of the widow, which fact must be shown, in addition to the requirements in widow's claim. A dependent mother must show her relationship to the soldier, his celibacy, that he contributed to her support, that his death was due to some cause of service origin, the date of his death, and, under the general law, that she was dependent upon him at the date of his death. Under the act of June 27, 1890, it is only necessary to show dependence at date of filing claim and since then. A dependent father must show relationship by legal marriage to soldier's mother, the date of soldier's birth and of the mother's death, in addition to the requirements in the mother's claim. Applications rejected by a Board of Pension Surgeons may be reconsidered on the evidence of two physicians that disability exists. Pensions for privates range from $6 to $30 a month in most cases, though $72 is granted to those who have lost both feet or both eyes, and $100 a month to those who have lost both hands.

The following executive order, issued March 15, 1904, further defined certain general conditions under which a claimant's disability may be presumed:

"Ordered: (1) In the adjudication of pension claims under said act of June 27. 1890, as amended, it shall be taken and considered as an evidential fact, if the conAge Order of 1904.

trary does not appear, and if all other legal requirements are properly met, that when a claimant has passed the age of 62 years he is disabled one-half in ability to perform manual labor and is entitled to be rated at six dollars per month; after 65 years at eight dollars per month; after 68 years at ten dollars per month, and after 70 years at twelve dollars per month.

"(2) Allowances at higher rate, not exceeding twelve dollars per month, will continue to be made, as heretofore, where disabilities other than age show a condition of hability to perform manual labor.

"(3) This order shall take effect April 13, 1904, and shall not be deemed retroactive. The former rules of the office fixing the minimum and maximum at 65 and 75 years, respectively, are hereby modified as above."

The Pension Appropriation act, approved April 24, 1906, provided that "the age of sixty-two years and over shall be considered a permanent specific disability within the meaning of the pension laws."

The number of pensioners on the rolls on June 30, 1906, and the total amount paid turing the fiscal year ended on that date were as follows:

There were added to the rolls during the year ended June 30, 1906, the names of 34,974 new pensioners. The number of pensioners lost from the rolls during the year was 47,444, showing a decrease of 12,470 on the rolls as compared with the close of the fiscal year 1905. The 985,971 pensioners on the rolls June 30, 1906, were classified as follows:

Minor children.
Helpless children.

Army nurses...

175,237

4,167

274

579

War with Spain:

PENSION PAYMENTS AND NUMBER OF PENSIONERS.

Pension payments, the cost of the pension establishment and the number of pensioners carried on the roll from 1865-66 to 1905-'06 are shown in the following table:

From July 1, 1790, to June 30, 1865, disbursements for persions were $96, 445, 444.23

PATENT OFFICE STATISTICS.

In 1905 there were received 54,034 applications for mechanical patents, 781 applications for design patents, 156 applications for reissues of patents, 16,224 applications for registration of trade marks, 1,068 applications for registration of labels and 467 applications for registration of prints. There were 30,270 patents issued, including designs; 129 patents reissued, and 4,490 trade marks, 830 labels and 359 prints registered. The number of patents that expired was 19,585. The number of allowed applications awaiting the payment of final fees was 11,036, and the number forfeited for non-payment of the final fees 5,208. The total receipts were 1,806,758.14, the expenditures $1,479,633.22, and the surplus of receipts over expenditures $327,124.92. The total balance to the credit of the Patent Office in the Treasury of the United States on January 1, 1906, was $6,190,991.68,

