Uses: When made usable by a cementing process it forms one of the finest abrasives known for the cutting of metal, stone, glass or wood. Places of Production: At Sault Ste Marie, Michigan, and at Niagara Falls are large power plants run by the agency of waterfalls where all the carborundum made in America is produced. In Norway and Sweden the moist Atlantic winds blowing against high mountains precipitate moisture that is utilized for the production of cheap electric currents. The currents seem to be the locating factor in carborundum manufacture so in those places many plants for the production of this material are located. X. STEEL MAKING. 1. The modern methods of steel production involve a distinct chemical process, as steel is merely a kind of iron which is hardened and toughened, according to requirements, by the admixture of definite amounts of alloys, mostly carbon in the form of manganese, and spiegel, and of substances other than carbon, whose use produce chrome steel, tungsten steel and vanadium steel. The exact grade of steel desired is obtained by use of chemical formulae. (a). Processes: There are three processes of steel making. (1). An old and excellent process, known as cementation. (2). The Bessemer process. (3). The open-hearth process. (b). Copper Smelting: The wide demand for copper in electrical work has caused enormous increase in the use of this metal in the last decade. The chemical process of smelting and extracting the metal has been much improved as is instanced by the recently acquired ability to now use large deposits of porphyry ores found in Nevada, Arizona and Utah, but which were of no value at all a few years ago before the discovery of new mechanical and chemical processes in copper production. (c). Aluminum:- One of the elements of the earth's crust, existing in enormous quantities in common clay is aluminum. For long the extraction of the element in its metallic form called bauxite baffled the attempts of chemists until the successful discovery of a simple process made by Charles Martin Hall in 1886 reduced the cost of production from ninety dollars a pound to eighteen cents per pound and inaugurated the wide use of aluminum ware. In consideration of the manifold uses of this newest of metals the present time is economically considered the "Aluminum age." PART III. MINOR CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Essential oils, synthetic perfumes, flavoring extracts, gums and shellac are some of the substances whose production is grouped under the title of minor chemical industries. The most important of these numerically is "essential oil," the name applied to oils that are characteristic of particular plants. (a). Methods of Production: (1). Modern distillation, by pressure through the still. (4). Macerated process, soaking plants and flowers in warm oil. (5). Enfleurage process, layer of fat on plate glass sprinkled with layers of fresh flowers. Process repeated until fat is saturated. Results obtained from this and the macerated process are known as flower pomade. The few products and processes mentioned here are but slightly suggestive of the rapidly widening use of a class of industries in which discovery has just begun, and in which producture and manufacture follow a growing demand made effective by new laboratory processes. KINDS OF ELECTRIC FURNACES Description of the following furnaces may be found in any text book on mechanical appliances or industrial chemistry: (1). Intermittent furnace. INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES. Carborundum-1891, Acheson. Cyanide Process for extracting metals-1888, Arthur and De Forrest. By-product Coke Oven-1893, Hoffmann. Centrifugal Creamer-1880, DeLaval. High Speed Steel-1901, Taylor and White. REFERENCE READING. Chemical Industry on the Continent-Baron Harold. Reference List on Electric Fixation of Nitrogen-Bulletin, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Utilization of Atmospheric Nitrogen-Bureau of Commerce and Labor. Chemical Raw Materials and Manufactures-J. Russell Smith. Industrial Chemistry-Text. GENERAL REFERENCES. Students desiring wider and more detailed knowledge, or current information on particular industries, or industrial processes are especially recommended to consult a good text in Industrial Chemistry, and trade journals. The following is a partial but very suggestive list of helpful publications: Coal Tar and Dye Paint, Oil and Dye Review Vegetable Oils and Ex- Paint, Oil and Dye Review New York Chicago New York London Boston Chicago New York New York Chicago Chicago More than Two Years of Latin By CARRIE B. ALLEN, LATIN DEPARTMENT, NEWARK, OHIO HIGH SCHOOL. T "I but That in •¤...............÷HE practical tendency of the age is gradually choking the longing for the more cultural subjects. The writer feels like Cato in his advanced years when he said, "It is hard for a man who has lived in one age to defend himself in another." But let us hope when we are defending our subject of Latin that we may not fall into Cato's habit of condemning with no □ policy of reconstruction committing the unpardonable fallacy of lauding the charms of poverty and living in luxury. When the colleges, which should stand pre-eminently as the gaugers of a nation's aspirations culturally, let down the bars our troubles began. We all know what happened in the case of Greek and reasoning from anology we see what may happen in the case of Latin. I thank whatever gods there be that I was not deprived of the pleasure derived from the study of Greek. It had such an effect upon me as did the daffodils upon Wadsworth. little thought what wealth the show to me had brought." comparable language opened to me the gates of beauty. probably not utilitarian; but some one has said that we cannot live by bread alone. This reason, which seems sufficient for the study of both Greek and Latin, will have no showing with the ordinary second year high school boy or girl. Let me quote Dr. Abraham Flexner's view of the study of Latin as published in the Atlantic Monthly. "If one does not study things because they 'train the mind' why, then, should one study them? The answer is extraordinarily simple. One studies things because they serve a purpose. I do not say, mark you, a useful purpose, but a purpose a valid purpose, a genuine purpose, not a makebelieve purpose. Mental discipline is not a valid nor a genuine purpose. It is a make believe. Meanwhile the number of purposes, of genuine, valid purposes, is simply infinite. Learning to read Virgil is of course just as valid a purpose as learning to play It was |