The Secularisation of Politics consists of two parts: the elimination of Theological In- terests from the Motives of Policy, and the substitution of a Secular for a Theologi. cal Principle as the Basis of Authority-Religion and Patriotism the chief Moral Principles of Society-The First the Moral Principle of Antiquity-Type of Charac- ter it formed-Patriotism the Moral Principle of Judaism-Corresponds to the Spirit of Sect in Religion-Christianity in the Roman Empire triumphed a the condition of transforming itself under the influence of the Spirit of fect-Complete ascendency of Theology-The Crusades-The Church replaced the Civil Government when the latter proved inefficient-The Truce of God-Contest between the Regal and Eccle- siastical Power-A Comparison of the Crusades and the Religious Wars shows the declining influence of Theology-Alliances of Francie T and Richelieu-Close of Re- ligions Wars-The Inquisition separates Religious Questions from Politics- Sketch of its Constitution and Progress-The Doctrine of the Incapacity of the Magistrate to decide Religious Questions, which is the Basis of Modern Tolerance, first advo- cated in favour of the Inquisition-Collisions with the Civil Power-Difficulty of De fining Ecclesiastical Offences-Unpopularity attaching to the Inquisition-Decline of Persecution-Suppression of Heretical Books still continued-Its prevalence in the Early Church-Reuchlin-System of Religious Disabilities next abolished--Change In France effected in 1850-That in England accelerated by Irish Policy-The Irish
Parliament-The Clergy disappear from Offices of Power-Review of the steps of Secularisation-Decline of the Temporal Power of the Pope-Political Life acts pow erfully on the Theological Habits-It diminishes the sense of the Importance of Theology-It leads to a neglect of General Principles-Difference between the Politi cal and Philosophical Standing Point-Injurious effects now resulting from the as- cendency of Political Modes of Thought-Important influence of Political Life in promoting a True Method of Enquiry-Three phases of the Conflict between the Sec. tarian and the Judicial Spirit in Politics-The Secularisation of the Basis of Author- Ity-Passive Obedience-According to the Fathers all Rebellion sinful-Considering the Anarchy and Worship of Force that was then general, this Teaching was favour- able to Liberty-The Election of Bishops by Universal Suffrage-Conflict between the Pope and Kings favourable to Liberty-Power of Deposition-Moral Authority necessarily with the Pope-Public Penance-Power of Dispensation-Scholasticism favourable to liberty-St. Thomas Aquinas-Doctrine of the Mediate Character of the Divine Right of Kings-The Reformation produces a Variety of Interests, and there fore of Political Opinions-The Papal Party insists on the Right of Deposition- Works of Bellarmine and Suarez burnt at Paris-The Jesuits proclaim the Social Contract-Suarez de Fide-Mariana de Rege-Tyrannicide fascinates an Early Civili- sation-Its Importance in the History of Liberal Opinions-First maintained unequiv ocally by Jean Petit-Advocated by Grévin, Toletus, Sa, Molina, Ayala, and Kelle- rus-Murder of Henry III. eulogised in the League and by the Pope-Political Assas- sination approved among Protestants-But the Jesuits were its Special Advocates- Great Services of the Jesuits to Liberalism-Gallican Church represented Despotic Intercsts-Reasons of this-Circumstances that made Patriotism in France antago- nistic to Liberty-Slight Auctuation produced by the Attitude of the Protestants in 1615-Resolutions of 1665 and 1682-Bossuet-Protestantism being a Rebellion was favourable to Democracy-The two compensatory parts of Primitive Church Govern- ment revived but dissevered-Different Political Tendencies of Episcopalianism and Presbyterianism-Different Political Tendencies resulting from the Relative Positions assigned to the Old and New Testaments-Opinions of Huss and Wycliffe and of the Leaders of the Reformation-The Scotch lead the van of Protestant Liberalism- Knox-Buchanan-The Scotch Deputation to Elizabeth-English Dissenters assimi lated with the Scotch-Debt England owes to the Non-Episcopal Churches-Extreme servility of Anglicanism-The Homilies-Taylor--Anglicanism supported every Re- action-Exceptional Position of Hooker-Two Schools of Despotism in England- Barc.ay, Filmer, Hobbes-Sidney, Locke-Parallel between the History of Religious and of Political Liberty in England-Greatest English Freethinkers inimical to Lib- erty-Hobbes, Bolingbroke, Hume-Difference between the Growth of English and French Liberty analogous to that between English and French tolerance-French Protestants-Circumstances that diminished their Influence-Sectarianism incom- patible with Patriotism-Two currents of Opinion among the French Protestants- The Liberal Opinion dominated-The Franco-Gallia' of Hotman-The 'Vindicia contra Tyrannos-Montaigne notices the Subordination of Opinions to Interests in
