An airplane takes off in Washington, and according to the clocks, lands at Norfolk 5 minutes before it was airborne. A Washington flight also arrives in Nashville 1 minute before departure.

Railroad passengers come in for their full share of confusion. According to law, the trains run on standard time and thus are out of step whenever they arrive in a daylight saving time community.

How about the folks who ride the bus from Salisbury, Md.? Last year their coach for New York left at 1:45 p.m. in early April, changed to 2:34 p.m. the last Sunday of April, moved back to 1:45 p.m. on May 30, shifted to 2:45 p.m. again on September 6, and resumed its 1:45 p.m. departure on October 31. Those passengers needed calendars as well as time schedules.

Occasional comment is heard that any use of daylight-saving time disrupts the milking schedule of cows for the farmers. Wisconsin is the leading State producer of dairy products yet observes daylight saving time on a statewide basis between the last Sunday of April and the last Sunday of October.

During part of the year, west coast businessmen are getting ready to go to lunch when the east coast business day is over.

Like the conflict between the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta, St. Paul and Minneapolis stayed 1 hour apart last year for a harrowing month of “daylight time daze." This potpourri of confusion during May triggered a cold war and a field day of newspaper headlines and political speeches. Imagine in St. Paul alone nine floors of city-Ramsey County office building being on central daylight time and the other nine floors sticking to central standard time.

Radio and television network programs reach their audiences at different times during the year, according to the season and local time observance. Extensive and expensive video-taping is required to maintain some continuity in time of showings.

Many States ignore the standard time zone boundaries fixed by the Interstate Commerce Commission, of which Indiana is the most flagrant example. In the Hoosier State, 49 counties are physically located in the central standard time zone, yet all but six of them observe a year-round eastern standard time.

Marshall Tito arrived in the United States some months ago an hour early because someone failed to note that particular area in Virginia had not yet joined the rest of the State in DST.

Last year a motorist traveling westward from Iowa through Nebraska passed through Council Bluffs, Iowa, crossed the Missouri River, and drove through Omaha, Nebr. Imagine his state of mind after hitting two consecutive city 5 p.m. rush hours.

The 4 to 5 billion long-distance telephone calls in the United States each year of necessity cross time zones or flow between different time standards within the same zone. This adds to confusion, increases caller demands on operators, makes "time of day" service uncertain in some areas and contributes to increase in uncompleted calls. The snarl is particularly difficult when a consolidated telephone operation in a large community serves nearby areas observing a different time standard during various times of the year.

In 1964 a citizen of Missoula, Mont. could spend an hour in the city hall (on MDT) and then sprint to the Missoula County Courthouse (on MST) without losing a minute. In the opposite direction this confused person would lose an hour.

There is no official State time in Indiana. Late in 1962, St. Joseph County, including South Bend, decided to abandon central standard time for central daylight time. Because this move was made after bus schedules were printed, busload after busload of fans arrived at Notre Dam football games an hour late. In Iowa, there were 23 different combinations of dates in 1964 on which community areas shifted to and from DST.

Bus and train schedules between Chicago and Minneapolis must be revised and reprinted at least five times a year to keep up with DST changes in the threeState area covered.

In Virginia, bus schedules must be revised and reprinted four times in 6 months each year.

Montana has some areas observing DST but you must fish on standard time, according to licenses, wherever you are in the State.

The time crazy quilt is being subsidized every year with taxpayer funds. The local service airline industry estimates that each extra printing of timetables for public use costs between $150,000 and $200,000, an expense subsidized by the Civil Aeronautics Board.

Iowa citizens were born and died on standard time in 1964 even though the hospitals observed DST.

A group of Pentagon officials, flying to a military conference in Alaska, arrived 2 hours late. They forgot that Alaska is the only State with four time zones, although the law recognizes only two zones.

Tale of two kinds of cities: Of 130 U.S. cities over 100,000 population, 71 observe DST; 59 don't.

One DST opponent in Wheaton, Minn. complained that, "The extra hour of sunshine turned my grass brown." And then there was the lady who felt tired all summer until she got her hour back in the fall on the resumption of standard time.

One resourceful but anonymous State legislator concerned with the DST problem, proposed an appealing compromise: set clocks ahead of standard time by only 30 minutes and, thus, never be wrong by more than a half hour. Here are some historic notes of interest:

The concept of DST is credited to Benjamin Franklin. When Ambassador to France, he awoke one morning and found sunlight streaming through his window while the city slept. This "wasted" daylight annoyed the frugal author of Poor Richard's Almanac and he soon evolved a plan to conserve this daylight by advancing the clocks one hour. He even calculated how many candles this would save the people of Paris.

Standard time is not "God's time." The existing time zones were set up in 1883 by the railroads to eliminate the mass confusion which existed with each railroad running on its own "standard time." There were some 100 railroad "standard times" prior to 1883-8 different ones in Pittsburgh alone, for example.