In proportion to population more patents were issued to citizens of the District of Columbia than to those of any of the states or territories-1 to every 1,201. Next in order are the following: Connecticut, 1 to every 1,225; Colorado, 1 to every 1,359; California, 1 to every 1,425; New Jersey, 1 to every 1,482; Massachusetts, 1 to every 1,560; Illinois, 1 to every 1,649; New York, 1 to every 1,654; Washington, 1 to every 1,863; Rhode Island, 1 to every 1,871; Ohio, 1 to every 1,964; Pennsylvania, 1 to every 2,159; Wyoming, 1 to every 2,313; Montana, 1 to every 2,362; Michigan, 1 to every 2,470; Wisconsin, 1 to every 3,253; Oregon, 1 to every 3,256; Missouri, 1 to every 3,280; Iowa, 1 to every 3,366; Minnesota, 1 to every 3,447; Indiana, 1 to every 3,499; Idaho, 1 to every 3,762; Kansas, 1 to every 3,780; Delaware, 1 to every 3,930; North Dakota, 1 to every 3,989; Utah, 1 to every 4,069; Maryland, 1 to every 4,103; Oklahoma, 1 to every 4,105; South Dakota, 1 to every 4,461; Vermont, 1 to every 4,462; New Hampshire, 1 to every 4,473; Nebraska, 1 to every 4,879; West Virginia, 1 to every 5,542; Arizona, 1 to every 5,587; Maine, 1 to every 5,835; Nevada, 1 to every 6,047; Florida, 1 to every 7,660; Texas, 1 to every 7,980; New Mexico, 1 to every 8,491 Louisiana, 1 to every 8,689; Kentucky, 1 to every 8,836; Virginia, 1 to every 9,000, and Georgia, 1 to every 9,894. The fewest patents granted in proportion to the number of inhabitants were in the following states and territories: Alaska, 1 to every 63,441; South Carolina, 1 to every 19,147; Mississippi, 1 to every 16,861; Arkansas, 1 to every 14,102; North Carolina, 1 to every 13,431; Alabama, 1 to every 13,253; Hawaii, 1 to every 11,000; Indian Territory, 1 to every '10,887, and Tennessee, 1 to every 10,691.

As to foreign patents, 987 were granted to citizens of Germany; 770 to those of England, 413 to those of Canada, 303 to those of France, 125 to those of AustriaHungary, 89 to those of Switzerland, 75 to those of Sweden, 72 to those of Scotland, 56 to those of New Zealand, 45 to those of Russia, 40 each to those of Belgium and Italy, 34 to those of New South Wales, 31 to those of Victoria, 30 to those of Denmark, 23 to those of the Transvaal, 20. to those of the Netherlands, 19 to those of Ireland, 14 to those of Norway, 13 each to those of Japan and Mexico, 12 to those of Cuba, 10 to those of India, 8 to those of Western Australia, 7 each to those of Argentina and Spain, 5 to those of South Australia, 4 to those of Chili, 3 each to those of Egypt, Natal and Queensland; 2 each to those of Brazil, Cape Colony, Ceylon, South Africa and Tasmania; 1 each to those of China, Danish West Indies, Dutch Guiana, Honduras, Isle of Guernsey, Newfoundland, Portugal and San Salvador.

PASSPORT REGULATIONS.

The law forbids the granting of a passport to any person not a citizen of the United States, or loyal resident of an insular possession of the United States. A person who has only made the declaration of intention to become a citizen cannot receive a passport. No one but the Secretary of State may grant and issue passports in the United States. A person who is entitled to receive a passport, if temporarily abroad, should apply to the diplomatic representative of the United States In the country where he happens to be, or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the Consul-General of the United States, or, in the absence of both, to a consul of the United States. The necessary statements may be made before the nearest consular officer. Application for a passport by a person in one of the insular possessions of the United States should be made to the Chief Executive of such pos-session. The evidence required of a person making application abroad or in an insu-lar possession of the United States is the same as that required of an applicant in the United States.

Such application, in the form of an affidavit, must be attested by an officer authorized to administer oaths. The applicant is required to state the date and place of his birth, his occupation, the place of his permanent residence, and within what length of time he intends to return to the United States with the purpose of residing and performing the duties of citizenship therein. The applicant must take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. The application

must be accompanied by a description stating the following particulars: Age, stature, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth. chin, hair, complexion, face, and by a certificate from at least one credible witness that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be, and that the facts stated in the affidavit are true to the best of the witness's knowledge and belief.

A person of the Chinese race, alleging birth in the United States, must accompany his application with supporting affidavits from at least two credib.e witnesses, preferably not of the Chinese race, having personal knowledge of the applicant's birth in the United States. A person born abroad whose father was a native citizen of the United States must show that his father was born in the United States, resided therein, and was a citizen at the time of the applicant's birth. The department may

require that this affidavit be supported by that of one other citizen acquainted with the facts. A naturalized citizen must transmit his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy of the court record thereof, with his application. He must state in his affidavit when and from what port he emigrated to this country, what ship he sailed in, where he has lived since his arrival in the United States, when and before what court he was naturalized, and that he is the identical person described in the certificate of naturalization.