France-Revival of Classical Writings acted on Liberty--In the first place, by the
renewed Study of Roman Law-Opinions of Bodin, Gronovius, Noodt, etc.-Phases
of Jurisprudence-Principal effect of the Classics in altering the Type of Heroism-
Different Types resulting from the Sense of Dignity and the Sense of Sin-La Boétie
-Circumstances that prepared the Democracy of the Eighteenth Century: First, the
Increase of Capital; Second, the Increase of Knowledge-Servitude and Superstition
the necessary lot of all great bodies of men before Printing-Third, Change in the
Relative Position of the Cavalry and Infantry in War-The English Archers-Riɛe
of the Flemish Infantry-The Italian Condottieri-The Invention of Gunpowder and
of the Bayonet-Fourth, Influence of Political Economy on Democracy-The French
Revolution inevitable; Importance of the Question into whose guidance it would
fall-Reasons why Catholicism was incompetent for the Task-Early Freethinkers
not favourable to Political Liberty-Opinions of Socinus, Montaigne, Charron, and
Bayle-Change in their Attitude in the Eighteenth Century-Wide Influence of the
Revolution-Rousseau-His Power over French Society-Dress, Theatre, Gardens-
The Stream of Self-Sacrifice passing from Theology to Politics-The Democratic
Ideal consists of Two Parts-The Doctrine of Nationalities-Theories of Interna
tional Arrangements, of Hildebrand, Dante, Grotius, and Diplomacy-Causes that
rendered it possible in the Nineteenth Century-Synthesis of the Moral Principles
of Christianity and Paganism-Democracy an Aspect of the Christian Spirit,
THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF RATIONALISM.
The Industrial System of Antiquity rested upon Slavery-Effects of this Institution on National Character-Decline of Industry in Rome-Comparison between Ancient and Modern Slavery-Atrocious Excesses to which the Empire arrived-Christianity undertook the Abolition of Slavery-First Movement in favour of the Slaves due to Seneca and his followers-Invasion of Barbarians favourable to Slaves-But Chris- tianity the most efficient opponent of the evil-Review of the Measures for abolish- ing Slavery-And for alleviating the condition of those who still continued enslaved- Anglo-Saxon measures-Services of the Fathers and the Benedictines in making La- bour honourable-The Ferocity of Manners corrected by the Creation of Charity- Long period that elapsed before the preeminent services of Christianity were in this respect appreciated-Great Development of Self-sacrifice-Deficiency of the Indus- trial Theory of the Church-Long continuance of Serfdom-Emancipation of the Towns begins Modern Industrial History-Effects of the Crusades on Industry-The System of Corporations politically useful though economically bad-Points of Con tact of Industrial and Theological Enterprises-First ground of collision was Usury -Tho Principles that regulate Interest altogether unknown to the Ancients-Position of Money-lenders in Greece and Gaul-And in the Roman Empire-The Early and Medieval Church condemned all Interest-On the twofold ground of the Law of Na ture and of Authority-Money-lending first monopolised by Jews--Rise of the In
austrial Republics of Italy, makes it popular among Christians-Council of the Lat eran-Reformation shakes the Old Superstition-Saumaise-Change in the meaning of the word Usury in the Sixteenth Century-Casuistry of the Jesuits-Decree of Benedict XIV.-Laws upon Usury based on Theological grounds, disappear-The Economical Question discussed by Locke, Adam Smith, Hume, Turgot, and Bentham— The Russian Raskol the last Representative of the Ancient Doctrine-Importance of this Controversy in producing an Antagonism between Industry and Theology-Com- merce produces a New Principle of Federation-Foundation of Consulships—Organi- sation of Diplomacy-Commerce leads to Intercourse with Men of different Religions, and therefore to Tolerance-First class who benefited by this Tolerance, the Jews— Sketch of the different Persecutions of which they were the Object-Their Services to Literature—And to Commerce-Tolerated at Leghorn, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa- Industrial Habits of Thought make Men estimate lowly the Influence of Dogma- Injury Persecution has done to Industry-Spain, France, Bruges, and Amsterdam- Decline of the Ideal of Poverty produced by the Industrial Civilisation-Luxury of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Sumptuary Laws-Influence of the Black Death-Economical effects of Luxury-It is substituted for Monasticism as a Check upon Population-Its