In 1918, Congress passed legislation making the railroad time zones official and charged the Interstate Commerce Commission with authority over boundary disputes. The ICC still holds this authority.

During both World Wars, Congress determined that the Nation could not endure the annual time scramble. Year-round daylight saving time-or "war time" was legislated in order to conserve fuel and electrical energy and to end time confusion during the national emergencies. After the wars, however, the Nation returned to clock juggling.

As the man from Indiana, irate over his community being moved from the central to the eastern time zone told the ICC in a letter: "Confusion bordering on chaos reigns supreme, and anarchy is the mode of the day! By such means do states and nations pass through the gates of the graveyard of history."

With its extensive files bulging with similar protests, and with scads of schemes for ending time confusion, the ICC probably would quickly agree with this quote from act I, scene V, of "Hamlet":

The time is out of joint; O cursed sprite!
That ever I was born to set it right.

NATION'S PRESS DEPLORES TIME SCRAMBLE

Since the Committee for Time Uniformity was formed, and circulated information pointing up the needless confusion and economic waste caused by the current conflicts in time observance, the Nation's press has taken up the issue with great interest.

The committee has collected news stories and editorial comments on the time question from newspapers published in all sections of the country.

A study of the editorials reveals that there is almost universal conviction that action must be taken to eliminate "clock juggling." Nine of each ten editorials emphatically assert that something must be done. Six of each ten flatly declare that the Congress should resolve the growing problem.

Here are some typical excerpts from the editorials:

"The establishment of uniform time standards seems to us an entirely reasonable exercise of Federal power."-Richmond, Va., News Leader, May 8, 1963. "Congress has an obligation to do something about the time mixup. The more complex society becomes, the greater the need for action in this matter."— Norristown, Pa., Times Herald, May 16, 1963.

"In any event, some sort of national standards should be established. The present mishmash, graphically described as 'clock confusion,' is out of step with the times."-Hanford, Calif., Sentinel, May 6, 1963.

"This newspaper has little relish for Federal interference with local customs. Because of the disrupting influence of time variations on interstate commerce, however, it may be that national time standards are justified. Reluctantly, we agree that if confusion is to be ended, national standards will have to be imposed."-Elkins, W. Va., Inter-Mountain, May 8, 1963.

"In many facets of life, uniformity is not desirable, but anything as fundamental as the designation of time lends itself to standardization.”—Hartford, Conn., Times, May 2, 1963.

"Congress should in the national interest determine whether there should or should not be daylight saving and establish whatever time system it decides on for the Nation as a whole."-Salt Lake City, Utah, Tribune, May 1, 1963. "Ordinarily we would view another sample of Federal regimentation with concern. But time is not a local problem, nor a local prerogative. It is a national matter that affects every part of the country equally and has nothing to do with States' rights."-Toledo, Ohio, Times, April 29, 1963.

"The significant development is that more and more people agree that something must be done to end the present bewildering uncertainty over the time of day."-Belleville, Ill., News-Democrat & Advocate, April 27, 1963.

"The idea of national action to lift the country out of its daylight time confusion is getting up some impressive momentum."-Norfolk, Va., Ledger-Dispatch & Portsmouth Star, May 9, 1963.

"Although we aren't fond of federalization we realize that there are areas in which there is no adequate substitute. For example, if every State had its own post office department the resulting chaos can be easily imagined. The confusion over time is one that action by Congress-the duly elected reprsentatives of the people can settle. This action should be taken right away but certainly no later than for it to be effective next year."-Dothan, Ala., Eagle, May 2, 1963. "Congress has an obligation to do something about the time mixup. The more complex society becomes, the greater the need for action in this matter."Meridian, Miss., Star, May 9, 1963.

"Daylight saving itself is an economic boon, but the hodgepodge of varying observance is an expensive nuisance to the transportation industry, to the broadcasting industry, to financial institutions in their vital contacts with major banking centers, to all interstate communications. Much as we believe in the principle of home rule, this newspaper must agree that commonsense is on the side of those arguing for a uniform time pattern for the Nation.”—Louisville, Ky.. Times, May 4, 1963.

"Uniformity by regions would avert a good many headaches caused by today's haphazard time-shift system."-Corpus Christi, Tex., Times, May 7, 1963.

"This is one of those instances where national uniformity might be a good thing. Lacking that, serious consideration ought to be given Senator Magnuson's bill providing for time changes in some certain regions. Uniformity by regions would avert a good many headaches caused by today's haphazard time-shift system."-Norwich, Conn., Bulletin, May 2, 1963.

"There are valid arguments, as the frequent protests of farmers attest, against so-called daylight saving time. Whether or not clocks are to be advanced an hour during the summer months probably should depend on regional or State option. But what arguments can be offered against making the shift at the same time throughout a daylight saving zone, and in all such zones? What sensible arguments can there be against greater national time uniformity to get rid of the present mixed-up, confusing system?"-Terre Haute, Ind., Tribune, May 9, 1963.

