away (epileptic wandering impulse), and this always occurs after the headache or attack of dizziness. When he has one of the latter in school, there arises an irresistible wandering impulse. Оссаsionally in these attacks he has fallen (petit mal). The attacks are preceded by hallucinations of sight, red-colored horns turning rapidly round and round (visual aura). He is quite irritable.

Case 10. A boy of 13, has a younger sister who had probably chorea. He is stupid at school and sometimes is a truant. He is reported because of an irresistible impulse to sleep-will sleep anywhere in school. Once he fell down stairs. These sleepy attacks are followed by headache, a dazed condition and extreme irritability and pugnaciousness. For eight years he has been subject to dizzy attacks, with some twitching, loss of consciousness, and amnesia; sometimes in place of these there are sleepy attacks. In this case we are dealing with a grave type of epilepsy, grand and petit mal and narcoleptic equivalents.

IV. The Simple Delinquent Group. This group is of the usual class of juvenile offenders.

Case 11. A boy of 14 years of age. The father and mother are dull, the latter being prone to lying; a brother is feeble-minded and has the appearance of a degenerate imbecile. A younger sister has a severe brain disease (polioencephalitis). The patient is bright at school, but misbehaves unless closely watched. He is prone to play with very young children in the streets, whom he likes to dominate and bully. He stole a large number of lead pencils from a store and led another boy into the same trouble. Questioned concerning his of fense, at first he states that he intended to buy a pencil for school, then helped himself to a box, but later asserts that another boy stole the box of pencils and gave it to him. No irresistible impulses. He thought at the time that there was nothing wrong in accepting stolen pencils, but thinks differently now. The head is slightly asymetrical, the ears large, the Darwin tubercle prominent, palate high and narrow, with a longitudinal torus.

Case 12. A boy, aged 12, stole a box of cigars. Was a member of a gang, who he states stole the cigars, but denies any larceny himself. Knows it is wrong to steal. Smokes cigarets. Slight internal squint of left eye.

Case 13. A boy, aged 12, in company with another boy, entered a house and stole a watch and $12 in money. Arrested for "bunking out." He has been a truant several times, smokes cigarets,' reads dime novels and attends cheap

variety shows. He says he stole because he needed the money and saw no other means of obtaining it. Knows he has committed a crime. There are no degenerative physical stigmata.

Case 14. A boy, aged 14, has had frequent nose-bleeds, and an examination shows the presence of adenoids. He smokes cigarets and reads dime novels. In company with a gang of boys he stole some cigars from a store. The patient knows it is wrong to steal and is penitent. No degenerative stigmata.

Case 15. A boy of 7, whose father died of tuberculosis, and whose mother is said to be tubercular, for some time has been a persistent truant, attending school only two or three days a week. He is fairly bright, however, and stands well in his studies. There is no mental defect or evidence of epilepsy, the ears are small and have attached lobules, the palate high and narrow. He states that he is tempted by other boys to play truant; usually plays in the street; likes school, and would attend regularly but cannot resist temptation. He has no realization of his offense.

V. The Imbecility Group. Case 16. A boy of 16, was a frequent truant at school, and therefore was sent to a corrective institution, where he remained for nine months. At home he would sleep until almost noon; at school he was dull and lazy, and although in one of the lowest grades, yet he was far below the average of his class. Examination showed the head to be small and asymmetrical, the forehead narrow, ears of irregular size, and unequal pupils. He is unable to perform simple problems in arithmetic or to tell the significance of national holidays.

Case 17. A boy of 14. The father is sickly, the mother dull and given to ridiculous lying. The patient was arrested for loitering. Mentally he is a pathological liar, is defective and quite stupid in manner. He is in one of the lowest grades in school. No degenerative stigmata, excepting a rather low and broad palate.

Case 18. A boy 9 years of age. A brother of the patient in Case 11. He has the appearance of a degenerate imbecile, the speech is thick, the head small and bullet-shaped, the forehead narrow, the ears prominent, the palate low and the palpebral fissures very narrow, giving him a Mongolian appearance. It is stated that he stole some whisky. The entire attitude is unintelligent and clownish, and he frequently laughs in a silly manner.

VI. The Acquired Delinquency Group. This title was adopted for want of a better descriptive term, although the

patient classified under this heading seems fundamentally to have been morally defective, yet many features of her condition strongly suggest an incipient paranoiac type of dementia praecox. The case is interesting as showing the value of the association tests as devised by Jung, and how a purely psychological conception may be practically utilized for the determination of concealed facts in criminology. When in the midst of the ordinary test words, there are utilized special words pointing to the trend of suspicion, there is immediately a refusal to co-operate, or if an association word is given, there results a marked lengthening of the reaction time (taken with a stop watch to one-fifth of a second). For lack of space, only the most striking associations will be given in the history of the case.

