skilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining prevailed by the same vote-yeas 25, nays 22. PASSAGE OF THE BILL. The question recurred on the final passage of the bill, and Mr. EDMUNDS closed Mr. BROWN, (Dem.) of Ga., moved to the debate. He would vote against the strike out the requirement for the produc- bill as it now stood, because he believed it tion of passports by the permitted classes to be an infraction of good faith as pledged whenever demanded by the United States by the last treaty; because he believed it authorities. Carried on a viva voce vote, injurious to the welfare of the people of the Chair (Mr. Davis, of Illinois) creating the United States, and particularly the no little merriment by announcing, "The people on the Pacific coast, by preventing nays are loud but there are not many of the development of our great trade with them." MR. INGALLS' AMENDMENT. China. The vote was then taken and the bill was passed-yeas 29, nays 15. The following is the vote in detail :— Upon the bill being reported to the Senate from the Committee of the Whole Mr. INGALLS again moved to limit the suspen-eron of Wisconsin, Cockrell, Coke, Fair, sion of the coming of Chinese laborers to ten years. Mr. JONES, of Nevada, said this limit would hardly have the effect of allaying agitation on the subject as the discussion would be resumed in two or three years, and ten years, he feared, would not even be a long enough period to enable Congress intelligently to base upon it any future policy. Farley, Garland, George, Gorman, Hale, Harris, Hill of Colorado, Jackson, Jonas, Jones of Nevada, Miller of California, Miller of New York, Morgan, Pugh, Ransom, Sawyer, Teller, Vance, Vest, Voorhees and Walker-29. NAYS-Messrs. Aldrich, Allison, Blair, Brown, Conger, Davis of Illinois, Dawes, Edmunds, Frye, Hoar, Ingalls, Lapham, McDill, McMillan and Morrill-15. Pairs were announced of Messrs. Camden, Davis of West Virginia, Grover, Hampton, Butler, McPherson, Johnston, Jones of Florida and Pendleton in favor of the bill, with Messrs. Anthony, Windom, Van Wyck, Mitchell, Hawley, Sewell, Platt, Rollins and Sherman against it. Mr. MILLER, of California, also urged that the shorter period would not measurably relieve the business interest of the Pacific slope, inasmuch as the white immigrants, who were so much desired, would not come there if they believed the Chinese were to be again admitted in ten years. Being interrupted by Mr. Hoar, Mr. FRYE, (Rep.) of Me., in casting his he asserted that that Senator and other vote, stated that he was paired with Mr. republican leaders, as also the last repub- Hill, of Georgia, on all political questions, lican nominee for President, had hereto-but that he did not consider this a politifore given the people of the Pacific slope good reason to believe that they would secure to them the relief they sought by the bill. cal question, and besides, had express permission from Senator Hill to vote upon it. Mr. MITCHELL, (Rep.) of Pa., in announcing his pair with Mr. Hampton re-stated that had it not been for that fact he would vote against the bill, regarding it as 20, un-American and inconsistent with the principles which had obtained in the gov YEAS-Messrs. Aldrich, Allison, Blair, Brown, Conger, Davis of Illinois, Dawes, Edmunds, Frye, Hale, Hoar, Ingalls, Lapham, MeDill, McMillan, Mahone, Morrill, Plumb, Sawyer and Teller-20. NAYS-Messrs. Bayard, Beck, Call,Cameron of Wisconsin, Coke, Fair, Farley, Garland, George, Gorman, Jackson, Jonas, Jones of Nevada, Miller of California, Miller of New York, Morgan, Ransom, Slater, Vance, Voorhees and Walker-21. Messrs. Butler, Camden, McPherson, Johnston, Davis of West Virginia, Pendleton and Ransom were paired with Messrs. Hawley, Anthony, Sewell, Platt, Van Wyck, Windom and Sherman. Messrs. Hampton, Pugh, Vest, Rollins and Jones of Florida were paired with absentees. ernment. The title of the bill was amended so as to read, “An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese," though Mr. Hoar suggested that "execute" ought to be stricken out and "violate" inserted. The Senate then, at twenty minutes to six, adjourned until to-morrow. PROVISIONS OF THE BILL. The Chinese Immigration bill as passed provides that from and after the expiration of ninety days after the passage of this act and until the expiration of twenty years after its passage the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States shall be suspended, and prescribes a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding one year and a fine of not more than $500 against the master of any vessel who brings any Chinese laborer to this country during that period. It further provides that the classes of Chinese excepted by the treaty from such prohibition--such as merchants, teachers, students, travelers, diplomatic agents and Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the 