"As much as we dislike the Federal Government's intervention into still another prerogative of the States and local communities, a national policy on computing time probably offers the best method of eliminating the 'clock confusion' that is created every year."-Meadville, Pa., Tribune, May 2, 1963.

SUMMARY OF PENDING TIME BILLS

A. The bills supported by the Committee for Time Uniformity

H.R. 6785, introduced by Mr. Staggers; H.R. 7867, introduced by Mr. Macdonald; and H.R. 6481, introduced by former committee member Mr. Harris, are identical bills. They provide essentially that (1) in those States and political subdivisions observing daylight saving time, the uniform switch-over dates of the last Sundays of April and October shall be observed, (2) the Standard Time Act of 1918 be amended to add new time zones, (3) the Interstate Com

merce Commission shall foster and promote nationwide time uniformity, and (4) the Administrative Procedure Act shall apply to ICC standard time zone boundary proceedings. H.R. 11743, introduced by Mr. Fraser, contains almost identical language.

B. The bill passed by the U.S. Senate in 1965

S. 1404, passed by the Senate on June 3, 1965, is identical with the abovedescribed bills except that it deleted the provision for ICC enforcement in the courts and shortened the language requiring observance by Federal officials. C. Six similar bills pertaining to daylight saving time switch-over dates

Six identical bills provide that wherever daylight saving time is observed, it shall commence on the last Sunday of April and resume standard time on the last Sunday of October of each year. They are H.R. 3385, introduced by Mr. Karth, of Minnesota; H.R. 6134, introduced by Mr. Fraser, of Minnesota; H.R. 8394, introduced by Mr. Quie, of Minnesota; H.R. 9023, introduced by Mr. Fulton, of Pennsylvania; H.R. 9066, introduced by Mr. Saylor, of Pennsylvania; and H.R. 9152, introduced by Mr. Derwinski, of Illinois.

D. Three bills proposing nationwide standard time

H.R. 2424, introduced by Mr. Gray, of Illinois; H.R. 5055, introduced by Mr. Price, of Illinois; and H.R. 10573, introduced by Mr. Shipley, of Illinois, would make mandatory the nationwide observance of standard time on a year-round basis. They would propose additional standard time zones for Alaska and Hawaii.

E. One bill proposing nationwide daylight saving time

H.R. 76, introduced by Mr. Fulton, of Tennessee, would make mandatory the observance of nationwide daylight saving time between the last Sunday of April and the last Sunday of October of each year. Such observance would be required of State and local governments and interstate commerce but not of Federal Government instrumentalities. It would also propose additional standard time zones for Alaska and Hawaii.

F. Two remaining bills

H.R. 1581, introduced by Mr. Staggers, of West Virginia, and H.R. 7167, introduced by Mr. Harris, contain language not acceptable to the Senate in 1963 or 1965. The objectionable provision was an authorization to the ICC to determine where daylight saving time would be observed each year. Where authorized, it would be in effect between the last Sundays of April and October and mandatory, with penalties, on all Federal, State, and local government officials. New standard time zones for Alaska and Hawaii would also be added.

COMMITTEE FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.

I. EXTENT OF OBSERVANCE IN 1965 OF DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME IN THE UNITED STATES

States observing daylight saving time:

1

1 These data were derived from 1965 reports received from State officials and other

sources.

States observing daylight saving time "in reverse" (2):

II. EXTENT OF UNIFORMITY IN DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME SWITCHOVER DATES, 1965 A. Switchover from standard to daylight saving time

1. Of the 18 States observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all 18 States except Iowa and Nevada switched to daylight saving time on the last Sunday in April.

Iowa in early 1965 enacted a law providing for statewide DST between Memorial Day and Labor Day (in 1965, daylight saving time officially began on Saturday before Memorial day). Various Iowa communities, however, including Fort Madison, Burlington, Keokuk, and Davenport observed "summer hours" or "informal daylight saving time" both prior to and following the official statewide daylight saving time period.

In Nevada, White Pine, and Lincoln Counties observe Pacific daylight time on a year-round basis. The reminder of the State switched to Pacific daylight time on the last Sunday of April.

2. Of the 18 States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, only 3 States switched to daylight saving time for the last Sunday in April (Maryland, Michigan, and Nebraska). The other States observed daylight saving time, as follows:

1. Of the 18 States observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all except Iowa, Nevada, and West Virginia returned to standard time on the last Sunday in October.

Iowa officially resumed standard time, pursuant to State law, on Labor Day, with "summer hours" continuing in some areas until the last Sunday of October. All of Nevada except White Pine and Lincoln Counties returned to standard time on the last Sunday of October, but these two counties observed Pacific daylight time year-round.

2 Although most of the area of North Dakota west and south of the Missouri River is located in the central standard time zone, the communities observe year-round mountain standard time.

While the entire State of Texas is located in the central standard time zone, El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of Culbertson County observe year-round mountain standard time.