Case 19. The patient is a well-developed girl, 17 years of age, whose younger brother is the epileptic described in Case 9. The complaint lodged against her was stubbornness. At 10 years of age she was delirious for a time, but recovered completely, although there is an obscure history of some "brain trouble." Shortly after puberty, which was established at 15, the patient began to show a moral deterioration, asso

ciated with evil companions, once ran away with a vaudeville company. She has worked in a number of places, being able to retain a position only a short time. At home she is cross and stubborn, and will frequently remain out until midnight. Occasionally she has outbursts of temper, will strike people and break objects, is very suspicious. Recently there has been a suspicion of sexual irregularities, which the patient absolutely denies. There are no physical degenerative stigmata. The patient is bright and alert, but emotional. She denies all disorderly conduct, but there appears to be a lack of sincerity in her replies. She states that she is maltreated at home, that her mother has hired a detective to follow her about, that once he spoke to her as she was entering a street car. No real hallucinations elicited. Explains her inability to hold positions on the ground that her mother sends people to trouble her while at work. The neighbors confirm the mother's statement of the bad conduct of the girl, and on account of her manifest untruth and lack of sincerity it was determined to try the association tests, in order to get at the hidden facts of the case. Only a few are given (the normal and abnormal for comparison):

1. Dark

2. Hard

1 second

4 seconds 9 2-5 "

11. Sweet

The lengthened reaction time on the special test words 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and the refusal to co-operate on test word 10, pointed strongly to concealed facts, and when the patient was directly accused of these matters she broke down and confessed that she had been telling an untruth.

VII. Post-Traumatic Irritability Group.

Case 20. A boy of 7, always well until struck on the head by a cobblestone two years ago. No fracture of the skull, but there was a severe scalp wound, which bled profusely. He was not unconscious at the time. Since the injury there have been frequent outbursts of irritability without amnesia. There is no intellectual defect, but in school he

1 2-5 "

Refused to coöperate

is very mischievous, plays truant, and draws peculiar pictures. No evidence of epilepsy and no degenerative stigmata.

VIII. Organic Dementia Group. Case 21. A boy, aged 13, was brought to the Juvenile Court for the larceny of fifteen ounces of chocolates from a penny-in-the-slot machine. He is also suspected of having stolen a boat some time previously, but for this there is no direct evidence. In school he is stupid, vicious and delights in sticking pins into other boys. The mother of the patient is stated to be quite dull. Four years ago he had a left otorrhea followed by a facial paralysis. Since then he has been dull and rather backward in his studies, is drowsy a great deal

of the time, and is awakened only with great difficulty. The boy seems defective, has a curious, stolid expression, a thick, protruding under lip. He denies torturing boys, stealing chocolates, or the boat episode. Claims that his parents appropriate his savings. There are frequent dizzy spells and headaches. There is a peripheral left facial paralysis, the hearing is diminished on the left, the right facial muscles frequently twitch. It is furthermore stated that his attacks of prolonged sleep frequently last for four days at a time. In this case we are undoubtedly dealing with an organic brain disease, probably a brain abscess (temporo-sphenoidal lobe), following a middle ear disease, the latter also causing the facial paralysis.

To summarize briefly, we can state that so far as our clinical experience is concerned, many juvenile offenders suffer from severe forms of nervous or mental disease. In many of these, crime is one of the first symptoms of a grave psychic disorder, which usually terminates in dementia. In others, the delinquency is merely one of the features of

a masked type of epilepsy. Some of these patients belong to the simple delinquent group, are the victims of a bad heredity and show many somatic symptoms of a so-called degeneracy, apart from any mental or moral defect. In others again there is a severe developmental or congenital disorder, either in the intellectual or ethical spheres, in the one case leading to conditions of simple imbecility or idiocy, in others, to the so-called moral insanity. Finally, there are the accidental delinquents, the result of severe head injuries or of grave types of organic brain disease. From the material here presented, it becomes evident in the light of the rapid development of our juvenile courts, that all young offenders in whom there is any suspicion of a nervous or mental disorder or any signs of degeneracy, should be subjected to an expert medical examination by an alienist or neurologist. It is only in this manner that one of the great factors in the production of juvenile crime, from both the medical and sociological standpoints, can be satisfactorily determined. Psychological Clinic.

A great number of our probationers report during the regular office hours each day, and on Monday evenings the office is open for adults to report from 7 to 9. On Wednesday evenings the office is open during the same hours for working boys to report, and on Saturday evenings the adult probationers living in the Oranges report at the Orange Police Station from 8 to 9.

We are very pleasantly, situated in our new offices and we feel that we are in a position to do much better work with more privacy than what we could in the old building. Our commodious quarters have greatly facilitated our work. Where previously we were confined to one room, we now have three, a reception room, the assistant's room, where our records, files, etc., are kept, and a private room, which was badly needed.

Any person spending a day in the Probation Office would believe that it was an office of general information. We are called upon daily for advice of all kinds. Parents consult us as to what course they should take in dealing with incorrigible and wayward children. The wife of a probationer may call to notify us that she has had some little trouble with her husband; the sister may call to say that her brother, who is on probation, has not been doing exactly right; or the mother, whose daughter has gone astray, may appeal to us to have her girl placed in some suitable correctional institution. All this in addition to our regular duties, keeps us moving day and night.