17th of November, 1880 -shall be required, as a condition for their admission, to procure passports from the government of China personally identifying them and showing that they individually belong to one of the permitted classes, which passports must have been indorsed by the diplomatic representative of the United States in China or by the United States Consul at the port of departure. It also provides elaborate machinery for carrying out the purposes of the act, and additional sections prohibit the admission of Chinese to citizenship by any United States or State court and construes the words "Chinese laborers" to mean both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese emploved in mining. The sentiment in favor of the passage of this bill has certainly greatly increased since the control of the issue has passed to abler hands than those of Kearney and Kalloch, whose conduct intensified the opposition of the East to the measure, which in 1879 was denounced as "violating the conscience of the nation." Mr. Blaine's advocacy of the first bill limiting emigrants to fifteen on each vessel, at the time excited much criticism in the Eastern states, and was there a potent weapon against him in the nominating struggle for the Presidency in 1880; but on the other hand it is believed that it gave him strength in the Pacific States. Chinese immigration and the attempt to restrict it presents a question of the gravest importance, and was treated as such in the Senate debate. The friends of the bill, under the leadership of Senators Miller and Jones, certainly stood in a better and stronger attitude than ever before. The anti-Chinese bill passed the House just as it came from the Senate, after a somewhat exended debate, on the 23d of March, 1882. Yeas 167, nays 65. (party lines not being drawn) as follows: Yeas-Messrs. Aikin, Aldrich, Armfield, Atkins, Bayne, Belford, Belmont, Berry, Bingham, Blackburn, Blanchard, Bliss, Blount, Brewer, Brumm, Buckner, Burrows, of Missouri; Butterworth, Cabell, Caldwell, Calkins, Campbell, Cannon, Casserley, Caswell, Chalmers, Chapman, Clark, Clements, Cobb, Converse, Cook, Cornell, Cox, of New York; Cox, of North Carolina; Covington, Cravens, Culbertson, Curtin, Darrell, Davidson; Davis, of Illinois; Davis, of Missouri; Demotte, Deuster, Dezendorf, Dibble, Dibrell, Dowd, Dugro, Ermentrout, Errett, Farwell, of Illinois; Finley, Flowers, Ford, Forney, Fulkerson, Garrison, Geddes, George, Gibson, Guen ther, Gunter, Hammond, of Georgia; Hardy, Harmer, Harris, of New Jersey; Haseltine, Hatch, Hazelton, Heilman, Herndon, Hewitt, of New York; Hill, Hiscock, Hoblitzell, Hoge, Hollman, Horr, Houk, House, Hubbell, Hubbs, Hutchins, Jones, of Texas; Jones, of Arkansas; Jorgenson, Kenna, King, Klotz, Knott, Ladd, Leedom, Lewis, Marsh, Martin, Matson, McClure, McCook, McKenzie, McKinley, McLane, McMillan, Miller, Mills, of Texas; Money, Morey, Moulton, Murch, Mutchler, O'Neill, Pacheco, Page, Paul, Payson, Pealse, Phelps, Phister, Pound, Randall, Reagan, Rice of Missouri, Richardson, Robertson, Robinson, Rosecrans, Scranton, Shallenberger, Sherwin, Simonton, Singleton, of Mississippi, Smith of Pennsylvania, Smith of Illinois, Smith of New York, Sparks, Spaulding, Spear, Springer, Stockslager, Strait, Talbott, Thomas, Thompson of Kentucky, Tillman, Townsend of Ohio, Townsend of Illinois, Tucker, Turner of Georgia, Turner of Kentucky, Updegraff, of Ohio, Upson, Valentine, Vance, Van Horn, Warner, Washburne, Webber, Welborn, Whitthorne, Williams of Alabama, Willis, Willetts, Wilson, Wise of Pennsylvania, Wise of Virginia, and W. A. Wood of New York-167. The nays were Messrs. Anderson, Barr, Bragg, Briggs, Brown, Buck, Camp, Candler, Carpenter, Chase, Crapo, Cullen, Dawes, Deering, Dingley, Dunnell, Dwight, Farwell of Iowa, Grant, Hall, Hammond, of New York, Hardenburgh, Harris, of Massachusetts, Haskell, Hawk, Henderson, Hepburn, Hooker, Humphrey, Jacobs, Jones of New Jersey, Joyce, Kasson, Ketchum, Lord, McCoid, Morse, Norcross, Orth, Parker, Ramsey, Rice of Ohio, Rice of Massachusetts, Rich, Richardson of New York, Ritchie, Robinson of Massachusetts, Russel, Ryan, Shultz, Skinner, Scooner, Stone, Taylor, Thompson of Iowa, Tyler, Updegraff of Iowa, Urner, Wadsworth, Wait, Walker, Ward, Watson, White and Williams of Wisconsin-65. In the House the debate was participated in by Messrs. Richardson, of South Carolina; Wise and Brumm, of Pennsylva nia; Joyce, of Vermont; Dunnell, of Minnesota; Orth, of Indiana; Sherwin, of Illinois; Hazelton, of Wisconsin; Pacheco, of California, and Townsend, of Illinois, and others. An amendment offered by Mr. Butterworth, of Ohio, reducing the period of suspension to fifteen years, was rejected. Messrs. Robinson, of Massachusetts; Curtin, of Pennsylvania, and Cannon, of Illinois, spoke upon the bill, the two latter supporting