purpose of preventing workmen who have incurred the hostility of one of them from securing employment upon any terms and by the method commonly known as blacklisting debarring such workmen from exercising their vocation, such a combination being regarded as a criminal conspiracy. On the other hand, à combination of employes having for its purpose the accomplishment of an illegal object is unlawful; for instance, a conspiracy to extort money from an employer by inducing his workmen to leave him and deterring others from entering his service is illegal; and an association which undertakes to coerce workmen to become members thereof or to dictate to employers as to the methods or terms upon which their business shall be conducted by means of force, threats or intimidation, interfering with their traffic or lawful employment of other persons is, as to such purposes, an illegal combination. Unlawful interference by employes, or former employes, or persons acting in sympathy with them, with the business of a railroad company in the hands of a receiver renders the persons interfering liable to punishment for contempt of court." The U. S. Statutes at Large provide that the service and employment of all laborers and mechanics employed by the Government of the United States, by the District of Columbia, or by any contractor or sub-contractor Hours of Labor. upon any of the public works of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, shall be limited and restricted to eight hours in any one calendar day. Also, that it shall be unlawful for any officer of the United States, or of the District of Columbia, or for any contractor or subcontractor as above described, to require or permit any such laborer or mechanic to work more than eight hours in any calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency. (Chap. 352, acts of Congress, 1891-'92.) In 1887 Congress provided by act that eight hours should constitute a day's work for letter carriers in cities or postal districts connected therewith, and if any letter carrier should be employed a greater number of hours per day he should be paid extra for the same. (Chap. 308, acts of Congress, 1887-'88.) Chap. 47, acts of Congress, 1887-'88, directs the Public Printer to enforce the eight-hour law in the department under his charge. All persons of the Government service as per diem employes are allowed the following holidays, for which they shall receive pay the same as Holiday Pay. on other days: January 1,, February 22, May 30 (Memorial Day), July 4, first Monday in September, Labor Day (to employes of the Govern ment Printing Office only), December 25, and such days as the President may appoint as days for national thanksgiving. (Resolution No. 5, acts of Congress, 1884-'85, and Resolution No. 6, acts of Congress, 1886-'87.) An act of January 12, 1895, Chap. 23, Sec. 46, 28 Stat. 607, provides that Inauguration Day shall be a holiday, with pay, for employes of the Government Printing Office. Chap. 370, acts of Congress, 1897-'98, provides that when a controversy arises between a common carrier, engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and its employes, which interrupts or threatens to interrupt its business, Arbitration of the chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Labor Disputes. Commissioner of Labor shail, upon the request of either party, communicate with the parties and try by mediation and conciliation to settle the controversy, and if their efforts are unsuccessful they shall then try to bring about an arbitration of said controversy; that if the effort at mediation as above does not succeed the controversy may, by the consent of the parties, be submitted to the arbitration of a board of three persons, one to be named by the employing carrier, one to be named by the employes, and the third to be chosen by the two first named, or, if they cannot agree on any one, then by the chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Commissioner of Labor; that a majority of said arbitrators may make a valid and binding award, which must be found and filed in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district wherein the controversy arose or the arbitration was entered into, within thirty days from the date of the appointment of the third arbitrator; that the submission of the controversy shall be in writing and signed by both parties, and must be filed with the award and with a transcript of all the testimony; that these papers so filed in court with the award shall have the force and effect of a bill of exceptions; that the award shall be final and conclusive upon both parties unless set aside by the court for error of law apparent on the record; that the award shall go into practical operation and judgment shall be entered thereon at the expiration of ten days from the filing unless, within said ten days, either party shall file exceptions thereto for matter of law apparent upon the record; that at the expiration of ten days from the judgment of the Circuit Court upon exceptions taken as above, judgment shall be entered in accordance with the decision of the court unless, within said ten days, either party shall appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals; the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals shall be final; that employes dissatisfied with the award must not quit the employer before the expiration of three months from and after the making of the award without giving thirty days' notice in writing of their intention, and that an employer so dissatisfied must not, on account of said dissatisfaction, dismiss an employe before the expiration of said three