country. Thence it went into France, where it was established in Le Mans in 1834 and its true value was proven. So convinced were people of its exceptional worth as an adjunct to public instruction, that they made it a part of the French National Educational System, which it still remains.

Between 1874 and 1886 there were established in France 24,000 School Savings Banks, which had about half a million depositors, with a little more than 12,600,000 francs, or about $2,520,000 on deposit. The plan became of national importance and other countries realizing its advantages and seeing its success, followed the lead of the two countries named. The system has since been introduced into most of the countries of Europe, prominent among which are Belgium, England, Scotland, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. In Great Britain alone, between 1890 and 1894, 6,170 School Savings Banks were established, and it is estimated that three-fourths of the money now being saved in Germany can be attributed to this educational scheme. The number of child depositors in the schools of Italy increased from 11,933 in 1876 to 65,062 in 1885 and to 90,974 in 1890. In Hungary the growth has been constant, starting with 2,621 pupils in 1876 and increasing to 37,737 depositors in 1890.

To Mr. J. H. Thiry of Long Island City, New York, is largely due the present development and success of School Savings Banks in the United States. According to a statement of Mr. Thiry, published January 1st, 1907, the system was then in operation in 1,098 schools of 113 cities of 22 states in America, and the scholars had saved since its introduction, $5,485,514.48, of which $4,675,897.26 had been withdrawn, leaving a balance of $809,617.22 due 177,972 depositors.

The facts and figures above mentioned prove beyond question that the plan of School Savings Banks is no longer an experiment, but a vital educational and economic factor and an independent temperance force in the training of the Nation above the "thoughtless waste that leads to pitiful excesses and dissipation." The fundamental principle of all the systems of School Savings Banks is the same. They differ only in operation.

Spencer was right when he said "men dress their children's minds as they do their bodies, in the prevailing fashion." This statement still holds true, but modern life requires that this mental dress be severely practical.

A Bibliography of the Junior High School

BY JOSEPH ABELSON, HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE,
NEW YORK, N. Y.

Junior high school, Evansville. Educator-Journal, 12: 219. Junior high schools. Educator-Journal, 15: 237.

ABELSON, J.-The Junior High School-A remedy for evils existing in the present system of education (contains an exhaustive bibliography of the Junior high school). Bulletin No. 59 of the High School Teachers' Association of New York City. AITON, G. B.-Principles underlying the making of courses of study for secondary schools. School Review 6: 369.

ANGELL, J. R.-The junior college movement in high school. School Review, 23: 289.

ANGELL, J. R.-The duplication of school work by the college. School Review, 21: 1.

ARMSTRONG, J. E.-Limited segregation. School Review, 14: 726. 1906.

AYRES, L. P.-The organization of intermediate schools or junior high schools: In his "The public schools of Springfield, II." Division of Education, Russel Sage Foundation, N. Y. C. (1914). P. 177.

AYRES, L. P.—Laggards in our public schools. New York. BACHMAN, F. P.-The intermediate school.—Board of Estimate and Apportionment. Final Report. Committee on School Inquiry, City of New York, 1911-13. 2: 463.

BAGLEY, W. C.-Principles justifying common elements in the school program. School and home education 34: 119.

BAGLEY, W. G.-The "six-six" plan: School and Home Education 34: 79.

BALLIET, T. M.-Time limit of secondary education. Educational Review, 25: 433.

BALLIET, T. M.-Saving of time in elementary and secondary schools: Proceedings of the National Education Association 1903: 317.

BAKER, J. H.-Economy of time in education: United States Bureau of Education. Bulletin No. 38-1913: 60.

BINGAMAN, C. C.-A report on the Junior High School of the United States, Goldfield, Iowa.

BOLTON, F. E.-National Conference on Secondary Education: Northwestern University, 1904: 68.

BOWER, RAY-Reorganization of the grades and the high school: Wyoming School Journal, 9: 243.

BOYNTON, F. D.-A six year high school course: Educational Review, 20: 515.

BREITWEISER, J. V.-The gap between the grades and the high school: Colorado School Journal, 28: 22.

BRIGGS, T. H.-Secondary education: Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1914, vol. 1, chap. 6: 135. BROOKLYN TEACHERS ASSOCIATION-The grading and promotion of pupils: Report of the President, 1908-1909.

BRIGGS, T. H.-The Junior High School. Bulletin No. 59 of the High School Teachers' Association of New York City. BROOKLYN TEACHERS ASSOCIATION-The pre-academic school: Report of the President, 1909-1910.