it. The speech of Ex-Governor Curtin was strong and attracted much attention. Mr. Page closed the debate in favor of the measure. An amendment offered by Mr. Kasson, of Iowa, reducing the time of suspension to ten years, was re jected-yeas 100, nays 131-and the bill was passed exactly as it came from the Senate by a vote of 167 to 65. The House then adjourned. Our Merchant Marine. crues to American labor and capital, and the enterprise is as much a productive industry as the raising of wheat, the spinning of fibre or the smelting of ore. Had the acquired, the 'full' trade of 1860 been maintained without increase $80,000,000 would have been added last year to the national wealth, and the loss from diverted shipbuilding would have swelled the sum to a total of $100,000,000. the despised one-tenth of exports $665,000,000 in 1880-determines the profit or loss of the remainder in the home market. During the last fiscal year 11,500,000 gross tons of grain, oil, cotton, tobacco, precious metals, &c., were exported from the United States, and this exportation increases at the rate of 1,500,000 tons annually; 3,800,000 tons of goods are imported, or in all about 15,000,000 tons constitute the existing commerce of this country. An important current issue is the increase of the Navy and the improvement of the Merchant Marine, and to these questions the National Administration has latterly "Our surplus products must find foreign given attention. The New York Herald markets, and to retain them ships controlled has given much editorial ability and re- by and employed in exclusively American search to the advocacy of an immediate interests are essential instrumentalities. change for the better in these respects, and Whatever tends to stimulate competition in its issue of March 10th, 1882, gave the and to prevent combination benefits the proceedings of an important meeting of the producer, and as the prices abroad estabmembers of the United States Naval Insti-lish values here, the barter we obtain for tute held at Annapolis the day before, on which occasion a prize essay on the subject —“ ( "Our Merchant Marine; the Cause of its Decline and the Means to be Taken for its Revival," was read. The subject was chosen nearly a year ago, because it was the belief of the members of the institute that a navy cannot exist without a merchant marine. The naval institute was organized in 1873 for the advancement of professional and scientific knowledge in the navy. It has on its roll 500 members, principally "If only one-half of the business of carnaval officers, and its proceedings are pub-rying our enormous wealth of surplus prolished quarterly. Rear Admiral C. R. P. ducts could be secured for American ships, Rodgers is president; Captain J. M. Ram- our tonnage would be instantly doubled, say, vice president; Lieutenant Command- and we would have a greater fleet engaged er C. M. Thomas, secretary; Lieutenant in a foreign trade, legitimately our own, Murdock, corresponding secretary, and than Great Britain has to-day. The United Paymaster R. W. Allen, treasurer. There States makes to the ocean carrying-trade were eleven competitors for the prize, which its most valuable contribution, no other is of $100, and a gold medal valued at $50. nation giving to commerce so many bulky The judges were Messrs. Hamilton Fish, tons of commodities to be transported those A. A. Low and J. D. Jones. They awarded long voyages which in every age have the prize to Lieutenant J. D. J. Kelley, U. been so eagerly coveted by marine peoples. S. N., whose motto was "Nil Clarius Of the 17,000 ships which enter and clear Equore," and designated Master C. T. Cal- at American ports every year, 4,600 seek a kins, U. S. N., whose motto was "Mais il cargo empty and but 2,000 sail without obfaut cultiver notre jardin " as next in the taining it. order of merit, and further mentioned the essays of Lieutenant R. Wainwright, United States Navy, whose motto was "Causa latet, vis est notissima," and Lieutenant Commander J. E. Chadwick, United States Navy, whose motto was "Spes Meliora," as worthy of honorable mention, without being entirely agreed as to their comparative merits. "Ships are profitable abroad and can be made profitable here, and in truth during the last thirty years no other branch of industry has made such progress as the carrying trade. To establish this there are four points of comparison--commerce, railways, shipping tonnage and carrying power of the world, limited to the years between 1850 and 1880: Coal 1842. Tons. 1879. miles and 12,000 tons; this has saved one- | theorizers. We have spread out in every fourth freight and brought producer and direction and the promise of the future consumers into such contact that we no beggars imaginations attuned even to the longer hear "of the earth's products being key of our present and past development. wasted, of