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Calvin and Beza-Persecution by Protestants peculiarly inexcusable-Comparative

liberality of Erasmus, Hôpital, and More-Position assigned by Bossuet to Socinians

and Anabaptists-Persecution a positive Dogma among Protestants-Toleration fa-

voured by the Mingling of Religions produced by the Reformation-And by the

Marriage of the Clergy-And by the greater flexibility of Protestantism-Proof of this

is in a comparison of Tolerance in France and England-French Tolerance based on

three forms of Scepticism-Montaigne, the Sceptical Man of the World-Descartes,

the Sceptical Philosopher-Bayle, the Sceptical Scholar-The 'Compelle intrare '--

Political circumstances favourable to Toleration-Comparison of the Regency and the

Restoration-Influence of Vice on Historic Development-Voltaire--Intolerance of

Rousseau-Revolution removes all Civil Disabilities from Jews and Protestants-

Catholicism incapable of adopting Religious Liberty-Bull of Gregory XVI-Ir.

Protestant Countries, Tolerance the result and measure of the advance of Rationalism

-Writings of the great Divines of the seventeenth century lead to it-First Move-

ment during the Rebellion-Policy of Cromwell-Contrast between the Independ

ents and Presbyterians-Harrington-Milton-Jeremy Taylor-Repeal of the writ

'De Hæretico comburendo '-Intolerance of Hobbes-Attitude of the Clergy during

the Revolution-Toleration Act-Abrogation of the Censorship-Establishment of

the Scottish Kirk-Complete Tolerance of Protestantism-Review of the influence

of Rationalism on the Method of Enquiry

The Secularisation of Politics consists of two parts: the elimination of Theological In-
terests from the Motives of Policy, and the substitution of a Secular for a Theologi.
cal Principle as the Basis of Authority-Religion and Patriotism the chief Moral
Principles of Society-The First the Moral Principle of Antiquity-Type of Charac-
ter it formed-Patriotism the Moral Principle of Judaism-Corresponds to the Spirit
of Sect in Religion-Christianity in the Roman Empire triumphed a the condition
of transforming itself under the influence of the Spirit of fect-Complete ascendency
of Theology-The Crusades-The Church replaced the Civil Government when the
latter proved inefficient-The Truce of God-Contest between the Regal and Eccle-
siastical Power-A Comparison of the Crusades and the Religious Wars shows the
declining influence of Theology-Alliances of Francie T and Richelieu-Close of Re-
ligions Wars-The Inquisition separates Religious Questions from Politics- Sketch
of its Constitution and Progress-The Doctrine of the Incapacity of the Magistrate
to decide Religious Questions, which is the Basis of Modern Tolerance, first advo-
cated in favour of the Inquisition-Collisions with the Civil Power-Difficulty of De
fining Ecclesiastical Offences-Unpopularity attaching to the Inquisition-Decline of
Persecution-Suppression of Heretical Books still continued-Its prevalence in the
Early Church-Reuchlin-System of Religious Disabilities next abolished--Change
In France effected in 1850-That in England accelerated by Irish Policy-The Irish

Parliament-The Clergy disappear from Offices of Power-Review of the steps of
Secularisation-Decline of the Temporal Power of the Pope-Political Life acts pow
erfully on the Theological Habits-It diminishes the sense of the Importance of
Theology-It leads to a neglect of General Principles-Difference between the Politi
cal and Philosophical Standing Point-Injurious effects now resulting from the as-
cendency of Political Modes of Thought-Important influence of Political Life in
promoting a True Method of Enquiry-Three phases of the Conflict between the Sec.
tarian and the Judicial Spirit in Politics-The Secularisation of the Basis of Author-
Ity-Passive Obedience-According to the Fathers all Rebellion sinful-Considering
the Anarchy and Worship of Force that was then general, this Teaching was favour-
able to Liberty-The Election of Bishops by Universal Suffrage-Conflict between
the Pope and Kings favourable to Liberty-Power of Deposition-Moral Authority
necessarily with the Pope-Public Penance-Power of Dispensation-Scholasticism
favourable to liberty-St. Thomas Aquinas-Doctrine of the Mediate Character of the
Divine Right of Kings-The Reformation produces a Variety of Interests, and there
fore of Political Opinions-The Papal Party insists on the Right of Deposition-
Works of Bellarmine and Suarez burnt at Paris-The Jesuits proclaim the Social
Contract-Suarez de Fide-Mariana de Rege-Tyrannicide fascinates an Early Civili-
sation-Its Importance in the History of Liberal Opinions-First maintained unequiv
ocally by Jean Petit-Advocated by Grévin, Toletus, Sa, Molina, Ayala, and Kelle-
rus-Murder of Henry III. eulogised in the League and by the Pope-Political Assas-
sination approved among Protestants-But the Jesuits were its Special Advocates-
Great Services of the Jesuits to Liberalism-Gallican Church represented Despotic
Intercsts-Reasons of this-Circumstances that made Patriotism in France antago-
nistic to Liberty-Slight Auctuation produced by the Attitude of the Protestants in
1615-Resolutions of 1665 and 1682-Bossuet-Protestantism being a Rebellion was
favourable to Democracy-The two compensatory parts of Primitive Church Govern-
ment revived but dissevered-Different Political Tendencies of Episcopalianism and
Presbyterianism-Different Political Tendencies resulting from the Relative Positions
assigned to the Old and New Testaments-Opinions of Huss and Wycliffe and of
the Leaders of the Reformation-The Scotch lead the van of Protestant Liberalism-
Knox-Buchanan-The Scotch Deputation to Elizabeth-English Dissenters assimi
lated with the Scotch-Debt England owes to the Non-Episcopal Churches-Extreme
servility of Anglicanism-The Homilies-Taylor--Anglicanism supported every Re-
action-Exceptional Position of Hooker-Two Schools of Despotism in England-
Barc.ay, Filmer, Hobbes-Sidney, Locke-Parallel between the History of Religious
and of Political Liberty in England-Greatest English Freethinkers inimical to Lib-
erty-Hobbes, Bolingbroke, Hume-Difference between the Growth of English and
French Liberty analogous to that between English and French tolerance-French
Protestants-Circumstances that diminished their Influence-Sectarianism incom-
patible with Patriotism-Two currents of Opinion among the French Protestants-
The Liberal Opinion dominated-The Franco-Gallia' of Hotman-The 'Vindicia
contra Tyrannos-Montaigne notices the Subordination of Opinions to Interests in

