forfeiture of such articles, and the offender is deprived of the right of practising in that State forever (G. S. 119, § 8). In Connecticut the sale of adulterated liquors is punishable by fine or imprisonment (G. S. 9, 47).

DEAD BODIES, DISSECTION, ETC.

Physicians are authorized to receive and have in their possession, for the purpose of anatomical investigation and the instruction of students in Massachusetts (G. S. 27, §§ 1-4). In Maine (R. S. 13, §§ 1-2; 124, § 26). In Vermont (G. S. 118, § 19). In Connecticut professors and teachers of anatomy are obliged to give bonds in the sum of one thousand dollars, that no body which shall have been removed from the grave illegally shall be brought within the building where lectures or demonstrations are given, and any person performing any anatomical or surgical experiments on any corpse before such professor or lecturer shall have given such bond, is liable to a fine of not less than five hundred nor more than two thousand dollars (G. S. 8, § 10). The professors and teachers of chartered medical colleges in Connecticut are alone authorized to have in their possession dead bodies, and these are to be used only for the purposes of instruction (G. S. 13, §§ 1-5).

In Massachusetts the dead body cannot be surrendered for dissection if a request to the contrary is made by the deceased person during his last sickness, or by friends within twenty-four hours after his decease (G. S. 27, §4). In Maine friends may require the body any time within three days of death (R. S. 13, § 2).

The violation of sepulture, and the dealing in or illegal possession of dead bodies, is punishable by imprisonment or fine in Massachusetts (G. S. 165, § 35); Maine (R. S. 124, §§ 26, 27); New Hampshire (G. S. 263, § 12); Vermont (G. S. 118, § 17); Rhode Island (G. S. 232, § 21); and in Connecticut a person removing a body from the grave, without the consent of the near relations of the deceased, or receiving or concealing a corpse so removed, or dissecting such body, is liable to a fine of not less than two hundred nor more than two thousand dollars, and to imprisonment in the state prison for not less than two nor more than five years (G. S. 8, § 9).

EXEMPTION OF PROPERTY OF PHYSICIANS FROM ATTACHMENT AND EXECUTION FOR DEBT.

In Vermont the professional books and instruments of physicians, to the value of two hundred dollars, are exempt (G. S. 47, § 13). In Connecticut the horse of any practising physician or surgeon, of a value not exceeding two hundred dollars, and his saddle, harness, and buggy, are exempt (G. S. 16, § 10).

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

In Massachusetts boards of health are authorized to prevent the approach of, examine, remove, isolate, or provide medical and other attendance for

persons affected with contagious or infectious diseases, and to secure, purify, or otherwise dispose of baggage, clothing, or other goods supposed to be infected with diseases considered dangerous to the public health (G. S. 26, §§ 15-26; Ibid. § 51). In Maine (R. S. 114, §§ 1-11). In New Hampshire (G. S. 102, §§ 1-6). In Vermont (G. S. 99, §§ 1–4). In Rhode Island (G. S. 74, §§ 12-27). In Connecticut (G. S. 11, §§ 1-19).

In Massachusetts physicians and householders are required to give immediate notice of the occurrence of small-pox and any other diseases dangerous to the public health, under a penalty for non-performance, of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars for the former, or not more than one hundred for the latter (G. S. 26, §§ 47, 48). In Maine householders and physicians are similarly bound under a penalty of not less than ten nor more than thirty dollars (R. S. 14, §§ 32, 33).

DUELS.

In Maine the presence of a person at a duel as a surgeon, though no homicide ensues, is punishable by imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and to be incapable of holding any place of honor, profit, or trust, for twenty years after conviction. The engagement to act as surgeon at a duel renders the person liable to imprisonment not less than one year and to be incapable, as in the preceding section, for five years (R. S. 118, §§ 11, 12). In Vermont the presence of any person by previous engagement or appointment as a surgeon on the occurrence of a duel, the result of which is fatal to either party, is liable to imprisonment not less than five years, or by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and to be forever incapable of holding any place of honor, profit, or trust, under the constitution and laws of the State (G. S. 228). In Rhode Island he is liable for such action, or for advising, encouraging, or promoting a duel, to imprisonment not more than five years, or to fine not exceeding one thousand dollars (G. S. 228, § 18).