BROOKS, S. D.-Electives in the high school. School Review, 9: 593.

BROWN, E. E.-The making of our middle schools. New York 1902.

BROWN, H. A.-The functions of the secondary school: Educational Review, October, 1914.

BROWN, H. E.-A plan for the reorganization of the American secondary schools. School Review, 22: 289.

BROWN, J. F.-The American high school. New York, 1909. BROWN, J. S.-Joliet Township high school: School Review: 9:

417.

BROWN, J. S.-In what respects should the high school be modified to meet the demands of the twentieth century? School Review, (September, 1904). 12: 563.

BROWN, J. S.-The extended high school: School Review, 14: 66. BRUBACHER, A. R.-Some readjustments in secondary education: Education, June, 1914.

BUNKER, F. F.-The reorganization of our school grades: Wash

ington Education Association. Addresses and Proceedings,

1909: 36.

BUNKER, F. F.-Better articulation of the public school system: Educational Review, March, 1914, 47: 249.

BUNKER, F. F.-A plan for the reorganization of the schools at Berkeley: Sierra Education News 5: 13.

BUTLER, N. M.-Scope and function of secondary education: Educational Review, 15: 15.

Buttrick, H. E.-True function of the evening high school: School Review, September, 1904. 12: 588.

CALIFORNIA-State Board of Educational Problems of the intermediate school: Report of the Commissioner of Secondary Schools, June 30, 1914, p. 19.

CAREY, C. P.-The six and six plan of school organization: Report of State Department of Education, Madison, Wisconsin,

1914.

CITY CLUB OF NEW YORK-A suggested readjustment of the years of the public schools of New York City: October, 1908. CITY CLUB OF NEW YORK-A suggested readjustment of the years of the public schools of New York City. Opinions of educators and others. January, 1909.

COLUMBUS, OHIO-Board of Education. Junior high Schools:

Annual Report, 1911: 155.

COLUMBUS, OHIO-Board of Education.

Annual Report, 1909: 28; 169, 200.

Junior high schools:

COMPAYRE, J.-Reform in secondary education in France: Educational Review, 35: 130.

Cox, P. W. L.-The Junior high school. (Solvay, N. Y.). Educational Administration and Supervision, Nov., 1915. Coy, E. W.-Readjustment of the high school curriculum: Proceedings of the National Education Association, 1903: 177. DAVIS, C. O.—The subject matter and administration of the sixthree plan of school, in Bulletin of the University of Michigan, New Series, Sept., 1915.

DAVIS, C. O.-Principles and plans for reorganizing secondary education: in Johnston, High School Education, p. 67.

DE GARMO, C.-Principles of secondary education. New York, 1913. P. 324.

DEWEY, JOHN—High school of the future: School Review, 1903.

DEWEY, JOHN-Shortening the years of elementary schooling. School Review, 11: 17.

DEXTER, E. G.-A history of education in the United States, New York, 1914.

DOUGLASS, A.-Present status of the junior high school: Pedagogical Seminary, June, 1915.

DUTTON AND SNEDDEN-Administration of public education in the United States. New York, 1912.

ELIOT, C. W.-Shortening and enriching the grammar school course. Proceedings of the National Education Association. 1892, p. 617.

ELIOT, C. W.-Tendencies of secondary education: Educational Review, 14: 14.

FERTIG, J. W.-Is not a six year elementary course preferable? Southern Education Association. Proceedings, 1913: 52. FOSTER, W. L.-Physiological age as a basis for classification of pupils entering high school: Psychological Clinic, May, 1910.

FRANCIS, J. H.-Reorganizing our school system: Proceedings of
the National Education Association, 1912: 368.
GORDY, J. P.—A broader elementary education.
HALL, G. S.-Adolescence.

HALL, G. S.-Educational problems, vol. 2, chap. 23.

HALL, G. S.-The high school as the people's college. Pedagogical Seminary, 9: 63.

HANUS, P. H.-Secondary education. Educational Review, 17:

346.

HARPER, W. R.-High school of the future. School Review, 11: 1. HARRIS, J. H.--The six-six plan. Journal of Education, 81: 89; 102.

HARTWELL, C. S.-The grading and promotion of pupils: Proceedings of the National Education Association (Department of Superintendence, Indianapolis, Ind.) March, 1910: 156. HARTWELL, C. S.-The Junior high school-Bulletin No. 59 of the High School Teachers Association of New York City. HARTWELL, C. S.-The grading and promotion of pupils: Educational Review, November, 1910.

HARTWELL, C. S.-Liberating the lower education: School Review, June, 1907.