action. And when in the fulness of time God comes in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, we have above all the revelation in Christ himself, the living word, and its elucidation in the teachings of Christ and of his apostles. The latter, under the teaching of the Spirit, declare further the significance of Christ's work, and expound the things which Christ refrained from teaching, when he said, "I have many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now;" at the same time he promised that the Spirit, about to come, "shall glorify me; for he shall take of mine and shall declare it unto you; he shall guide you into all the truth." And so far as in these teachings use has been made of symbols, types, allegories, fables, parables, or rhetorical figures, we interpret them according to the laws of interpretation. And in thus recognizing God's historical action culminating in Christ and the Holy Spirit whom he sends, the reality of the spiritual world, of its action on us and our action in it is more present to us and more clearly revealed than in any allegorical interpretation.

As to visions, the author regards them as the mere opening of the psychic eye to see the spiritual reality always present though unseen. Thus he explains the transfiguration of Christ. "The revelation was not a miraculous disturbance of the established order of things, but simply an uncovering of that which is hidden from the outward eye, revealing the truth as it really is in all its divine fulness." (p. 208). "When it is once clearly understood that these manifestations are a revelation and not a special miracle, it will be perceived that all things in heaven and earth are simply brought to light by Christ." (p. 212.)

Because the psychical in man is not the Spirit, but a power common to all men, the exercise of psychic vision and powers do not prove that the person is actuated by the Spirit or is declaring a spiritual revelation. There may be false prophets. Hence the apostolic exhortation was necessary, Believe not every spirit, but try the spirits, whether they be of God. And on his journey to Jerusalem, Paul, under clearer teaching of the Spirit, disregarded the prophecies of the disciples at Tyre, of the four daughters of Philip, and of Agabus, warning him not to go to Jerusalem. From the same point of view the author explains the demoniacal possessions.

In respect to miracles he says: "The Master set no limit to the will-power when rooted and grounded in faith; and it may yet be discerned that miracles, so termed, are the natural efforts of a will united to the divine; not a special endowment of power, but the common heritage of man, if he will but believe." (p. 239.) "To discern in the revelation of Christ, not a special or miraculous dispensation, but an orderly bringing to light of eternal truth, common alike to all who follow in his footsteps, will explain the meaning of his words: 'Verily, verily, I say unto you, he who believeth on me, the works which I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do, because I go unto the Father."" (p. 407.) As to the distinction of psychichal manifestations from spiritual, the author says: "By regarding psychical manifestations as spiritual, man has often confounded preternatural things with heavenly, and it is from this confusion of mind that superstitions spring forth. But the day is not distant when the distinction between soul and spirit will yet be more clearly drawn with the progress of knowledge, and to the great gain of the spiritual consciousness. Those prevalent vague ideas which regard the world of spirits as an unknowable, formless void, without organic connection with the earthly state, will then give place to true conceptions based on the verified concrete evidence of scripture; and the things which were true for the prophet will then be recognized as substantial realities for all time, though transcending the scope of a philosophy which does not rise above the data supplied by the physical senses." (pp. 93, 94.)

In the closing chapters the principles set forth in the book are applied to determine our conceptions of the risen and glorified Christ and of the Holy Ghost.

SAMUEL HARRIS.

VOL. XIV.

339

30

ARTICLE IV.-IN MEMORIAM: REV. DAVID TRUMBULL, D.D., OF VALPARAISO, CHILI.

On the first day of last February, there died in Valparaiso, the principal port of the Republic of Chili on the Pacific Ocean, a graduate of Yale who was known personally to many of the older readers of this Review; and whose name, though he went out many years ago from his alma mater, has never ceased to be remembered here with an affectionate interest. It is very gratifying to those who knew him in his college days to learn that his death called out in that distant city a demonstration of popular respect which is not common anywhere; but which, among an exclusively Spanish-speaking people, is certainly something extremely unusual.