While we are always willing to do what we can for humanity's sake, especially in dealing with juveniles, we do not lose track of the fact that our principal duty is toward the care and watching of the persons committed to our care from the Courts, and I am pleased to note in going over our records of 1,720 probationers who have been committed to our care during the past seven years, that of this number 891 have been discharged from our care for good conduct, having complied with the rules and regulations governing our office; 166 have been sent to juvenile institutions for violation of the rules governing our office, 127 have been committed to penal institutions, 6 have died while on probation, 3 were committed to the insane asylum, and 77 left the State and could not be located. These figures show that almost 70 per

cent. of those placed on probation have been reclaimed.

There has been no change in the general work of the adults. We visit the homes as frequently as possible, but not as often as we should, as it is impossible with our present force to keep in personal touch with over 400 people, which number we have had to deal with daily during the past year. To do effective probation work one officer should not be given the care of more than fifty persons, as we are changing from month to month.

That the work of this office is no doubt appreciated is shown by the fact that we have been appealed to by a number of probation officers and court officials from various States throughout the country for information and advice, to guide them in organizing juvenile courts and establishing the probation system.

We try as far as possible, without interfering with our duty, to keep in touch with all movements pertaining to probation and prison work, and wherever any Session or conference on this line of work 1 held, we try to be represented, so that we inay be up to date in our work. Probation work we still believe is in its infancy, and many of the problems which from time to time confront us, are still unsolved. It is safe to say that one probation officer, earnestly and enthusiastically engaged in his work, will do more in the course of a year to prevent crime than the best prosecuting attorney can do in four years in prosecuting crime.

A new feature of the probation system in this State was the passing of a bill by the Legislature in the spring of 1906 allowing magistrates to commit to the care of the probation officer persons arrested for desertion and non-support. While we have not received a large number under this law, the few that have been committed to our care have shown good results. Heretofore if a complaint was made for desertion or non-support, and the defendant was unable to furnish a bond, to pay a certain amount for the support of his family, the committing magistrate had no option except to commit the defendant to the jail or penitentiary, and in this way his family would possibly have to be supported by charity during the breadwinner's confinement. Under probation he can support his family, and the public at the same time is saved the cost of his maintenance. During the year the sum of seven hun

dred and forty-nine dollars fifty cents ($749.50) was collected from such cases and handed over to the Overseer of the Poor, and in turn has been given to the families.

We are still giving a great deal of time and thought to the work of juvenile offenders, the treatment of which is of necessity very different from that of adults. We can not expect a child to appreciate the chance which probation really means to him. A child usually looks upon probation as a punishment, and as long as he does, very little can be accomplished in the line of reformation, for he will only make an effort not to commit another offense while he fears severer punishment. No amount of fear will ever bring about a desirable change of character. It must be the personal touch of the human soul to awaken in another soul the longing to rise above temptation.

Before the personal intercourse can come into existence the one who wishes to awaken the divinity of reason must make a thorough study of the faulty character. The physiology as well as the pathology of character must be taken deeply into consideration, for instance; the fundamental conscious tendencies of the child can only be learned by the frequent association with him and his parents and placing oneself mentally in his environment. These tendencies differentiate according to age, sex, and residence.

In helping our boys we must not forget to consider the occupation of the parents, the economic status, and the social environment of the family. We must also endeavor to find the gang or the club that may have been the means of the boy's downfall.

On entering into the child's life we must detect the cause of the special faults, and we frequently find the following: Impulsive outbreaks, temper, roving disposition, drinking, smoking, and using cocaine. Naturally these faults will develop forgetfulness, cowardice, and many other defects.

There are times when children must be transplanted, for the reason that everything about them is poisonous and injurious, and no impression can be made upon the mind under these circumstances.

Not the environment alone is the cause of the downfall, but that particular child, in these particular surroundings, is out of place, and it is necessary to remove him to make a lasting impression on his mind and bring him to realize that it is he who has to change himself. The same environment which was poisonous to one. might be of fertile soil to another.

Our probation system can not be complete until we have established in this County a Parental School. Boys fortu

nate enough to be residents of the City of Newark, and whose offense is truancy or incorrigibility, may be committed to the Newark City Home, and any cases of aggravated truancy in the suburbs have to be dealt with through our office, as the Court does not feel that a boy that is guilty of truancy or incorrigibility, should be placed alongside of a boy with criminal tendencies, wherein if the County had an institution such as the Newark City Home, and managed in the same efficient manner, there would be less truancy, and with less truancy, there would be less crime.

In every instance where a complaint is made against a child in this County, the Probation Office is notified, and no case is disposed of without being investigated by us.

Once a month a session of the County Juvenile Court is held in the County Court building. Saturday morning of each week there is a session of Juvenile Court held at the First Criminal Court in the City of Newark for the children of the city, and Saturday morning is also devoted to juvenile cases in the Orange Police Court for the City of Orange.

Following is a report of the County Juvenile Court:

Number of cases recorded during the
year
Number of individuals involved.

Ages.

.102 153