months without giving the same notice; that during the pendency of such arbitration it shall not be lawful for the employer party to such arbitration to discharge employes parties thereto, except for inefficiency, viola tion of law or neglect of duty, nor for the employes to unite in, aid or abet strikes against said employer, and that for a period of three months after an award under such an arbitration it shall not be lawful for an employer to discharge employes, except for the causes aforesaid, without giving thirty days' notice in writing of his intention so to do, nor for any employes, during a like period, to quit the service of the employer without just cause without giving a like notice; that each member of such board of arbitration shall receive a compensation of $10 per day for the time he is actually employed and also his travelling and other necessary expenses. COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES. Under the International Copyright act (approved March 3, 1891; took effect July 1, 1891) any United States citizen, or any citizen or subject of a foreign nation which grants copyrigat to United States citizens on substantially the same basis with its own citizens, may secure for twenty-eight years the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending his work; and, in case of a dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be performed or represented by others. This term of security is renewable for fourteen years more. The right of citizens or subjects of a foreign nation to copyright in the United States, on January 1, 1896, had been extended by Presidential proclamations to Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland. On February 27, 1896, copyright benefits were extended to citizens of Mexico by proclamation of the President; on May 25, 1896, to citizens of Chili; on October 19. 1899, to those of Costa Rica, and on November 20, 1899, to those of the Netherlands (Holland) and possessions. An act of Congress, signed by the President January 6, 1897, makes an injunction against the unlawful production of a play obtained in a United States District Court operative in all districts, instead of only in the one in which it is granted, as formerly. It also makes the unlawful production of a play punishable by imprisonment, under certain conditions. To aid in having the law strictly complied with, so that no question can arise as to the validity of the entry recorded, and that the application shall be in such a form that the Copyright Office can, upon its receipt, promptly make the entries desired, and thus avoid delay through the necessity for correspondence, an application form has been prepared, which can be obtained by addressing "Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C." By application to the same office a pamphlet giving directions for securing copyrights, etc., may be obtained. The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who shall insert the notice of copyright, or words of the same purport, upon any book or other articl which has not been copyrighted, whether such article be subject to copyright or otherwise; or who shall knowingly issue or sell any article bearing a notice of United States copyright which has not been copyrighted in the United States; or who shall import any book, photograph, chromo or lithograph, or other article bearing such notice of copyright or words of the same purport, which is not copyrighted in this country. The president of the American Copyright League is Edmund Clarence Stedman, and the secretary is R. U. Johnson, No. 33 East 17th st., New York City, N. Y. WEATHER BUREAU FORECASTS AND STORM WARNINGS. The Weather Bureau furnishes, when practicable, for the benefit of all interests dependent upon weather conditions, the "Forecasts" which are prepared daily at the Central Office in Washington, D. C., and certain designated stations. These forecasts are telegraphed to stations of the Weather Bureau, railway officials, postmasters, and many others, to be communicated to the public by means of flags or steam whistles. The flags adopted for this purpose are five in number, and of the forms and colors Indicated below: Temperature. Cold Wave. When No. 4 is placed above No. 1, 2, or 3, it indicates warmer; when below, colder; when not displayed, the temperature is expected to remain about stationary. During the late spring and early fall the cold wave flag is also used to indicate anMicipated frosts. EXPLANATION OF WHISTLE SIGNALS. A warning blast of from fifteen to twenty seconds' duration is sounded to attract attention. After this warning the longer blasts (of from four to six seconds' duration) refer to weather, and shorter blasts (from one to three seconds' duration) refer to temperature; those for weather are sounded first. Blasts. One long. Two long. Three long. Indicate. Blasts. Indicate. Lower temperature. .Higher temperature. Cold wave. By repeating each combination a few times, with intervals of ten seconds, lial .lity to error in reading the signals may be avoided. As far as practicable, the forceast messages will be telegraphed at the expense of the Weather Bureau; but if this is impracticable, they will be furnished at the regular commercial rates and sent "collect." In no case will the forecasts be sent to a second address in any place, except at the expense of the applicant. Persons desiring to display the flags or sound the whistle signals for the benefit of the public should communicate with the Weather Bureau officials in charge of the climate and crop service of their respective States, the central stations of which are as follows: Montgomery. Ala.; Phoenix, Ariz.; Little Rock, Ark.; San Francisco, Cal.; Denver, Col. Jacksonville, Fla.; Atlanta, Ga.; Boise, Idaho; Springfield, Ill.