France-Revival of Classical Writings acted on Liberty--In the first place, by the

renewed Study of Roman Law-Opinions of Bodin, Gronovius, Noodt, etc.-Phases

of Jurisprudence-Principal effect of the Classics in altering the Type of Heroism-

Different Types resulting from the Sense of Dignity and the Sense of Sin-La Boétie

-Circumstances that prepared the Democracy of the Eighteenth Century: First, the

Increase of Capital; Second, the Increase of Knowledge-Servitude and Superstition

the necessary lot of all great bodies of men before Printing-Third, Change in the

Relative Position of the Cavalry and Infantry in War-The English Archers-Riɛe

of the Flemish Infantry-The Italian Condottieri-The Invention of Gunpowder and

of the Bayonet-Fourth, Influence of Political Economy on Democracy-The French

Revolution inevitable; Importance of the Question into whose guidance it would

fall-Reasons why Catholicism was incompetent for the Task-Early Freethinkers

not favourable to Political Liberty-Opinions of Socinus, Montaigne, Charron, and

Bayle-Change in their Attitude in the Eighteenth Century-Wide Influence of the

Revolution-Rousseau-His Power over French Society-Dress, Theatre, Gardens-

The Stream of Self-Sacrifice passing from Theology to Politics-The Democratic

Ideal consists of Two Parts-The Doctrine of Nationalities-Theories of Interna

tional Arrangements, of Hildebrand, Dante, Grotius, and Diplomacy-Causes that

rendered it possible in the Nineteenth Century-Synthesis of the Moral Principles

of Christianity and Paganism-Democracy an Aspect of the Christian Spirit,

THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF RATIONALISM.

The Industrial System of Antiquity rested upon Slavery-Effects of this Institution on
National Character-Decline of Industry in Rome-Comparison between Ancient
and Modern Slavery-Atrocious Excesses to which the Empire arrived-Christianity
undertook the Abolition of Slavery-First Movement in favour of the Slaves due to
Seneca and his followers-Invasion of Barbarians favourable to Slaves-But Chris-
tianity the most efficient opponent of the evil-Review of the Measures for abolish-
ing Slavery-And for alleviating the condition of those who still continued enslaved-
Anglo-Saxon measures-Services of the Fathers and the Benedictines in making La-
bour honourable-The Ferocity of Manners corrected by the Creation of Charity-
Long period that elapsed before the preeminent services of Christianity were in this
respect appreciated-Great Development of Self-sacrifice-Deficiency of the Indus-
trial Theory of the Church-Long continuance of Serfdom-Emancipation of the
Towns begins Modern Industrial History-Effects of the Crusades on Industry-The
System of Corporations politically useful though economically bad-Points of Con
tact of Industrial and Theological Enterprises-First ground of collision was Usury
-Tho Principles that regulate Interest altogether unknown to the Ancients-Position
of Money-lenders in Greece and Gaul-And in the Roman Empire-The Early and
Medieval Church condemned all Interest-On the twofold ground of the Law of Na
ture and of Authority-Money-lending first monopolised by Jews--Rise of the In