The Rev. David Trumbull, D.D., of whom we speak, was the great-grandson of Jonathan Trumbull, the patriotic Governor of Connecticut through all the years of the Revolu tionary War, to whom Washington so often turned in the days of deepest darkness and trouble for counsel and assistance, and of whom he was in the habit of speaking in the spirit of warm affection as "Brother Jonathan." It is known to all how that name became historic-being caught up at once by the popular enthusiasm and transferred to the fatherland itself. Going back still further in the genealogy of David Trumbull—which is rich with the names of others who have been distinguished in all the walks of life-it may be mentioned that his family was originally of the "Mayflower" stock. His first American ancestors were John Alden and that "Puritan maiden, Priscilla," who have been made immortal in American literature by Mr. Longfellow. A descent from an honorable ancestry may properly be mentioned only when the characteristics and principles, which made the ancestors themselves illustrious, are worthily maintained and exemplified by those who are descended from them. David Trumbull was not only of the "Mayflower" stock but he was a man of the "Mayflower" stamp; and, after more than two centuries have passed, he has reflected additional

honor upon the memory of those of his progenitors who helped to lay the first foundations of New England.

The parents of David Trumbull had intended him for a mercantile career; so, on arriving at a suitable age, a position was secured for him in New York. But it was not long before his thoughts were directed to a very different kind of life. He decided to devote himself to the work of the Christian ministry. Accordingly, after pursuing the proper studies, he came to New Haven, and entered the class which graduated in 1842. While here, the connection of his family with that of the elder Professor Benjamin Silliman gave him exceptional opportunities for making the best use of the advantages offered by the college. We are not in possession of the materials which will enable us to follow with any particularity the details of his student-life; yet we cannot refrain from alluding to what we ourselves remember of the impression that he made upon those who came in contact with him. In all that he said or did there was displayed a certain nobility of character which was the more attractive as it seemed so natural to him. He had a rich vein of humor; and we will add-as it seems to have been a characteristic that was often made a subject of remark wherever he went during all his life-his face wore a peculiarly joyous expression, which was quite remarkable, and gave an additional charm to the genial smile with which he always greeted those to whom he spoke. Yet the impression which he gave to all was that of a man of marked independence of character, and no one could even then have doubted that he possessed, and would retain through life, the full courage of his convictions.

We do not propose to attempt any minute analysis of his character. Our object is rather to show, if possible, what kind of man he was when he was prepared for his life work, after his mind had been expanded and strengthened by the years devoted to study and mental discipline. Fortunately a little "memorial," which lies before us, which was printed in Valparaiso just after his death by his friends in that city, enables us to do what we wish. In this "memorial," we find an extract from a journal which he kept in those early years of his life, which presents the man as he was. He had been invited by the "Foreign Evangelical Society" to go to Valparaiso to

preach to the English and American merchants, sailors, and other English-speaking people who were gathered there for commercial purposes. In the near prospect of entering upon this field of labor, he made a new and serious dedication of himself to the service of God; and, as he says, in order "that he might be able to keep it more in mind" he "wrote down with his pen" the engagement into which he entered, together with a prayer to God "that strength might be given him to keep it." This paper is one which deserves careful reading. In it he says: "My God, I will begin a new life. . . . . I will aim to please Thee every day forward. I will set out not for a partial but for an entire obedience, to love Thee with all my heart, and my neighbor as myself. In my public life as a minister of the Gospel, I will study Thy word, and all truth where it can be found, in candor, with prayer; and will apply myself to find out suitable language, figures, and thoughts, that others may be taught by my efforts. . . . . Thou art my Maker, my Owner, my Redeemer, and Purifier. I own the right, and will aim to feel that I am in no way my own. I devote myself, tongue, hands, head, affections, imagination, and memory, to Thy service. But what is all this? Only bringing again what I received from Thee, and have misused, abused, and corrupted. The heart I offer Thee I have injured, and have now need to ask Thee to repair the harm I have done myself. Accept me then with all my powers, not as a gift, but as a favor to myself. Fit me to serve Thee, and then make use of me-any way Thou shalt please. Use me to live and work, or to lie down and die-I put myself at Thy disposal. Do just Thy pleasure.

On reading this paper, we think our readers will be interested to learn how the young man, who at the beginning of his career put his name with all deliberation and seriousness to this dedication of himself, succeeded in carrying out in his life the noble purpose with which he began his work. It is to be remembered that a high ideal is not so uncommon a thing among educated young men who have had the advantage of good birth. A generous enthusiasm for what is regarded to be