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ated popular sympathy and his recall was demanded by the United States.

When the Third Congress met, in December, 1793, the Republicans were in the majority, and elected Muhlenberg Speaker of the House, by a majority of ten votes.

Albert Gallatin appeared as a Republican senator from Pennsylvania, but was unseated by the Federalists on the pretext that he was not yet a citizen of nine years' residence in the United States, but really because the Federalist control of the Senate was at stake. The growth of Republican influence manifested itself there in the passage of a resolution for open sessions of the Senate in the future.

Jefferson retired from the Cabinet on December 31, 1793, having offered his resignation in July and continued until the close of the year at Washington's earnest and repeated solicitations. He carried into private life as much popularity as a party leader could enjoy; for the publication of his official correspondence disclosed that in all our troubles with Great Britain and France, he had not been swayed by his hostility to the one or his partiality for the other, but vindicated, in respect to both, all the rights of our nation in diplomatic papers of the highest statesmanship and in language far elevated above prejudice or favor.

Meanwhile a decision of the Supreme Court caused the Republicans to adopt what became, by ratification, the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, which declares that the judicial power of the United States shall not extend to any suit in law or equity against a State by

citizens of another State or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

In July, 1794, the Whiskey Insurrection, led by the antiexcise men of Western Pennsylvania, broke out and for a time threatened so serious resistance to the laws that the President sent an armed expedition, under Governor Henry Lee, of Virginia, to that region, upon whose approach the insurgents submitted and the disturbances subsided without the punishment of those who had fomented them. Washington, in reporting this outbreak to Congress, condemned the "Democratic Societies" organized through Genet's influence in imitation of the political societies of France, which he charged with favoring the resistance to the excise. As a result the societies dissolved, although many of them were officered by men of prominence.

Hamilton retired from the Cabinet in January, 1795, and was succeeded by his subordinate, Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, the comptroller. He did not, however, retire from the active leadership of his party, which for the short remainder of his life he held undisputed by any rival.

Jefferson likewise could not escape, at Monticello, the responsibility of being the inspirer and counsellor of the Republicans. He viewed with much disapproval the great show of military force against the Whiskey Insurrection, whose resistance to the excise law he could hardly find it in his heart to condemn; going so far as to say, in a letter to Madison, "The excise law is an infernal one.” He also viewed the President's censure of the Democratic Societies as an attack on "Freedom of Speech," expressly disclaiming, however, sympathy with those whose "misbe

havior had been taken advantage of to slander the friends of popular rights."

The next most important event in Washington's administration was the negotiation of a treaty with England by John Jay. The provisions of the treaty, when exceedingly unpopular, as they did

made known, were

not secure American commerce from interruptions, American seamen from impressment, or re-open trade with the West Indies. The first explosion of popular disapproval was very strong, and but for the intemperate attack made by extremists on Washington himself, the political effect on the Federalists, who generally sustained the treaty, would have been damaging. After a long and acrimonious debate in the House, the appropriation needed for carrying out the treaty was voted by a majority of three.

The Fourth Congress had been slightly Federalist in the Senate, with an unreliable Republican majority in the House.

As his second term drew toward a close, much effort was made to get Washington to accept re-election, but he was inflexible, and in September, 1796, gave out his farewell address. With his retirement the field opened for the first trial of strength between the two political parties. He had kept aloof from both and honestly endeavored to rise an impartial judge over their contests, the bitterness of which he always sought to mod

erate.

No formal nominations were made. Thomas Jefferson was, by universal consent, accepted as the Republican

candidate, with Aaron Burr for Vice-President.

John

Federalist candidate,
Carolina, for Vice-

Adams, by like consent, as the with Thomas Pinckney, of South President. Tennessee was now a member of the Union, so that sixteen States took part in the election. Tennessee was added to the nine States which, at the last election, chose electors by their legislatures. North Carolina was added to the five that chose by popular vote. John Adams received 71 votes, as follows: New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, 7 from Maryland, with one each from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Jefferson received the remaining votes of the three last-named States and the full vote of South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with four from Maryland. It will thus appear that the three votes that were given to Adams from Virginia, Pennsylvania and North Carolina elected him.

Pinckney received 59 votes, Burr 30, Samuel Adams 15, Oliver Ellsworth II, and seven other persons scattering votes, including George Washington, 2.

John Adams thus became President, and Thomas Jefferson Vice-President of the United States for four years from March 4, 1797.

A

CHAPTER III.

HISTORY UNDER PRESIDENT
JOHN ADAMS, 1797-1801.

DAMS' inaugural address was highly patriotic, catholic and conciliatory. Indeed, he seems to have entered on his administration with the idea of bringing some of the leaders of the Republican party into its service; but his Cabinet, which was continued from Washington, and composed of minor characters, soon induced him to discard the thought. The Senate was strongly Federalist; the House was Republican.

But two events deserve special prominence in the political history of his administration, the first of which turned the tide very strongly towards the Federalists, the other caused its rapid ebb, and in the end left them hopelessly stranded forever.

The unfriendly relations with France, aggravated by the refusal of the Directory to receive Charles C. Pinckney, the envoy sent out toward the close of Washington's administration to replace Monroe, the spoliations upon our marine, and other hostile acts, raised quite a general feeling of indignation against that country.

Adams sent another mission, consisting of Pinckney, John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry, with authority to ad

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