austrial Republics of Italy, makes it popular among Christians-Council of the Lat
eran-Reformation shakes the Old Superstition-Saumaise-Change in the meaning
of the word Usury in the Sixteenth Century-Casuistry of the Jesuits-Decree of
Benedict XIV.-Laws upon Usury based on Theological grounds, disappear-The
Economical Question discussed by Locke, Adam Smith, Hume, Turgot, and Bentham—
The Russian Raskol the last Representative of the Ancient Doctrine-Importance of
this Controversy in producing an Antagonism between Industry and Theology-Com-
merce produces a New Principle of Federation-Foundation of Consulships—Organi-
sation of Diplomacy-Commerce leads to Intercourse with Men of different Religions,
and therefore to Tolerance-First class who benefited by this Tolerance, the Jews—
Sketch of the different Persecutions of which they were the Object-Their Services
to Literature—And to Commerce-Tolerated at Leghorn, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa-
Industrial Habits of Thought make Men estimate lowly the Influence of Dogma-
Injury Persecution has done to Industry-Spain, France, Bruges, and Amsterdam-
Decline of the Ideal of Poverty produced by the Industrial Civilisation-Luxury of
the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Sumptuary Laws-Influence of the Black
Death-Economical effects of Luxury-It is substituted for Monasticism as a Check
upon Population-Its Influence on Intellectual Development-Decadence of Monastice
Spirit-Alliance of the Clergy with the Aristocracy-Increase of Commerce-The
Navigation Laws-First Mercantile Societies in England-Wealth of Belgium-Rapid
growth of Diplomacy-The Hanseatic League represses Piracy-The Venetians found
Political Economy, and the Medici give an Intellectual Ascendency to Industry-
Manner in which all this combined with the Revival of Classic Learning-And with
the Influence of Moorish Civilisation-Change of Tastes resulting from increased
Wealth revives the Theatre-Importance of this Amusement as an Intellectual In-
fluence-And as an Index of the Condition of Civilisation-Its great Corruption in
Pagan Rome-Denounced by the Fathers The Last Refuge of Paganism-Not en-
couraged by Julian-Disappeared with the Dissolution of the Roman Civilisation-
New Types of Amusement-The Histriones' of St. Thomas Aquinas-Rise of the
Religious Plays-Hroswitha-The Religious Plays pass from the Churches to the
Theatres Their Immorality-Position assigned to Satan-Effect in bringing the
Church into Contempt-Faint Signs of Secular Plays-Impromptus-Pantomimes,
etc.-The Farces-The higher Drama reappears in Italy-First Plays-Examples of
its encouragement by Ecclesiastics-Contrast between the Italian and French Drama
in their Relation to the Church-The Secularisation of Music, its successive stages-
Influence of Gothic Architecture upon the Stage-The Religious Struggle produces a
Revulsion in the Sentiments with which the Theatre was regarded-Fierce Opposition
In France-Sacraments denied to Actors-Molière, Racine, Lully, Huerne de la
Motho-Advance of Theatre in France, Spain, and Italy-Voltaire-The Revolution
removes Disqualifications from Actors-Triumph of the Theatre at Rome Impor-
tant effects of this Contest-The Creation of the Theatre the last Service of the In-
dustrial Civilisation of Italy-The Reformation-Importance of the Question to
which Religion the Sceptro of Industry would fall-It seemed at first in the grasp of

10

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

Spain-Magnificent Position of Spain under Charles V.-The Economical Error that
Gold alone is Wealth-The Italians in a great measure escaped this-First conse.
quence of this error in Spain, was that Manufactures were neglected, and all the na-
tional energies were concentrated upon the Gold Mines-Second consequence, that
the Colonies were ruined by Restrictive Laws-Third consequence, a Convulsion of
Prices resulting indeed from the Excessive Supply of Gold, but aggravated by Laws
prohibiting its Export-These Economical Causes aggravated by the vast Develop
ment of the Monastic System-Its Incompatibility with Industry-And by the Revi-
val of Slavery-Las Casas-And by four great acts of Religious Intolerance-The
Downfall of Spain an almost unmingled Benefit to Mankind-Introduction of Hot
Drinks into Europe, their Moral and Social Effects-On the Downfall of Spain the
Sceptre of Industry passes to Protestantism, but the Influence of the two Religions
ceased to be involved in the Contest-Antagonism of Intellectual Tendency between
Town and Country-Changes that have been effected in their Relative Importance-
Mediæval preference for Agriculture-Schoo. of Sully-Superseded by the Mercan-
tile Theory which was more favourable to Manufactures-Colbert-The School of
Quesnay which followed was theoretically extremely unfavourable to Manufactures,
but practically favourable to it-Modification of this School by Raynal-Adam Smith
proves Manufactures to be a Source of Wealth-But maintains the superior Produc-
tivity of Agriculture-Refuted on this last point by Ricardo-Movement in favour
of Manufactures stimulated by the Invention of Credit-And by the Development
of Machinery-Economical effects of Machines-Special Force of their Influence in
England-The Intellectual Expression of an Industrial Civilisation is Political Econ-
omy-Its Pacific Influence-Theological Agencies not pacific-And Philosophical
ones inefficient-Effects of Political Economy in uniting different Countries-And
different Classes-Effects of the Principle of Interest upon the Affections-The Phi-
losophy of Mortification and the Philosophy of Development represented respectively
by Asceticism and Industrialism-Asceticism supreme till the Fourteenth Century-
The History of Monasteries shows its steady Decline-Position assigned by Industrial-
ism to Wealth-the Destruction of Asceticism among the Ancient Greeks due to Art;
among the Moderns, to Industry-Intellectual Influences favourable to Industrialism
-Utilitarianism the Philosophical Expression of Industrialism-Evils resulting
from this Philosophy-Decline of the Spirit of Self-Sacrifice-Tendency to Material-
ism-Conclusion,
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