these had different governors, they were still both under control of the same proprietors and were properly regarded as one colony until 1729, when a final separation was made and they became independent of each other. They then became royal colonies, the proprietors giving back the territory to the King on account of their inability to collect their rents from the settlers.

In none of the colonies was the population so

years later the settlement was removed to where the Cooper River unites with the Ashley and the foundations laid of the present city of Charleston. The colonists who in 1665 had settled in Clarendon County (North Carolina), but who had not prospered there, removed in a body to this new settlement, which also received a number of Huguenots (French Protestants), as well as some Dutch from New York who were discontented with the changes which

scattered as in North Carolina, and few of them were so poor. But though it grew slowly it grew surely and soon became firmly established, and the people showed great independence and liberality. No religious persecution was allowed, and the attempt to adopt the Church of England as a state (or colonial) church was defeated in North Carolina while it succeeded in South Carolina. The governors sent from England to rule over North Carolina were among the worst that any of the colonies were afflicted with, and its colonial history consists almost entirely of a series of conflicts on the part of the people to defend their rights against the tyranny of the King's representatives.

followed its transfer to the English. Other settlements sprang up in South Carolina in addition to the one about Charleston, but that for a long time was the only town of any importance in the colony.

Farming and hunting and the extraction of tar and turpentine from trees were the principal occupations of the North Carolinians. In South Carolina the production of rice was at first the great industry of its people, and like furs in New York and tobacco in Maryland and Virginia, rice in South Carolina was used in place of money. Later on, the cultivation of indigo was

introduced and became even more important than rice. The raising and export to England of these two articles made South Carolina one of the richest of the thirteen colonies. Cotton, which afterwards became "king" throughout the South, was raised very little before the Revolutionary War, as there was no machinery then for cleaning it or separating the seeds from the fibre.

Until Georgia was settled South Carolina was exposed on her southern side to attacks from the Spaniards in Florida, and between 1702 and 1706 there was warfare between the settlements of the two different nations, during which St. Augustine was captured, but it did not remain long in the English hands, the Spaniards soon retaking it. South Carolina also had trouble with Indian allies of Florida, but with the aid of Virginia and Maryland she defeated them and finally broke their power so that they left her in peace.

Though the people of South Carolina in 1706 made the Church of England the religion of the colony, there was no persecution of those of a differ

ent belief. There was the same opposition in South Carolina on the part of the settlers to the payment of rents to the proprietors that there was in North Carolina, and it was this which caused the two Carolinas to be given back by their joint-owners to the King in 1729, and to their becoming from that time until 1776 separate royal colonies.

13. Georgia.

Georgia, the last of the thirteen colonies to be settled, had been part of the tract given to the proprietors of Carolina, and which they gave back to the English crown in 1729. No attempt to colonize it was made during the ownership of the proprietors, nor did South Carolina, after she became a separate royal colony, look upon it as a very valuable part of her territory. She was therefore quite willing to part with it when George II. in 1732 granted this land to James Oglethorpe and others as a home for poor people.

Oglethorpe was an officer in the English army who had become very much interested in the miserable state of the English poor, and who had devoted his life to doing whatever was in his power to raise their condition. Among his plans was founding a colony for them in America, where he thought they might succeed better than they had done in England. So he obtained a grant of this land from the King, and secured from Parliament a sum of money with which to start the enterprise.

The new colony was named Georgia in honor of

King George, and the first settlement in it was made at Savannah in 1733 under the personal direction of Oglethorpe himself. Like the earliest Virginia settlers, the Savannah colonists were poor material. for pioneers, comprising chiefly London tradesmen, who had failed in the effort to make a living in the Old World, and who were in every way unsuited to the task before them in the New World. A better class afterwards joined them, who somewhat improved and strengthened the colony, but it grew very slowly and remained the weakest, if not the poorest of the original colonies.

The government at first was placed by the King in the hands of twenty-one trustees, whose power was to last twenty-one years, but before that time expired, they gave back their authority to the King (1752), and Georgia, like most of the others, became a royal colony.

Oglethorpe followed Penn's policy in paying the Indians for the land used by his colonists, and this secured him the friendship of the Indians, who therefore gave the Georgia settlers very little trouble. Their nearness to Florida, however, often brought them into conflict with the Spaniards settled there, and for many years the two nations were almost at constant war, neither side gaining much advantage over the other.

After spending ten years in Georgia, Oglethorpe returned to England, where he lived long enough to see the independence of the colony he had established acknowledged by Great Britain.

BETWEEN the beginning of the settlement of the country at Jamestown in 1607 and the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1776 the number of white people in America had increased from one hundred to two and a half millions. By far the largest part of these were English, but by no means all. For besides the Dutch in New York, the Swedes in Delaware and in New Jersey, the French Huguenots in South Carolina, who have already been spoken of, there were scattered throughout the thirteen colonies many Germans, Scotch, Irish and people from other European countries, who, like the English, had come here to secure for themselves and for their children, greater freedom and better homes than they could have any hope of ever obtaining in crowded Europe.