Influence on Intellectual Development-Decadence of Monastice Spirit-Alliance of the Clergy with the Aristocracy-Increase of Commerce-The Navigation Laws-First Mercantile Societies in England-Wealth of Belgium-Rapid growth of Diplomacy-The Hanseatic League represses Piracy-The Venetians found Political Economy, and the Medici give an Intellectual Ascendency to Industry- Manner in which all this combined with the Revival of Classic Learning-And with the Influence of Moorish Civilisation-Change of Tastes resulting from increased Wealth revives the Theatre-Importance of this Amusement as an Intellectual In- fluence-And as an Index of the Condition of Civilisation-Its great Corruption in Pagan Rome-Denounced by the Fathers The Last Refuge of Paganism-Not en- couraged by Julian-Disappeared with the Dissolution of the Roman Civilisation- New Types of Amusement-The Histriones' of St. Thomas Aquinas-Rise of the Religious Plays-Hroswitha-The Religious Plays pass from the Churches to the Theatres Their Immorality-Position assigned to Satan-Effect in bringing the Church into Contempt-Faint Signs of Secular Plays-Impromptus-Pantomimes, etc.-The Farces-The higher Drama reappears in Italy-First Plays-Examples of its encouragement by Ecclesiastics-Contrast between the Italian and French Drama in their Relation to the Church-The Secularisation of Music, its successive stages- Influence of Gothic Architecture upon the Stage-The Religious Struggle produces a Revulsion in the Sentiments with which the Theatre was regarded-Fierce Opposition In France-Sacraments denied to Actors-Molière, Racine, Lully, Huerne de la Motho-Advance of Theatre in France, Spain, and Italy-Voltaire-The Revolution removes Disqualifications from Actors-Triumph of the Theatre at Rome Impor- tant effects of this Contest-The Creation of the Theatre the last Service of the In- dustrial Civilisation of Italy-The Reformation-Importance of the Question to which Religion the Sceptro of Industry would fall-It seemed at first in the grasp of
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
Spain-Magnificent Position of Spain under Charles V.-The Economical Error that Gold alone is Wealth-The Italians in a great measure escaped this-First conse. quence of this error in Spain, was that Manufactures were neglected, and all the na- tional energies were concentrated upon the Gold Mines-Second consequence, that the Colonies were ruined by Restrictive Laws-Third consequence, a Convulsion of Prices resulting indeed from the Excessive Supply of Gold, but aggravated by Laws prohibiting its Export-These Economical Causes aggravated by the vast Develop ment of the Monastic System-Its Incompatibility with Industry-And by the Revi- val of Slavery-Las Casas-And by four great acts of Religious Intolerance-The Downfall of Spain an almost unmingled Benefit to Mankind-Introduction of Hot Drinks into Europe, their Moral and Social Effects-On the Downfall of Spain the Sceptre of Industry passes to Protestantism, but the Influence of the two Religions ceased to be involved in the Contest-Antagonism of Intellectual Tendency between Town and Country-Changes that have been effected in their Relative Importance- Mediæval preference for Agriculture-Schoo. of Sully-Superseded by the Mercan- tile Theory which was more favourable to Manufactures-Colbert-The School of Quesnay which followed was theoretically extremely unfavourable to Manufactures, but practically favourable to it-Modification of this School by Raynal-Adam Smith proves Manufactures to be a Source of Wealth-But maintains the superior Produc- tivity of Agriculture-Refuted on this last point by Ricardo-Movement in favour of Manufactures stimulated by the Invention of Credit-And by the Development of Machinery-Economical effects of Machines-Special Force of their Influence in England-The Intellectual Expression of an Industrial Civilisation is Political Econ- omy-Its Pacific Influence-Theological Agencies not pacific-And Philosophical ones inefficient-Effects of Political Economy in uniting different Countries-And different Classes-Effects of the Principle of Interest upon the Affections-The Phi- losophy of Mortification and the Philosophy of Development represented respectively by Asceticism and Industrialism-Asceticism supreme till the Fourteenth Century- The History of Monasteries shows its steady Decline-Position assigned by Industrial- ism to Wealth-the Destruction of Asceticism among the Ancient Greeks due to Art; among the Moderns, to Industry-Intellectual Influences favourable to Industrialism -Utilitarianism the Philosophical Expression of Industrialism-Evils resulting from this Philosophy-Decline of the Spirit of Self-Sacrifice-Tendency to Material- ism-Conclusion, Page 229
« SebelumnyaLanjutkan » |