which gives 1 drunkard to every 74 of the male population, 1 and 1 وو 434 of the female population, 145 of both sexes above the age of 20. The following gives the ratio of drunkards at each term of life: It is hoped that the facts contained in this contribution may throw some light on a question not hitherto investigated statistically; and while they may point out to assurance offices and other companies trading in pecuniary adventures on life the perilous nature of such risks, and the urgent necessity for a high rate of premium, they will also not be without valuable influence on the social, political, and religious condition of society. A Statistical Review of the National Debts and Revenues in proportion to the extent of Area and Population of the various Countries of Europe. By T. J. BROWN, Esq. (Assistant Secretary). [Read before the Statistical Society of London, 19th May, 1851.] IN compiling the following observations, I have consulted the Almanach de Gotha and Oberhausen for the Debts and Revenues, and Reden's Statistical Journal, Ritter's Statistical Geography, another by Richter, and the Conversations Lexicon, published at Leipsic, by Brockhausen, for the extent of the areas and population; and divided the various European States, as regards their Public Debt, into six classes II. States whose debt is under 100,000Z. Principality of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen | Principality of Schwarzburg Sonderhausen Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Reuss Hohenzollern Hechingen Lucca Duchy of Modena III. States with debts from 100,000l. to 500,000%.— IV. States with debts from 5,000,000l. to 10,000,000l. sterling V. States with debts from 10,000,000l. to 100,000,000l. sterling The states of Central Europe, such as Germany, Holland, Russia, Austria, Great Britain, France, and Switzerland, bear a national debt amounting to 1,360,674,4057. The states of Northern Europe, such as Russia and Denmark, bear a debt of 111,756,617%. The states of Southern Europe, such as Portugal, Spain, Italy, the Ionian Islands, Turkey, and Greece, bear a debt of 280,847,1047. The eight Republics of Europe-France, Switzerland, Hamburgh, Lubeck, Bremen, Frankfort, the Ionian Islands, and San Marinohave a debt amounting to 260,069,8047. The three Empires-Austria, Russia, and Turkey, have a debt of 245,259,2047. The fourteen Kingdoms-Bavaria, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Greece, Holland, Hanover, Portugal, Prussia, Saxony, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, and Würtemberg, have a debt amounting to 1,224,490,0607. The seven Grand Duchies-Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg Schwerin, Mecklenburg Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar, and Tuscany, have a debt of 6,700,2187. The eleven Duchies-The three Anhalts, Brunswick, Lucca, Modena, Nassau, Parma, and the three Saxes, have a debt of 3,793,1597. The ten Principalities—The two Hohenzollerns, Lichtenstein, two Lippes, two Reuss, the two Schwarzenburgs, and Waldeck, have a debt of 196,0497. The one Electorate, Hesse, has a debt of 246,3857. The one Papal State has a debt of 12,397,8887. The public debt of the five great powers-Russia, Austria, Prussia, England, and France, forms about three-fourths of the whole European debt. 7 Hohenzollern Sigmaringen sustains the minimum amount of debt, and Great Britain the maximum, whose debt alone forms of the whole European debt. 17 Austria, France, England, and Spain, represent 1 of the whole European debt. The debt of the whole of Central Europe is about the same as that of the five great powers collectively; while the debt of Austria exceeds that of the whole of Northern Europe (Russia included). There is but one Kingdom which is free of debt; while that of the other fourteen Monarchies of Europe form more than 2 of the whole of the European debt. The seven grand duchies, eleven duchies, ten principalities, and the one electorate, do not represent of the debt of France. 23 20 The eight republics participate in of the European debt; while the other 17 devolve upon the monarchies. 20 Germany (containing 38 states) bears a debt of 222,294,6087., or about of the whole European debt. In Proportion to the Area. Europe is the smallest in superficial extent of the three divisions of the Old World, whilst in comparison with the more modern divisions, the area of Europe is not much larger than that of Australia (about £ 736,608 186,939 144,210 180,000 geographical square miles); every square mile in Europe is thus burdened with 9,7407. of the public debt. But taking the various states separately, we obtain the following results, in regard to the debt, proportionately to the extent of the area of the respective countries: Hamburgh Netherlands............. Frankfort......... Per each Great Britain 141,490 The Ionian Islands 6,178 It thus appears, that estimating the extent of the public debt of each country by its area, Hamburgh sustains the maximum, and Russia and Turkey the minimum of debt; Great Britain ranks very high, as also three of the eight republics, viz., France, Frankfort, and Bremen; but Austria, whose state bonds and exchequer bills are mostly depreciated, occupies a much lower position in the scale, and though almost devoid of credit, sustains an amount of debt only a thirty-sixth part of Hamburgh, with almost unlimited credit; which simply proves, that it is not the extent of debt that undermines the state's credit, but the want of the natural resources to cover the required interests. Of the five great powers in the above list, Great Britain stands highest, and the rest as follows: In Proportion to the Population. The population of Europe is estimated at 260,000,000, giving an average of rather more than 6.15 per head of the European public debt; but the following are the countries bearing the greatest amount per head: S. £ S. Frankfort, Lubeck, and France, are about the average, and Amongst the lower ones are Hanover, Saxe-Weimar, Anhalt, Dessau, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Sardinia, Saxe-Coburg, Bavaria, Saxe-Meiningen, Sicily, Baden, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Würtemberg, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Waldeck, Prussia, Russia, SaxeAltenburg; the highest of which is Hanover, at 27. 8s. per head; and the lowest Saxe-Altenburg, at 17. 8s.; while Prussia pays 17. 10s. and Russia 17. 9s. per head. The states whose debts are the largest, as regards both the extent of Territory and the number of Population, are Netherlands, Great Britain, Hamburg, Anhalt Köthen, Frankfort, and France; and the smallest are Russia, Schwarzburg, Sondershausen, Grand Duchy Hesse, Turkey, Electorate Hesse, Parma, Nassau, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Schwarzburg Rudolstadt, Modena, and Reuss. Austria, whose debt, though it exceeds somewhat the average standard of 9,740l. per square mile, still remains about the half of the average standard of 67. 15s. per head. Taking the amount of debt borne by the five Great Powers, we have the following result : |