If a woman making application is unmarried she should state that she has never been married. If she is the wife or widow of a native citizen of the United States the fact should be made to appear. If she is the wife or widow of a naturalized citizen she must transmit for inspection her husband's certificate of naturalization, must state that she is the wife (or widow) of the person described therein, and must set forth the facts of his emigration, naturalization and residence, as required in the rule governing the application of a naturalized citizen. A married woman's citizenship follows that of her husband so far as her international status is concerned. It is essential, therefore, that a woman's marital relations be indicated in her application for a passport, and that in the case of a married woman her husband's citizenship be established. The child of a naturalized citizen claiming citizenship through the naturalization of the parent must state that he or she is the son or daughter, as the case may be, of the person described in the certificate of naturalization, which must be submitted for inspection, and must set forth the facts of emigration, naturalization and residence, as required in the rule governing the application of a naturalized citizen. A resident of an insular possession of the United States who Owes allegiance to the United States must state that he owes allegiance to the United States and that he does not acknowledge allegiance to any other government, and must submit affidavits from at least two credible witnesses having good means of knowledge in substantiation of his statements of birth, residence and loyalty. A passport expires two years from the date of issuance. A new one will be Issued upon a new application, and, if the applicant be a naturalized citizen, the old passport will be accepted in lieu of a certificate of naturalization, if the application upon which it was issued is found to contain sufficient information as to the naturalization of the applicant. When the applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children or servant who would be entitled to receive a passport, it will be sufficient to state the fact, giving the respective ages of the children and the allegiance of the servant, when one passport will suffice for all. For any other person in the party & separate passport will be required. A woman's passport may include her minor children and servant under the above-named conditions. The term servant does not include a governess, tutor, pupil, companion or person holding like relations to the applicant for a passport. Professional and other titles will not be inserted in passports. By act of Congress, a fee of $1 is required to be collected for every citizen's passport. That amount in currency or postal money order should accompany each application made by a citizen of the United States. Orders should be made payable to the disbursing clerk of the Department of State. Drafts or checks will not be accepted. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the department. The Secretary of State may refuse to issue a passport to any one who he has reason to believe desires it to further an unlawful or improper purpose.

Passports are not required in the Argentine Republic, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark and possessions, Great Britain and possessions, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal and possessions, Salvador, Sweden and Uruguay. It is recommended, however, that Americans intending to visit those countries be provided with passports for convenience to travel without interruption. The laws of the following countries require that every foreigner must be provided with a passport before entering their domains: Austria-Hungary, Dominican Republic, Germany, Greece, Hayti, Netherlands and possessions, Persia, Rumania, Russia, Servia, Turkey and possessions and Venezuela. As a general rule it is wise for persons intending travelling abroad, outside of British dominions, where passports are never demanded, to provide themselves with passports before leaving the United States. Persons intending to enter Russian or Turkish territory should have their passports viséd (countersigned) by a Russian or Turkish consular representative in this country before sailing. There is now mailed by the State Department, with each passport issued to a naturalized citizen, an unofficial statement showing what his status will be under the laws of the country of his origin if he returns.

TRADE-MARK LAWS.

For details of Trade Mark Registration Act, approved February 20, 1905, see pages 88-92 of Tribune Almanac for 1906.

THE BANKRUPTCY LAW.

The Bankruptcy Law passed by both houses of the LVth Congress and approved July 1, 1898, provides a complete system for the administration of the affairs of bankrupts and the distribution of their property among their creditors, uniform throughout the United States and administered by the United States courts, in place of the different systems formerly in existence in the various States administered by State courts. In bankruptcy proceedings a bankrupt debtor may turn over all his property to the court to be administered for the benefit of his creditors, and then get a complete discharge from his debts. A bankrupt may of his own motion offer to surrender his property to the administration of the United States court and ask for his discharge in voluntary bankruptcy, or creditors may apply to the court to compel a bankrupt to turn over his property to be administered under the act for the benefit of the creditors in voluntary bankruptcy. The bankrupt who has

turned over all his property and conformed to the provisions of the act is entitled to a judgment of court discharging him from any future liability to his creditors. The proceeding once inaugurated by the filing of a petition by the bankrupt and the adjudication in bankruptcy having been made, the Court proceeds to take charge of the bankrupt's property, and administer the same for the benefit of the creditors, and determine all questions which may arise in regard to the rights of the bankrupt or the creditors, either as against the bankrupt or as between themselves in accordance with the above prescribed powers. A trustee is appointed, either selected by the creditors at a meeting called for that purpose, or, in case they fail to select a trustee, one is appointed by the Court.