HEALTH.

Boards of health are authorized by statute in Massachusetts, and their duties prescribed (G. S. 26, §§ 1-8, 11-13). The State Board of Health, consisting of seven persons, was appointed in 1869 to take cognizance of the health of the Commonwealth, to advise the government in regard to the location of public institutions, to examine into and report on the effect of the use of intoxicating liquors, and for other purposes. The board makes a report to the legislature annually in the month of January, and meets at the State House once in three months. No member, except the secretary, who is the executive officer, receives any salary (1869, 420, §§ 1-5).

In Boston it is the duty of the mayor to be vigilant and active in protecting the public health; to see that the laws and ordinances in relation to the same are enforced; to communicate his views to the Board of Health,

or the city council, from time to time, as he may deem expedient; and he shall have power to call upon the police and the various city officers to aid him in the performance of these duties.

The Board of Health of Boston was organized by city ordinance in 1872. It consists of three members, who are appointed annually in January.

The Board of Health, as hereby constituted, has and exercises all the powers vested in, and performs all the duties prescribed to the city council or the board of aldermen as a board of health, under the statutes and ordinances now in force.

In Maine the appointment and duties of boards of health are provided for (R. S. 14, §§ 14, 16). In New Hampshire (G. S. 101). In Vermont (G. S. 99, §§ 1-14). In Rhode Island the several town councils and boards of aldermen act as boards of health, and make and carry out such regulations as they may deem best (G. S. 35, §§ 11-12). In Connecticut (G. S. 11, §§ 1-19).

HOSPITALS.

In Massachusetts cities and towns may erect and maintain hospitals for the relief of persons suffering from illness, or of persons with diseases dangerous to the public health. No such hospital can be established within one hundred rods of an inhabited dwelling-house in an adjoining town without the consent of said town. No person may erect or use a building as a hospital in any part of a town prohibited by the authorities of such town under penalty of a fine not exceeding fifty dollars for each month such hospital is used. The selectmen and boards of health are required to give notice of infected places, and the hindrance of such officers in the performance of their duties, or the removal of the signs displayed for the purpose of warning travellers, renders the person so offending liable to a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars. Physicians and other persons in the hospitals for infectious diseases violating any of the regulations made for their government are liable to a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars (G. S. 26, §§ 40-46, 51; 1873, 2, § 2; 1873, 192, § 1).

In Maine municipal officers are required to maintain hospitals for the care of patients having small-pox or similar dangerous diseases, and to provide means for the isolation of patients (R. S. 14, §§ 26–31).

INSANE.

In Massachusetts (G. S. 3, § 7), Maine (R. S. 1, § 4), New Hampshire (G. S. 1, § 17), Vermont (G. S. 4, § 6), Rhode Island (G. S. 22, § 6), the word "insane" may include idiotic, non compos, lunatic, or distracted persons. In Massachusetts any of the judges of the supreme judicial, superior, and probate courts, and in the city of Boston of the municipal court, may commit to either of the state lunatic hospitals any insane person who in their judgment is a proper subject for treatment or custody; but in all cases the evidence and certificate of at least two respectable

