xii 173. Cross of Tinyahasara, or Little Abraham 175. Excavations at Little Falls. 178. General Herkimer's Residence. 184. Old Parsonage and Church. .87. Signature of Walter Butler. 188. Portrait of General Sullivan. 189. Order of March against the Indians 197. Portrait, House, and Signature of J. Dievendorf. 198. Mansion of Judge Campbell.. 199. Distant View of Cherry Valley 201. Portrait of Hendrick Hudson. 202. Schuyler's Mansion at Albany. 204. Washington's Head-quarters at Morristown. 209. Fac-simile of Cipher Writing. 210. Old Apple-tree at Springfield. 211. Plan of the Battle at Springfield. 215. Old Tavern at Elizabethport. 218. Portrait of Governor Livingston.. 222. Scene in the Wyoming Valley 223. Portrait of Count Zinzendorf 225. Site of Wintermoot's Fort... 226. Position of the Wyoming Forts.. 227. Signature of Colonel Z. Butler.. 228. The Susquehanna at Monocasy Island. 233. Frances Slocum-Ma-con-a-qua. 238. Appearance of the Chambers in the Mines. 239. View from the Shawangunk Mountains 241. The Van Kleek House, Poughkeepsie 243. The Constitution House, Kingston 245. Monument in Church-yard, Kingston 246. View at the Mouth of the Rondout 248. Portrait of General Stark 256. Portrait of Joseph Dibble. 257. Portrait of General Wooster. 258. Place of the Barricades, Ridgefield 256 269. West Bridge and Milford Hill. 259 271. Landing-place of General Tryon. 260 273. Humphreys's Monument. 260 274. Portrait of Colonel Humphreys. 261 275. Portait of Dr. Eneas Munson. 328 312. Signature of James Otis.. 329 313. Portrait of Lord Dartmouth. 330 314. Portrait of David Kinnison.. 333 315. Portrait of G. R. T. Hewes.. 334 316. Portrait of Edmund Burke. 337 317. Hancock's House, Boston 341 318. Skull and "Cross-bones" 342 319. Disjointed Snake-device at the head of Newspapers 503 364 327. Medallion Likeness of John Wilkes. 387 339. Action on Breed's Hill 388 340. Portrait of Joseph Warren 509 356 324. Portrait of John Hancock.. 515 374 330. Signature of Colonel James Barret. 525 381 335. Reverse of a Massachusetts Treasury Note, 1775. 412 357. The Washington Elm, Cambridge. 413 358. Boston with its Environs, 1776. 414 359. The Pine-tree Flag... 415 360. Signature of Governor Gage. 363. Initial Letter 364. Gold Medal awarded to Washington. 365. Medal struck in Honor of Lord North. 366. Roxbury Fort.... 367. Ground Plan of the Fort 368. Initial Letter .. 369. Signatures of Uncas and his Sons.. 370. Uncas's Monument.. 371. Residence of General Huntington 377. The Trumbull Vault 378. Birth-place of Benedict Arnold. 379. Governor Huntington's Mansion.. 380. Governor Huntington's Tomb. 381. General Huntington's Tomb.. 382. Map of New London Harbor. 383. New London Harbor, looking North. 384. View of the Landing-place of Arnold. 385. Monument at Groton. 386. Portrait of Mrs. Bailey. 389. Landing-place of Roger Williams. 392. Governor Cooke's Monument. 396. Gaspee Point. 397. Signatures of the Commissioners 398. Old Tower at Newport 399. Inscription on Dighton Rock 400. Prescott's Head-quarters. 401. Perry's Monument. 402. Top of "Tonomy Hill.. 403. Hubbard's House and Mill. 404. Initial Letter 405. Portrait of Colonel William Barton. 406. Prescott's Head-quarters... 407. Portrait of D'Estaing.. 408. Plan of Operations upon Rhode Island in 1778. .Page 577 | 444. Initial Letter 409. Scene of the Engagement on Rhode Island, August 29, 1778.. 410. Ancient Sycamore 411. Quaker Hill, from the Fort on Butts's Hill. 412. View Northward from Butts's Hill. 413. Portrait and Sign-manuel of King Philip.. . Page 698 700 701 701 701 703 703 703 704 704 704 704 705 707 708 708 708 709 710 603 457. Ruins of Fort Putnam, as seen from Fort Webb. 603 458. View from Constitution Island. 604 459. Arnold's Willow.... 606 460. The Robinson House. 607 461. Portrait of Beverly Robinson 607 462. Portrait of Benedict Arnold 609 463. Fac Similes of a part of Arnold and Andrè's Letters. 714 610 464. Signature of Elisha Sheldon. 611 465. Map showing the Scene of Arnold's Treason.. 614 466. Smith's House... 617 467. Signature of Villefranche 618 468. Signature of Major Bauman 624 472. Signatures of Arnold's Aids 626 475. View near Fort Montgomery. 628 476. Lake Sinnipink, or Bloody Pond 628 477. Portrait of Beverly Garrison. 630 478. Picture of part of a Boom. 633 479. Plan of Attack upon Fort Montgomery 634 480. View from Peekskill Landing.. CALIFORNIA Far o'er yon azure main thy view extend, TIMOTHY DWIGHT. into the soil, no sickle into ripe VERY nation eminent for its refine ment, displayed in the cultivation of the arts, had its heroic age; a period when its first physical and moral conquests were achieved, and when rude society, with all its impurities, was fused and refined in the crucible of progress. When civilization first set up its standard as a permanent ensign in the Western hemisphere, northward of the Bahamas and the great Gulf, and the contests for possession began between the wild Aborigines, who thrust no spade harvests, and those earnest delvers from the Old World, who came with the light of Christianity to plant a new empire and redeem the wilderness by cultivation, then commenced the heroic age of America. It ended