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Des Moines, Iowa; Topeka, Kan.; Louisville, Ky.; New-Orleans, La.; Baltimore, Md. (for Delaware and Maryland); Boston, Mass. (for New-England); Grand Rapids, Mich.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Vicksburg, Miss.: Columbia, Mo.; Helena, Mont.; Lincoln, Neb.; Carson City, Nev.; Atlantic City, N. J.; Santa Fe, N. M.; Ithaca, N. Y.; Raleigh, N. C.; Bismarck, N. D.; Columbus, Ohio; Oklahoma, Okla. (for Oklahoma and Indian Territories); Portland, Ore.; Philadelphia, Penn.: Columbia, S. C.; Huron, S. D. Nashville, Tenn.; Galveston, Tex.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Richmond, Va.; Seattle, Wash.; Parkersburg, W. Va.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Cheyenne, Wyo. There are also storm and hurricane warnings, the combinations being made with a white triangular flag, a red triangular flag and a square red flag with a black square in the centre. The combinations follow: Storm warnings. Hurricane warning. (Flags with light lines red, squares in the centre black.) Storm warning-A red flag with a black centre indicates that a storm of marked violence is expected. The pennants displayed with the flags indicate the direction of the wind-red, easterly (from northeast to south); white, westerly (from southwest to north). The pennant above the flag indicates that the wind is expected to blow from the northerly quadrants; below, from the southerly quadrants. By night a red light indicates easterly winds, and a white above a red light, westerly winds. Hurricane warning-Two red flags with black centres displayed one above the other indicate the expected approach of a tropical hurricane, or one of those extremely severe and dangerous storms which occasionally move across the lakes and Northern Atlantic Coast. No night hurricane warnings are displayed. RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 2 Prepared by United States Weather Bureau. The letters at the head of each column indicate as follows: M. A. R.,' " mean annual rainfall (including snow melted), in inches. "M. A. T.," mean annual temperature. "H. R. T.," highest recorded temperature at the station. "L. R. T.,' lowest recorded temperature at the station. Nevada, Winnemucca.... 8.5 48.6 104|128 Wisconsin 515,971 2,057,911 2,542 92,531 17,415 89,051 2,069,042 1,067,562 1,001,480 1,553,071 940 Wyoming .... United States 176,303,387 39,059,242 37,244, 145 65,843,302 10,460,085) 466,099,788) 48,840,789 This total includes population enumerated by the Census Office as follows: Continental United States, 75,994,575; Alaska, 63,592; Hawaii, 154,001; military and naval, 91,219. The population for the entire United States is 84,233,069, the totals for the insular dependencies being: Philippines, 6,961,339; Porto Rico, 953, 243; Guam, 9,000; Samoa, 6,100. 20f these 10,250,063 are whites and 210,022 colored, including Chinese, Japanese, etc. In addition to the negro population there are in the United States classified as colored 119,050 Chinese, 85,988 Japanese, 137,242 Indians taxed, 129, 518 Indians not taxed. These totals include 84,209 whites and 6,394 negroes in the military and naval service. Of the native born, 33,329,130 are males and 32,514,172 females; of the foreign born, 5,730,112 are males and 4,729,973 females; of the total white, 34,349,021 are males and 32,641,781 females; of the native white, 28,803, 188 are males and 27,937,551 females; of the native white of native parents, 20,934,099 are males and 20,119.318 females; of the native white of foreign parents, 7,869,089 are males and 7,818,233 females; of the foreign white, 5,545,833 are males and 4,704,230 females; of the total colored, 4,710,221 are males and 4,602,364 females; of the negroes, 4,393, 221 are males and 4,447,568 females; of the Chinese, 111,054 are males and 7,996 females; of the Japanese, 71,388 are males and 14,600 females; of the Indians, 134,560 are males and 132,200 females. parents. parents. Negro. Native. or over. born. Wisconsin 585,903 129,1111 183,999 1,230 122,254 61,745 12,740 233,129 14,786 220,251 12,878 80,105 1,006 309,909 257,304 73,779 2,878 Totals 24,487 141,053,41715,687,322219,036.143) 22,065, 989 14,103,619) 4,932,524 46,246,857 These totals include 48,643 of native parentage and 20,867 of whole or partial foreign parentage in the military or naval service. 2These totals include 71,917 whites and 5,453 negroes in the military and naval services. These totals include 58,315) natives and 13,602 foreign born in the military and naval services. This total includes 1,137 illiterates in the military and naval services. "One or both. POPULATION OF CITIES OF 25,000 OR MORE. The following statistics, prepared under the direction of William C. Hunt, chief statistician for population of the Census Bureau, give the population of the 159 cities having 25,000 inhabitants or more in 1900, according to the official count of the returns of the Twelfth Census, taken as of June 1. 1900. The 159 cities combined have a population in 1900 of 19,694,625, as compared with a population for the same cities of 14,855,489 in 1890, and of 9,933,927 in 1880. The absolute increase in the population of these cities from 1890 to 1900 was 4.839,136, or 82,426 less than the absolute increase from 1880 to 1890, when it was 4,921,562. The percentage of increase in population of the 159 cities from 1890 to 1900 was 32.5, as against 49.5 from 1880 to 1890. In 1880 there were but twenty cities which contained more than 100,000 inhabitants. |