His duty is to collect the property, realize on it in such manner as may be for the best interests of all concerned, and ultimately distribute it among the creditors in such proportions as they may be adjudicated to be entitled thereto. As all questions, both of law and fact, in relation to the property or the rights of the various parties must be decided in the bankruptcy proceeding, it is provided that referees be appointed, who are charged with the duty of hearing the allegations and testimony of all parties and deciding all such questions that may arise. Each case, as it comes up, is assigned to some referee, whose duty it is to adjudicate and pass. upon all such questions arising therein in the first instance, the right being reserved to any parties to appeal from the decision of the referee to the United States District Court. The duties of the referee are substantially of a judicial character, and he occupies much the position of a judge of primary resort, subject to an appeal to the Court, and is required to take the same oath of office as that prescribed for judges of the United States courts.

All questions in regard to the property or assets or rights of the creditors and persons interested come before the referee for determination, subject to the right of appeal. After the rights of all parties have been ascertained and determined, and the property has been realized upon, it is distributed among the creditors. Provision is made in the act for allowing bankrupts to compromise or settle with their creditors by a proceeding known as composition proceedings, whereby, if a bankrupt and a majority of his creditors agree upon some basis of settlement, the same, if approved by the Court, shall become binding upon all creditors. The decision of the question as to the approval of compositions and granting discharges to a bankrupt from his debts Is specifically reserved by the act to the fudges of the United States courts; but the Court, by virtue of its general powers, may refer such matters to the referee to take testimony and report to the Court his opinion thereon. The aim of the act has been to make the expense of the proceedings depend largely upon the amount of the property involved, and the compensation of the referees is fixed substantially at 1 per cent on the amount distributed to the creditors in ordinary cases, where the assets are distributed by the Court, and one-half of 1 per cent in composition cases, and the trustees who have charge of the actual management of the bankrupt's property receive as compensation such commissions on amounts paid out by them as dividends as the Court may allow, not to exceed, however, 3 per cent on the first $5,000, 2 per cent on the second $5,000, and 1 per cent on all sums in excess of $10,000.

Some minor modifications were made in the application of the bankruptcy system by the act of February 5, 1903, amending the act of July 1, 1898.

LABOR LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The United States statutes at large provide for a Bureau of Labor in the Department of Commerce and Labor, said bureau to be in charge or an officer designated the Commissioner of Labor. The general design and duties of the Bureau Labor of Labor are to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United Commissioner. States useful information on subjects connected with labor, in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and especially upon its relation to capital, hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and women. and the means of promoting their material, social, intellectual and moral prosperity. The Information collected by the Commissioner is given to the public through three vehicles-an annual report, special reports (when in the judgment of the Commissioner such reports are essential), and a bimonthly bulletin. It is the duty of the Commissioner to collect and present in annual reports statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of Hawaii.

for

In an article entitled "Employer and Employe Under the Common Law," pubished in the U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 1, pages 98 and 99, the common law on the subject of boycotting, as laid down by the courts, 13 Boycotting. stated as follows: "Every one has the right to work or to refuse to work for whom and on what terms he pleases, or to refuse to deal with whom he pleases; and a number of persons, if they have no unlawful object in view. have the right to agree that they will not work or deal with certain persons, or that they will not work under a fixed price or without certain conditions The right of employes to refuse to work, either singly or in combination, except upon terms and conditions satisfactory to themselves, is balanced by the right of employers to refuse to engage the services of any one for any reason they deem proper. The master my fix the wages, and other conditions. not unlawful, upon which he will employ workmen, and has the right to refuse to employ them upon any other terms. In short, both employers and employes are entitled to exercise the fullest liberty in entering into contracts of service, and neither party can hold the other responsible for refusing to enter into such contracts. It has been held, however, that employers in separate, independent establishments have no right to combine for the