when the work of the Revolution, in the eighteenth century, was accomplished; when the bond of vassalage to Great Britain was severed by her colonies, and when the thirteen confederated States ratified a federal Constitution, and upon it laid the broad foundation of our Republic. Those ancient civilizations, registered by the stylus of history, were mere gleamings of morning compared with the noontide radiance which now lights up the Western World ; and even the more modern nations of Europe, brilliant as they appear, have so many dark spots upon the disk of their enlightenment, that their true glory is really less than that of the waxing Star in the West. These ancient and modern civilizations, now past or at their culminating points, were the results of the slow progress of centuries; the heroic age of America, meteor-like, was brilliant and rapid in its course, occupying the space of only a century and a half of time from the permanent implanting of a British colony, weak and dependent, to the founding of our government, which, like Pallas Athena, was, at its birth, full panoplied, strong, eminently individual in its character, and full of recuperative energies. The head of Britannia was cleft by the Vulcan of the Revolution, and from its teeming brain leaped the full-grown daughter, sturdy and defiant. 1521. Long anterior to the advent of Europeans in America, a native empire, but little inferior to Old Rome in civilization, flourished in that region of our continent which now forms the southwestern portion of the Republic. The Aztec empire, which reached the acme of its refinement during the reign of Montezuma, and crumbled into fragments when Cortez dethroned and murdered that monarch, extended over the whole of Central America; and when the Spaniards came it was gradually pushing its conquests northward, where all was yet darkness and gloom. To human apprehension, this people, apparently allied by various ties to the wild nations of North America, appeared to be the most efficient instruments in spreading the light of civilization over the whole continent; yet they were not only denied this glorious privilege, but, by the very race which first attempted to plant the seeds of European refinement in Florida and among the Mobilian tribes, and to shed the illumination of their dim Christianity over the dreary regions of the North, was their own bright light extinguished. The Aztecs and their neighbors were beaten into the dust of debasement by the falchion blows of avarice and bigotry, and they form, apparently, not the most insignificant atom of the chain of events which connects the history of the empires of the Old World with that of our Republic. It is believed that, two hundred years before the Aztecs subdued the more ancient people of the Mexican valley and founded Tenochtitlan,' a handful of rough, half-civilized adventurers from the wintery shores of Iceland and the neighboring main, driven by adverse winds they knew not whither, touched upon the bleak shores of Labrador, and traversed the American continent southward as far as Rhode Island, and, it may be, the capes of Virginia.' These supposed first modern discoverers of America were the children of the "mighty sea kings" of the Teutonic romances-the Scandinavian reguli, who, scorning to own Gorm the Old of Norway, and Harold Fairhair of Denmark, their conquerors, as masters, forsook their country and colonized Iceland, Greenland, Shetland, and the Orkney Islands, whence they sent forth piratical expeditions, which became a terror to Western Europe. They traded as well as plundered, and by commerce and conquest became potential. Every coast was visited by their squadrons, either for war or traffic. They swept over Denmark and Germany, and by conquest obtained possession of the best portions of Gaul. They invaded the British Islands, and placed the renowned Canute upon the throne of Alfred. Long before Christianity had shed its genial rays over their frozen territory of the North, and banished the barbarous rites of Pagan worship, the lamp of learning had been 1014. This city was founded about the year 1210, and was afterward called Mexico, which signifies the place of Mexitli, the Aztec god of war. The present capital of Mexico is upon the site of that ancient city. The Aztecs, at that time, were settled in Lower California. They were divided into six tribes. The Mexican tribe wandered off southward, subdued the Toltecs, and founded the city around which the whole Aztec nation subsequently gathered. The Toltecs were far more refined than their conquerors, and from members of that dispersed nation the Aztecs were first made acquainted with painting, sculpture, astronomy, and many of the useful arts, such as working in metals, building bridges and aqueducts, agriculture, &c. 2 See note on page 633. 3 Charles III., called the Simple, the eighth of the Carlovingian kings of France, ceded to Rolf or Rollo, one of the Northmen chiefs, the large province called by them Normandy. This event occurred in the year 918. Rollo and his subjects embraced Christianity, and became the guardians of France against further invasion from the Northmen. |