terfere with the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. the others. Two branches. ARTICLE III. Legislative Department. SEC. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in two distinct branches: the one to be styled the senate, the other the house Style of laws. of representatives, and both together "The General Assembly of the State of Alabama;" and the style of their laws shall be, "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, in General Assembly convened." Members, how chosen. Election, SEC. 2. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen by the qualified electors, and shall serve for the term of one year, from the day of the commencement of the general election, and no longer. SEC. 3. The representatives shall be chosen every year, on the when held. first Monday and the day following in August, until otherwise directed by law. Qualification of members. Of electors. Electors' privileges. Elections by ballot. Elections, where held. of cities or towns. SEC. 4. No person shall be a representative unless he be a white Iman, a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state two years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the county, city, or town, for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-one years. SEC. 5. Every white male person of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this state one year next preceding an election, and the last three months within the county, city, or town, in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; provided, that no soldier, seaman, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this state; and provided, also, that no elector shall be entitled to vote except in the county, city, or town (entitled to separate representation) in which he may reside at the time of the election. SEC. 6. Electors shall, in all cases, except in those of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning from the same. SEC. 7. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote by ballot, until the general assembly shall otherwise direct. SEC. 8. Elections for representatives for the several counties shall be held at the place of holding their respective courts, and at such Separate re- other places as may be prescribed by law; provided, that when it presentation shall appear to the general assembly that any city or town shall have a number of white inhabitants equal to the ratio then fixed, such city or town shall have a separate representation, according to the number of white inhabitants therein; which shall be retained so long as such city or town shall contain a number of white inhabitants equal to the ratio which may from time to time be fixed by law; and thereafter, and during the existence of the right of separate representation, in such city or town, elections for the county in which such city or town (entitled to such separate representation) is situated, shall not be held in such city or town; but it is understood, and hereby declared, that no city or town shall be entitled to separate representation, unless the number of white inhabitants in the county in which such city or town is situated, residing out of the limits of said city or town, be equal to the existing ratio; or unless the residuum or fraction of such city or Residuum, how disposed town shall, when added to the white inhabitants of the county residing bo out of the limits of said city or town, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for one representative; and provided, that, if the residuum or Proviso. fraction of any city or town, entitled to separate representation, shall, when added to the residuum of the county in which it may lie, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for one representative, then the aforesaid county, city, or town, having the largest residuum, shall be entitled to such representation: and provided also, that when there are two or more counties adjoining, which have residuums or fractions over and above the ratio then fixed by law, if said residuums or fractions, when added together, will amount to such ratio, in that case one representative shall be added to that county having the largest residuum. tion, when ment of representation. SEC. 9. The general assembly shall, at their first meeting, and in Enumera the years one thousand eight hundred and twenty, one thousand eight and how hundred and twenty-three, one thousand eight hundred and twenty- taken. six, and every six years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the state, and the whole number of the repre- Apportionsentatives shall, at the first session held. after making every such enumeration, be fixed by the general assembly, and apportioned among the several counties, cities, or towns, entitled to separate representation, according to their respective numbers of white inhabitants; and the said apportionment, when made, shall not be subject to alteration, until after the next census shall be taken. The house of representa- General Assembly. tives shall not consist of less than forty-four, nor more than sixty members, until the number of white inhabitants shall be one hundred thousand, and after that event, the whole number of representatives shall never be less than sixty, nor more than one hundred; provided, however, that each county shall be entitled to at least one representative. portioned. SEC. 10. The general assembly shall, at the first session after making Senate ap every such enumeration, fix by law the whole number of senators, and shall divide the state into the same number of districts, as nearly equal in the number of white inhabitants as may be, each of which districts shall be entitled to one senator and no more; provided, that the whole number of senators shall never be less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third, of the whole number of representatives. SEC. 11. When a senatorial district shall be composed of two or Senatorial more counties, the counties of which such district consists shall not districts. be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a district. how chosen. Term of ser vice. SEC. 12. Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors, for the Senators, term of three years, at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same places, where they may vote for members of the house of representatives; and no person shall be a senator unless he be a white man, Qualifica a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state two years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to the age of twenty-seven years. tions. tion of sena tors. SEC. 13. The senators chosen according to the apportionment under Classifica the census ordered to be taken in one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, when convened, shall be divided by lot into three classes, as nearly equal as may be. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year, those of the second class at the expiration of the second year, and those of the third class at the expiration of the third year, so that one-third may be annu E House of representatives to ally chosen thereafter, and a rotation thereby kept up perpetually. Such mode of classifying new additional senators shall be observed as will, as nearly as possible, preserve an equality of members in each class. SEC. 14. The house of representatives, when assembled, shall choose a speaker, and its other officers; and the senate shall, annually, choose a president, and its other officers; each house shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns, of its own members: but choose a pre- a contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be To judge, &c. directed by law. choose a speaker. Senate to sident. Contested elections. Quorum. Absent members. Rules. Punishment for contempt. Journal of proceedings. Yeas and nays. Protest. Privileged from arrest, &c, Vacancies, how filled. Doors kept SEC. 15. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. SEC. 16. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same cause; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and independent state. SEC. 17. Each house, during the session, may punish, by imprisonment, any person, not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings; provided, that such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours. SEC. 18. