions by which members of other tribes might become citizens.

The question whether under the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution an Indian could, by severing his tribal relations, and completely surrendering himself to the jurisdiction of the United States become a citizen thereof was determined in the negative by the Supreme Court in Elk v. Wilkins (112 U. S., 100).

No general law provided a means for citizenship of all Indians until 1887 when Congress passed the general allotment act (24 Stats. L., 388), which provided for the allotment of lands in severalty and declared all Indians born within its limits who shall have complied with certain conditions, to be citizens of the United States. The broad citizenship provisions of this act were modified by Congress when on May 8, 1906, it passed the Burke Act, since which law the issuance of a fee-simple patent has been the primary legal requirement for citizenship of Indians. In my judgment, the controlling factor in granting citizenship to Indians should not be based upon their ownership of

lands, tribal or in severalty, in trust or in fee, but upon the fact that they are real Americans and are of right entitled to such citizenship.

The act of 1887 excluded from its provisions as to citizenship members of the Five Civilized Tribes, but on March 3, 1901 (31 Stats. L., 1447), Congress amended the sixth section of the general allotment act by inserting after the phrase "and has adopted the habits of civilized life" the words and "every Indian in the Indian Territory." Under this amendment, 101,000 Indians of the Five Tribes who received allotments and now living, and their children, are citizens of the United States.

Citizen Indians are not only entitled to look to the United States for protection in their rights as citizens, but also to the States in which they reside for protection in the exercise of the privileges guaranteed to them as citizens thereof, which are distinct from those of citizens of the United States. In the language of Mr. Justice Washington, in the case of Corfield v. Coryell (4 Washington's Circuit Court, 371), they are confined to "those privileges and immunities which are fundamental, which belong of right to the citizens of all free governments, and which have at all times been enjoyed by citizens of the several States which compose the Union from the time of their becoming free, independent, and sovereign. What these fundamental principles are it would be more tedious than difficult to enumerate. They may all, however, be comprehended under the following general heads: Protection by the Government, with the right to acquire and possess property of every kind, and to pursue and obtain happiness and safety, subject, nevertheless, to such restraints as the Government may prescribe for the general good of the whole."

Indians who become citizens of the United States are entitled to receive from the government of the State in which they reside full protection in those fundamental privileges and immunities "which belong of right to the citizens of all free governments and which have at all times been enjoyed by citizens of the several States." These fundamental principles and immunities are civil in their character and may be further defined as those which are granted to him by his Creator and for the protection and restriction of which governments and courts are established. Besides these there are other privileges and immunities enjoyed by certain classes of citizens of the several States which the Indians possessing the proper qualifications will be entitled to claim and enjoy as citizens thereof. These are artificial, such as may be granted by the body politic and may be termed political liberties. They embrace the rights to participate in the government of the State, to vote, to hold office, and such other privileges and immunities of a like character as may be granted by the State to its citizens. In compensation for his protection by the State in all these privileges and immunities, or such as he may be qualified to exercise,

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the Indian as a citizen will owe allegiance to the government of the State, but it must be constantly borne in mind, as was well stated by the Supreme Court of the United States, (241, p. 591), that "when the Indians are prepared to exercise the privileges and bear the burden of one sui juris the tribal relation may be dissolved and the natural guardianship brought to an end, but it rests with Congress to determine when and how this shall be done and whether the emancipation shall at first be complete or only partial. Citizenship is not incompatible with tribal existence or continued guardianship, and so may be conferred without completely emancipating the Indians or placing them beyond the reach of congressional regulations adopted for their protection." When, however, an Indian has been given a fee simple patent for all of his lands, both original and inherited, and all individual and tribal funds of whatsoever nature turned over to him, that particular Indian will have become a full fledged citizen of the United States in the full sense of all that term implies. He will no longer be subject in any respect to supervision by the Government, but will have the same right as any other citizen. His contracts will not be subject to governmental approval, but will stand on an equal footing with those of other citizens. There will be no restriction as to trade with him, and in fact whatever rights may be enjoyed by citizens of the United States will be his and he will no longer be subject to arrest at the instance of a United States superintendent or by the Indian police, nor to trial and punishment by the courts of Indian offenses for misdemeanors over which those courts now have jurisdiction.

WAR AS A CIVILIZER.

Certainly not all wars have advanced civilization, but many of them have changed the course of events to that end. War is a civilizer if it is the only means of preserving liberty and justice. War is a civilizer if from the blood and ashes of its battles flower the blessings of truth and enlightenment, although the fruit may be centuries in ripening.

We are not wont to check up to-day's doings with the calendar of long ago to note that the original Frenchmen at the Battle of Tours probably saved us from the law of the Koran, or that except for Marathon we might now be under the rule of a Persian satrap. Much surer are we that the advent of representative democracy was in the victory of the Colonial arms at Saratoga, and that out of our Civil War came a new South of marvelous progress.

What of America's last great war adventure?

Our soldiers are returning from the world's deadliest battle fields. They who went away as boys, come back as full-grown men. The other day I stood for an hour to see a brigade of these bronzed cru

saders go by. Their superbly trained movements were almost involuntary. They seemed unconscious of their full accoutrements and trappings, their wound and service stripes, and honor badges. The cheers of the throng glanced from their steel helmets, and apparently they did not know that they were a spectacle to thrill the gods. It was their last review; the transition of soldier to civilian, and in this matchless realism I saw the picture of America passing byAmerica, erect, dauntless, helmeted in the victory of her righteous cause, going forth responsive to the beckoning years. I saw the order, the precision, the discipline of her democracy, and the passing ranks sounded the irresistible march of her civilization in the measured step of men who had trampled autocracy in the dust.

In that triumphal scene were descendants of men who were Americans before "Attila's fierce huns" were beaten at Chalons, perhaps before the Siege of Troy. There is something in this fact that will hold a page in history to the latest generation. Its meaning will unfold as the years pass, but even now it may be said that probably nothing more helpful has come to this ancient Indian race than the enrollment of 10,000 of its sons simply as American soldiers to challenge the barbarous rule of central Europe.

The immediate benefit comes from the equal opportunity they had with white comrades for gaining knowledge, for maturing judgment, for developing courage through contact with events and conditions that trained and toughened character in the defense of a just cause and a great ideal. No education serves a man better than this in any circumstances. It puts into him the ability to "go over the top" anywhere. The great lesson mastered by American soldiers, as their achievements clearly show, was to get things done. They are not likely to forget how. No Hindenburg line across the field of civil progress can stand against such fellows. They are destined for to-morrow's leadership. The wondrously multiplied interests of trade, industry, education, the professions, statesmanship, await them. The same sort of splendid initiative and self-reliance should find expression in action wherever the Indian soldier returns to his people. There are already assurances of this. Encouraging reports have come from superintendencies showing the Indian's war acquisitions, many of them indicating that he has discovered his educational needs and the equipment he must have to be successful, which is a inost hopeful sign.

The following from some of the reports will show the general trend of all.

The superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes writes:

I am convinced that the Indians in the military service, especially the full-bloods, have received inestimable benefit from their association with white comrades and the training to which they have been subjected. Only a few days ago a special officer