wheat rotting in La Mancha, We have a timber area of 560,000,000 acres, wool being used to mend wads and sheep and across our Canadian border there are being burned for fuel in the Argentine 900,000,000 more acres; in coal and iron Republic." England has mainly profited by production we are approaching the Old this enormous development, the shipping World. of the United Kingdom earning $300,000,000 yearly, and employing 200,000 seamen, whose industry is therefore equivalent to £300 per man, as compared with £190 for each of the factory operatives. The freight earned by all flags for sea-borne merchandise is $500,000,00, or about 8 per cent. of the value transported. Hence the toll which all nations pay to England for the carrying trade is equal to 4 per cent. (nearly) of the exported values of the earth's products and manufactures; and pessimists who declare that ship owners are losing money or making small profits must be wrong, for the merchant marine is expanding every year. Great Britain... 2,250,000 Tons. 135,000,000 60,000,000 6,300,000 2,742,000 "It is unnecessary to wire-draw statistics, but it may, as a last word, be interesting to show, with all our development, the nationality and increase of tonnage entering our ports since 1856: During these thirty-seven years the relative increase has been in coal 300 to 2,900 per cent., in iron 200 to 400 per cent., and all in our favor. But this is not enough, for England, with a coal area less than either Pennsylvania or Kentucky, has coaling stations in every part of the world and our steamers cannot reach our The maximum tonnage of this country California ports without the consent of the at any time registered in the foreign trade English producers. Even if electricity was in 1861, and then amounted to 5,539,- takes the place of steam it must be many 813 tons; Great Britain in the same year years before the coal demand will cease, owning 5,895,369 tons, and all the other and to-day, of the 36,000,000 tons of coal nations 5,800,767 tons. Between 1855 and required by the steamers of the world, 1860 over 1,300,000 American tons in ex-three-fourths of it is obtained from Great cess of the country's needs were employed Britain. by foreigners in trades with which we had no legitimate connection save as carriers. In 1851 our registered steamships had grown from the 16,000 tons of 1848 to 63,920 tons-almost equal to the 65,920 tons of England, and in 1855 this had increased to 115,000 tons and reached a maximum, for in 1862 we had 1,000 tons less. In 1855 we built 388 vessels, in 1856 306 vessels and in 1880 26 vessels-all for the foreign trade. The total tonnage which entered our ports in 1856 from abroad amounted to 4,464,038, of which American built ships constituted 3,194,375 tons, and all others but 1,259,762 tons. In 1880 there entered from abroad 15,240,534 tons, of which 3,128,374 tons were American and 12,112,000 were foreign-that is, in a ratio "This," writes Lindsay, "is surely not of seventy-five to twenty-five, or actually decadence, but defeat in a far nobler con65,901 tons less than when we were twenty-flict than the wars for maritime supremacy four years younger as a nation. The grain between Rome and Carthage, consisting as fleet sailing last year from the port of New it did in the struggle between the skill and York numbered 2,897 vessels, of which industry of the people of two great na1,822 were sailing vessels carrying 59,822,- tions." 033 bushels, and 1,075 were steamers laden with 42,426,533 bushels, and among all these there were but seventy-four American sailing vessels and not one American steamer. Country. Increase. Decrease. ...6,977,163 922,903 596,907 208,412 164,683 226,277 204,872 104,009 Norway and Sweden...1,214,008 ....... United States..... 65,901 We have thus quoted the facts gathered from a source which has been endorsed by the higher naval authorities. Some reader will probably ask, "What relation have these facts to American politics?" We "While this poison of decay has been answer that the remedies proposed constieating into our vitals the possibilities of tute political questions on which the great the country in nearly every other industry parties are very apt to divide. They have have reached a plane of development be- thus divided in the past, and parties have yond the dreams of the most enthusiastic | turned "about face" on similar questions. Just now the Democratic party inclines to "free ships" and hostility to subsidieswhile the Republican party as a rule favors subsidies. Lieutenant Kelley summarized his proposed re nedics in the two words: "free ships." that cause, made the path of his successor far more difficult than if he had been called to the succession by the operation of natu ral causes. That he has met these difficulties with rare discretion, all admit, and at this writing partisan interest and