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as, in its judgment, may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals. Any member of either house shall have liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals. SEC. 19. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place at which the general assembly is convened; nor shall any member be liable to answer for anything spoken in debate in either house, in any court or place elsewhere. SEC. 20. When vacancies happen in either house, the governor, or the person exercising the powers of the governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. SEC. 21. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such open, except occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. when. Adjournment by con sent. Bil's, how to SEC. 22. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. SEC. 23. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended, altered, or rejected, by the other; but no bill shall have the force of a law until on three several days it be read in each house, and free discussion be allowed thereon, unless, in cases of urgency, four-fifths of the house in which the bill shall be depending may deem it expedient to dispense with this rule: and every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker and president of their respective houses; provided, that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may amend or reject them as other bills. bers. SEC. 24. Each member of the general assembly shall receive from Compensa the public treasury such compensation for his services as may be fixed tion of memby law; but no increase of compensation shall take effect during the session at which such increase shall have been made. office. SEC. 25. No senator or representative shall, during the term for Members not which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of eligible to profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such term; except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. persons from SEC. 26. No person holding any lucrative office under the United What offices States, (the office of postmaster excepted,) in this state, or any other disqualify power, shall be eligible to the general assembly; provided, that offices being mem in the militia to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or that of the quorum or county court, while it has no salary, shall not be deemed lucrative. bers. faulters dis SEC. 27. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of Public depublic moneys shall have a seat in either house of the general assem- qualified. bly, or be eligible to any office of trust or profit under this state, until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all sums for which he may be accountable. tion, when SEC. 28. The first election for senators and representatives shall be First elecgeneral throughout the state; and shall be held on the third Monday held. and Tuesday in September next. when and session. seat of go vernment. SEC. 29. The first session of the general assembly shall commence First session, on the fourth Monday in October next, and be held at the town of where held. Huntsville, and all subsequent sessions at the town of Cahawba, until Subsequent the end of the first session of the general assembly to be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five; during that session Removal of the general assembly shall have power to designate by law (to which the executive concurrence shall not be required) the permanent seat of government, which shall not thereafter be changed; provided, however, that unless such designation be then made by law, the government shall continue permanently at the town of Cahawba; and provided also, that the general assembly shall make no appropriations previous to the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, for the building of any other state-house than that now provided for by law. ARTICLE IV. Executive Department. SEC. 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested Vested in a in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of governor. Alabama. how elected. SEC. 2. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at Governor. the time and places when they shall respectively vote for representatives. how made. counted. SEC. 3. The returns of every election for governor shall be sealed Returns, up, and transmitted to the seat of government, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall, during the first week of the Votes, how session, open and publish them in presence of both houses of the general assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall Plurality to be governor, but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, Tie. one of them shall be chosen governor by the joint vote of both houses. elect. Contested elections. Term of ser vice. Qualifications. Compensation. Commander of militia, &c. May require information Contested elections for governor shall be determined by both houses of the general assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 4. The governor shall hold his office for the term of two years from the time of his installation, and until his successor shall be duly qualified, but shall not be eligible for more than four years in any term of six years; he shall be at least thirty years of age, shall be a native citizen of the United States, and shall have resided in this state at least four years next preceding the day of his election. SEC. 5. He shall at stated times, receive a compensation for his services, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected. SEC. 6. He shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. And when acting in the service of the United States, the general assembly shall fix his rank. SEC. 7. He may require information in writing from the officers of of executive the executive department, on any subject relating to the duties of their officers. respective offices. Convening and adjourning general assembly. SEC. 8. He may, by proclamation, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly at the seat of government, or at a different place, if that shall have become, since their last adjournment, dangerous from an enemy, or from contagious disorders; in case of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of the next annual meeting of the general assembly. SEC. 9. He shall, from time to time, give to the general assembly general as information of the state of the government, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. Give information to sembly. Execution of laws. His powers cases. SEC. 10. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. SEC. 11. In all criminal and penal cases, except in those of treason in criminal and impeachment, he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, under such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by law. In cases of treason he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to grant reprieves and pardons; and he may, in the recess of the senate, respite the sentence until the end of the next session of the general assembly. Seal. Commissions. Secretary of state, his ap pointment SEC. 12. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and the present seal of the territory shall be the seal of the state, until otherwise directed by the general assembly. SEC. 13. All commissions shall be in the name, and by the authority of the state of Alabama, be sealed with the state seal, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary of state. SEC. 14. There shall be a secretary of state appointed by joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, who shall continue in office and duties. during the term of two years. He shall keep a fair register of all official acts and proceedings of the governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto, before the general assembly; and shall perform such other duties as may be required of him by law. Vacancies, how tilled. Governor's powers and SEC. 15. Vacancies that may happen in offices, the appointment to which is vested in the general assembly, shall be filled by the governor, during the recess of the general assembly, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of the next session. SEC. 16. Every bill, which shall have passed both houses of the duty in rela- general assembly, shall be presented to the governor: if he approve, tion to bills. he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to |