physicians, one of whom, when practicable, must be the attending physician of the patient, is required to establish the fact of insanity. Notice must first be given in writing to the officers of the town or city of an intention to make an application for committal (1862, 223, §§ 3-4; 1865, 268, § 1). The Governor and Council may license private establishments for the insane, and such asylums are subject to visitation by state officers at any time. The penalty for establishing such asylums without authority is a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars (1864, 288, §§ 8, 9). The commission for the examination of insane convicts consists of the physician of the state prison as chairman, the superintendents of the state lunatic hospitals at Worcester and Taunton, together with the superintendents of the McLean Asylum at Somerville and the Boston Lunatic Hospital (1862, 8, § 1; G. S. 180, § 1). In Maine municipal officers may, on proper evidence presented before them, send to the insane hospital such insane persons as they may think best (R. S. 143, §§ 12-14). In New Hampshire the judges of probate, overseers of the towns, parents and guardians, are empowered to commit to the state asylum insane persons, who are in such a condition as to be dangerous to themselves or others (G. S. 10, §§ 12-17.) In Vermont the selectmen of towns have similar powers (G. S. 20, § 44). In Rhode Island a trial justice or clerk of a police court may issue a warrant to bring insane persons before such court, and, if found insane, they may be committed to the Butler Asylum or the State Asylum. Any judge of the supreme court may also appoint three commissioners to examine a person considered insane, and committal may be made on their certificate. Insane persons are also to be received on the certificate of two practising physicians vouching for their insanity (G. S. 68, §§ 1, 2). In Connecticut any insane person may be put in a suitable place of detention on the presentation of a sworn certificate, signed by some reputable physician, stating that he is insane. A judge of the superior court may appoint a commission of three persons, one of whom shall be a physician and one a counselor at law, for the examination of any person supposed to be insane; if in their opinion such person should be confined the judge shall issue an order to that effect. A justice of the peace, or the first selectman of a town may order an insane person going at large to be confined (G. S. 8, §§ 6-11).

JURY AND MILITARY DUTY.

In Massachusetts physicians are exempt from jury duty; but this provision does not affect the power of coroners and magistrates to summon and empanel jurors when authorized by other provisions of law (G. S. 132, § 2; Ibid. § 40). In New Hampshire practising physicians are exempt from jury duty (G. S. 194, § 3), and the officers and attendants of the insane asylum from military duty (G. S. 86, § 4). In Vermont the superintendent of the asylum for the insane and the assistant physicians in the same are exempt from military duty (G. S. 110, § 2). In Rhode Island physicians and surgeons are exempt from jury and military duty (G. S. 189, § 2; 247, § 5).

PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

In Maine no person, except a physician or surgeon who commenced practice prior to February 16, 1831, or has received a degree at a public medical institution in the United States, or a license from the Maine Medical Association, is entitled to recover any compensation for medical or surgical services, unless previous to such services he has obtained a certificate of good moral character from the municipal officers of the town where he then resided (R. S. 13, § 3).

In New Hampshire each and every medical society, organized under a charter from the Legislature, is obliged to appoint a board of not less than three censors, to examine and license practitioners of medicine, surgery, and midwifery.

Every practitioner of medicine, surgery, or midwifery, including all persons who by sign or advertisement, or by any means whatever, offer their services to the public as practitioners of either medicine, surgery, or midwifery, or who by such sign or advertisement assume the title of doctor, is required to obtain a certificate of some one of the chartered medical societies of the State; which certificate shall set forth that said censors have found the person to whom it is given qualified to practise all the branches of medical art mentioned in it; such certificate must be recorded by the county clerk. A failure or neglect to have the certificate recorded within thirty days after its issue renders the person so neglectful liable to a fine of twenty-five dollars; and any person who shall practise medicine, surgery, or midwifery in this State, or who shall sign a certificate of death for purposes of burial or removal, whose aforesaid certificate is not recorded in the manner aforesaid, shall be liable to the penalties for the punishment of persons who shall practise without a certificate.

Every person not a resident of this State is required to obtain a certificate from some board of censors in this State, and cause the same to be recorded as herein provided before he shall be permitted to practise the medical art within the State.

Each board of censors shall issue certificates without fee to all physicians and surgeons who furnish evidence by diploma from some medical college or university, or by certificate of examination by some authorized board, which shall, after due investigation, satisfy said censors that the person so presenting such credentials has been, after due examination by a legally authorized board, deemed properly and adequately qualified to practise the branches mentioned in such diploma or certificate. Any certificate issued by any board of censors as herein provided shall be valid throughout the State after being duly registered. Said censors shall also have power to revoke or annul any certificate, if in their judgment the person holding it has obtained it fraudulently, or has, by crime or misdemeanor, whereof such person shall have been duly convicted, forfeited all right to public confidence.