The discomforts and sufferings of those wno first came were very great, Only a few could afford to build any but the plainest and cheapest houses. Most of them had to be content with log-cabins, without floors. Many had only bark huts, like the wigwams made by the Indians, and some had to live in holes dug in the ground. Their furniture was of the simplest kind, benches, stools, tables and bedsteads being all home-made; for the number of colonists who were able to bring these things with them across the ocean was very small. Carpets were unknown and their place supplied with sand sprinkled upon the floor.

At first the settlements were all scattered along the coast, and were quite a distance apart. There were no roads between them, only bridle-paths and

Indian trails, and travelling from one to another was extremely difficult and dangerous. Journeys which we can now make in a few hours then took days and even weeks, and it was easier and safer to cross the ocean from America to England than to travel from New York to Boston.

All of this, however, gradually improved. As the settlements increased in number and in size, the distance between them grew smaller. Roads were made and bridges built, so that regular intercourse could be held between towns and villages and between the different colonies. And by the time the war of independence began, it was possible to journey through the entire range of settlements with some degree of comfort, if not with any great degree of speed.

With the growth in population and lapse of time, tne wealth of the colonists also increased. They were able to build better houses than they first occupied; to give up the clothes made of leather which they first wore, for garments of cloth; and to surround themselves with many comforts and luxuries which at first they had been compelled to do without.

Though the colonists were still dependent upon England for the supply of many articles needed by them, and which could not be obtained in America, they amply paid for whatever they received with the tobacco, rice, indigo, furs and other valuable products raised by them. They became not only able to support themselves, to accumulate wealth and to pay the expenses of their town and colonial governments, but were also able to give money and ships to the King of England to aid him in carrying on his wars. All the colonies were not equally prosperous, nor were all the settlers in each colony equally well off, but they were on the whole all improving and constantly bettering their condition. Much of their wealth came from the labor of slaves, who, before the Revolution began, were to be found in all of the colonies.

During a considerable part of the one hundred and seventy years of colonial history, the whites and Indians were on terms of friendship. Some of the colonies, as Georgia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, by their just and kind treatment of the natives, remained at peace with them throughout all this time. Others were less wise or less fortunate and suffered cruelly at their hands. The early settlers in these colonies did not dare to attend church unarmed. They carried their weapons to the cornfield and kept them within reach when they went to bed at night. Block-houses were built large enough to contain all the people in the settle

ment, to be used in case of an Indian rising, and sometimes an entire village would be enclosed with a stockade or wall, to shut out the common enemy. The fault in these disturbances was sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other, but it was oftener with the whites than with the Indians. The earliest explorers and colonists found the natives peaceable, generous and friendly, but when they were ill-treated or thought themselves wrongly used, they became revengeful and horribly cruel. And many of the whites did ill-treat them. They seemed to think the Indians had no right to the land they were occupying when the whites came, or to their other property, and they did not scruple to seize whatever they wished. In revenge the Indians would kill the first colonists they met, whether they were the wrong-doers or not, and this would bring on a general Indian outbreak. The wise foresight of Penn, Oglethorpe and the founders of some of the other colonies, in strictly insisting at the outset that neither land nor anything else must be taken from the Indians without their consent or without full payment, saved their settlements from much suffering, which other colonies brought on themselves by showing less care for the rights of their Indian neighbors. Humanity and honesty proved the best policy with the Indians, as they have with other people.

Few of the Indian outbreaks deserve the name of wars or need to be even mentioned. They were usually very brief, and only a single village or a single colony would be concerned in them. Virginia, New York, Georgia and most of the other colonies suffered more or less from such risings, and there are few towns or cities in the United States, two hundred years old, whose history does not contain some account of Indian troubles.

Of the really serious difficulties with the Indians, by far the most important was the long series of wars in which the French settlers in Canada as well as the Indians were opposed to the English colonists. But before coming to this there were two purely Indian wars which require some mention: the Pequot War and King Philip's War.

The Pequots were a race of Indians living on the shores of Long Island Sound east of the Connecticut River. They had had some disagreement with Massachusetts, and to revenge themselves attacked and killed a number of Connecticut settlers. Connecticut, aided by Massachusetts, sent a body of soldiers against them, who, though at first unsuccessful, by the end of the year (1637) entirely destroyed the tribe, killing nearly nine hundred of their number in battle. Had it not been for the

panoags, was of different temper from his father, and looked upon the growing settlements of the English with a jealous eye, fearing that in time they would entirely drive out the Indians. He visited the various tribes from Maine to the Hudson, and persuaded them all to unite in a league against the colonists.

This scheme or plot of Philip's was discovered by a converted native missionary and told to the magistrates of Plymouth. Not long afterwards the in

for two years (1675-1677), during which six hundred settlers lost their lives in open battle and an unknown but probably much larger number in massacre and by starvation. Thirteen towns were destroyed and many more attacked and injured. The superior arms and better discipline of the whites at length proved too much for the Indians, who were driven back from point to point and finally were completely and overwhelmingly defeated. King Philip was killed and his son sold into slavery.