dislike Mr. Blaine would solve the problem by are content to "abide a' wee" before bebounties, for this purpose enacting a geLe- ginning an assault. He has sought no ral law that should ignore individuals and changes in the Cabinet, and thus through enforce a policy. His scheme provides personal and political considerations seems that any man or company of men who will for the time to have surrendered a Presibuild in an American yard, with American dential prerogative freely admitted by all material, by American mechanics, a steam-who understand the wisdom of permitting ship of 3,000 tons and sail her from any an executive officer to seek the advice of port of the United States to any foreign friends of his own selection. Mr. Blaine port, he or they shall receive for a monthly and Mr. MacVeagh, among the ablest of fine a mail allowance of $25 per mile per the late President's Cabinet, were among annum for the sailing distance between the the most emphatic in insisting upon the two ports; for a semi-monthly line $45 per earliest possible exercise of this prerogamile, and for a weekly line $75 per mile. tive-the latter upon its immediate exerShould the steamer exceed three thousand cise. Yet it has been withheld in several tons, a small advance on these rates might particulars, and the Arthur administration be allowed; if less, a corresponding reduc- has sought to unite, wherever divided (and tion, keeping three thousand as the average now divisions are rare), the party which and standard. Other reformers propose a called it into existence, while at the same bounty to be given by the Government to time it has by careful management sought the shipbuilder, so as to make the price of to check party strife at least for a time, and an American vessel the same as that of a devoted its attention to the advancement foreign bought, equal, but presumably of the material interests of the country. cheaper, ship. Appointments are fairly distributed among Mr. Blaine represents the growing Re-party friends, not divided as between facpublican view, but the actual party views tions; for such a division systematically can only be ascertained when bills cover-made would disrupt any party. It would ing the subject come up for considera- prove but an incentive to faction for the tion. Current Politics. We shall close this written history of the political parties of the United States by a brief statement of the present condition of affairs, as generally remarked by our own people, and by quoting the views of an interesting cotemporaneous English writer. sake of a division of the spoils. No force of politics is or ought to be better understood in America than manufactured disagreements with the view to profitable compromises. Fitness, recognized ability, and adequate political service seem to constitute the reasons for Executive appointments at this time. The Democratic party, better equipped in the National Legisture than it has been President Arthur's administration has for years-with men like Hill, Bayard, Penhad many difficulties to contend with. The dleton, Brown, Voorhees, Lamar and GarPresident himself is the legal successor of land in the Senate-Stephens, Randall, a beloved man, cruelly assassinated, whose Hewitt, Cox, Johnson in the House-with well-rounded character and high abilities Tilden, Thurman, Wallace and Hancock had won the respect even of those who de- in the background-is led with rare abifamed him in the heat of controversy, while lity, and has the advantage of escaping rethey excited the highest admiration of those sponsibilities incident to a majority party. who shared his political views and thoughts. It has been observed that this party is purStricken down before he had time to for- suing the traditional strategy of minorities mulate a policy, if it was ever his intention in our Republic. It has partially refused to do so, he yet showed a proper apprecia- a further test on the tariff issue, and is tion of his high responsibilities, and had seeking a place in advance of the Republifrom the start won the kindly attention of cans on refunding questions-both popular the country. Gifted with the power of say-measures, as shown in all recent elections. ing just the right thing at the right mo- It claims the virtue of sympathy with the ment, and saying it with all the grace and Mormons by questioning the propriety of beauty of oratory, no President was better legal assaults upon the liberty of concalculated to make friends as he moved science, while not openly recording itself as along, than Garfield. The manifestations a defender of the crime of polygamy. As of factional feeling which immediately a solid minority it has at least in the Sepreceded his assassination, but which can- nate yielded to the appeal of the States on not for a moment be intelligently traced to the Pacific slope, and favored the abridg |