The Economics of Industry: By Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley MarshallMacmillan, 1884 - 231 halaman |
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Adam Smith advantages agricultural amount of capital applied Auxiliary capital average business power carpenter causes cent Circulating capital coal commodity corn cultivation demand depends determined Diminishing Return division of labour doses Earnings of Management economic efficiency employed employers employment England equal Expenses of production factories fall farm farmer Firstly Fixed capital free competition greater growth of population hand important income increase Indoor relief industry instance invested kinds land landlord Law of Demand Law of Diminishing Law of Normal less machine machinery man's manufacture means mental nature Normal rate Normal value obtain Outdoor relief outlay purchasing power railways raise rate of interest rate of profits regard remuneration Remuneratory rent rise sell shew skilled labour social Standard of Comfort supply Task-wages things trade unions unskilled labour wages wanted workmen
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Halaman 170 - After all that has been said of the levity and inconstancy of human nature, it appears evidently from experience, that a man is, of all sorts of luggage, the most difficult to be transported.
Halaman 18 - The acquisition of such talents, by the maintenance of the acquirer during his education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his person. Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise of that of the society to which he belongs.
Halaman 48 - That the master manufacturer, by dividing the work . to be executed into different processes, each requiring different degrees of skill and force, can purchase exactly that precise quantity of both which is necessary for each process; whereas, if the whole work were executed by one workman, that person must possess sufficient skill to perform the most difficult, and sufficient strength to execute the most laborious, of the operations...
Halaman 108 - A tender mother, among the inferior ranks of people, is often afraid to send her son to school at a sea-port town, lest the sight of the ships and the conversation and adventures of the sailors should entice him to go to sea. The distant prospect of hazards from which we can hope to extricate ourselves by courage and address, is not disagreeable to us, and does not raise the wages of labour in any employment.
Halaman 9 - Without entering into disputable points, it may be asserted without scruple, that the aim of all intellectual training for the mass of the people, should be to cultivate common sense ; to qualify them for forming a sound practical judgment of the circumstances by which they are surrounded.
Halaman 105 - So complete, indeed, has hitherto been the separation, so strongly marked the line of demarcation, between the different grades of labourers, as to be almost equivalent to fin hereditary distinction of caste; each employment being chiefly recruited from the children of those already employed in it...
Halaman 17 - Capital which in this manner fulfils the whole of its office in the production in which it is engaged, by a single use, is called Circulating Capital.
Halaman 108 - ... lest the sight of the ships and the conversation and adventures of the sailors should entice him to go to sea. The distant prospect of hazards, from which we can hope to extricate ourselves by courage and address, is not disagreeable to us, and does not raise the wages of labour in any employment. It is otherwise with those in which courage and address can be of no avail. In trades which are known to be very unwholesome, the wages of labour are always remarkably high. Unwholesomeness is a species...
Halaman 39 - And when a man has once determined to provide a certain annual income, he will find that he has to save more if the rate of interest is low than if it is high. Suppose, for instance, that...
Halaman 116 - It is no longer true that a man becomes an employer because he is a capitalist. Men command capital because they have the qualifications to profitably employ labor.