In

3. Electoral Votes.-At the presidential election, according to the original federal constitution, each elector voted for two candidates for president. 1792, Vermont cast her first presidential votes for George Washington and John Adams, both Federalists. Again, in 1796, the votes of Vermont were cast for the Federalist candidates. In 1800, the Vermont electors voted for Adams, Federalist, and for Pinckney, Republican. Previous to the election of 1804, the constitution was so amended that each presidential elector has since voted for a president and for a vice-president. From 1804, to and including 1820, the electoral votes of Vermont were cast for the Republican candidates, in 1824 and 1828 for the Federalist candidates, in 1832 for an Anti-masonic candidate, from 1836 to 1852 for the Whig candidates; since 1852 to the present time the electoral votes of Vermont have been given to the Republican candidates for president and vice-president. In 1812, 1816 and 1820 Vermont had eight presidential electors, the largest number she ever had.

4. The County.-Lamoille, the fourteenth and last county, was formed in 1835. Till that time the county had served simply as a judicial district whose officers were elected by the legislature. The next year the county began to have a new character, that of an election district.

5. The Senate Introduced.-Originally the legislative power of the State of Vermont was "vested in a house of representatives," and the executive power was "vested in a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant-governor and council," consisting of twelve councilors chosen annually by the freemen of the State. In 1836, the constitution was so amended as to abolish the executive council and to establish a senate consisting of thirty senators, apportioned to

the counties according to their population, and to be elected annually by the freemen of the counties. This change was effected by the adoption of articles two to thirteen of the Amendments to the Constitution.

6. Population.-The population of the State in 1820 was 235,966; in 1830, 280,652; in 1840, 291,948; in 1850, 314, 120.

The population diminished in the ten years from 1810 to 1820, in 63 towns; from 1820 to 1830, in 44 towns; from 1830 to 1840, in 97 towns; from 1840 to 1850, in 94 towns.

By the apportionments made in consequence of the censuses of 1820 and 1830, Vermont had five representatives in Congress; and by the apportionment next following the census of 1840 she had four representatives. From 1812 to 1818, inclusive, and in 1822, representatives to Congress were elected on a general ticket as presidential electors now are. Presidential electors were chosen by the legislature till 1828, when the method of election by the freemen on a general ticket was introduced.

The War of 1812.

7. Causes. At the close of the eighteenth century, England and France were at war. There was peace for a few months in 1802, then the war was renewed. Both parties adopted measures offensive to neutrals, one of which, on the part of England, was the searching of American vessels for British subjects. These were reclaimed when found and compelled to serve in the British navy. American citizens were sometimes taken on the pretense that they were British subjects. The commerce of the United States suffered from both parties. Congress attempted retaliation in 1807, by forbidding American vessels to

sail from American ports to any foreign country. Two years later the law was modified so as only to forbid trade with Great Britain. These measures interrupted business and brought financial ruin to many people. They were the occasion of special hardships to the inhabitants of the Champlain valley, who had a large trade with Canada. As trade with Canada was prohibited, smuggling became profitable and many on both sides of the line engaged in it. There were

frequent conflicts in northern Vermont between the smugglers and the custom house officers and several lives were lost. These conflicts tended to exasperate one party against Great Britain, the other against the federal government.

In February of 1812, evidence was made public showing that three years before an agent of the British government was sent through Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts for the purpose of intriguing with the leaders of the Federalists and organizing a movement for disunion. He had been wholly unsuccessful, but the disclosure increased the hostility already existing against Great Britain. On the third of April following, Congress passed another embargo act, forbidding commerce with foreign nations for ninety days, and eleven days later authorized the president to detach one hundred thousand militia for the defense of the country. May 1, Gov. Galusha issued a general order calling for three thousand men as the quota of Vermont.

8. The Northern Towns.-These events indicated approaching war. In case of war the northern towns would be exposed to incursions from the enemy, and before the middle of May the people of Troy assembled in town meeting and adopted measures for arming the militia and for the erection of a fort. Later, through the concerted action of more

than twenty towns, guards were established in Troy, Derby, and Canaan. But the fears of the inhabitants of the border were not wholly allayed, and before winter many families fled from the Missisquoi valley near Troy, as the inhabitants of the frontier had done during the Revolutionary War.

War against Great Britain was declared by Congress, and the declaration was announced by the president the 19th of June. In September the Vermont troops, called for, May 1, were reported to be at Plattsburg, N. Y.

9. Campaign of 1812.-According to the American plan of the war, Canada was to be invaded from three quarters-Detroit, some point on the Niagara River, and Lake Champlain. To that end the army was organized in three divisions-the western, the central and the northern. The western division, commanded by Gen. Hull, governor of Michigan, was surrendered at Detroit.

The army of the center was commanded by Gen. Van Rensselaer, who in the latter part of October sent a force across the Niagara from Lewiston to Queenstown, where, after hard fighting and heavy loss, it was captured by the enemy. The northern division under Gen. Dearborn was collected at Plattsburg and in due time went into winter quarters at Plattsburg and at Burlington.

10. Political.-The war was a measure of the Republican party, which was then dominant in Vermont. When the legislature met in October laws were passed forbidding intercourse with Canada, exempting the persons and property of the militia in actual service from attachment and laying a tax of one cent an acre on the lands of the State for military purposes. These measures were thought by many to be oppressive; and the Federal party, which opposed

the war, gained in strength so that in 1813 and 1814 a Federalist governor, Martin Chittenden, a son of Thomas Chittenden, was chosen by the legislature as there had been no election by the people. The obnoxious laws of 1812 were repealed. The official representatives of the State were opposed to the war, but within what they thought to be the constitutional limits were ready to assist in the defense of their country.

11. On Lake Champlain.-Late in the autumn of 1812, Lieut. Thomas MacDonough was placed in command of the naval forces on Lake Champlain, consisting at that time of two sloops (the Growler and the Eagle), and two gun-boats. During the winter another sloop was fitted for service at Burlington and named the President.

Early in June, 1813, British gun-boats came up the lake and took some small craft. The Growler and the Eagle were sent to chastise them; but, pursuing the enemy too far, they were disabled and captured after a severe battle. The sloops were refitted by the British and later in the season with accompanying gun-boats were sent into the lake. The expedition destroyed the public works and stores at Plattsburg, which was unprotected and plundered the village; then they sailed up the lake as far as the middle and on their return attacked Burlington, but retired as soon as the batteries on shore began to respond to them. Gen. Wade Hampton was then at Burlington with four thousand men, but the Americans had no naval force sufficient to cope with the British.

In the latter part of this summer, several companies of Vermont troops were with Gen. Wilkinson at Sackett's Harbor, on the east end of Lake Ontario; made the expedition with him down the St. Lawrence in the fall and suffered loss in the battle of Chrysler's Field, in Canada, a few miles below Ogdensburg.