men who have carried on as best they could following their discharge, but finally have been forced to apply for help.

The forms of mental trouble in our series of 88 cases at Cherokee conform quite closely to the forms in civil cases. Dementia praecox of course is the largest single group with 45. The manicdepressive group showed 16 cases most of these of the depressed type, general paresis contributed 8 cases, psychopathic personality 7, constitutional deficiency 5, drug addicts 4, cerebral syphilis 2, and paralysis agitans 1.

The results of treatment are about the same as in civil cases except as has been mentioned above, more patients diagnosed as praecox cases have recovered than is usual. Of our 88 cases there have been discharged as recovered 20, discharged as not cured 26, death claimed 6, and 6 were deported-2 to Europe and 4 to their native states. These drug addicts were discharged as not insane and we have 27 cases remaining under treatment.

From time to time, one reads of the poor treatment received by the ex-soldiers in various contract hospitals. It is gratifying to learn that Iowa has given the government no cause for complaint but the various inspectors have always reported that exservice men in Iowa hospitals were as well cared for as in any state or government hospital.

At Cherokee everything is done for the ex-soldier that it is possible to do. The American Legion sends them reading matter, fruit, cigars and cigarets. They are always invited to the meetings whenever a special entertainment is given. The officers of Trepton Post inspect and visit the soldiers quarterly. The Ladies Auxillary have a special committee which provides an entertainment each month and they have done wonders to help make the soldiers' stay in the hospital as pleasant as possible The Auxillary has placed in the superintendent's hands a fund of $250.00 for entertainment only enabling the soldiers who can, to go to all the best shows that come to town in the winter time and to all the ball games, the circus, etc, in the summer. Each month an automobile ride is given, followed by a picnic supper of fried chicken which just at this season seems to be the favorite pastime of the boys. In fact the ex-soldiers at Cherokee are allowed more privileges and have greater opportunities for recreation than the civil patients can afford.

THE OUTLOOK FOR SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES

F. S. Treat, Superintendent, Soldiers' Orphans' Home,
Davenport, Iowa.

I assume that the purpose of discussing the subject suggested by the title of this paper is to determine, if possible, what demand will be made upon such institutions as the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in caring for children of World War soldiers. There seem to be no published statistics covering experiences of these institutions following previous wars, and therefore I am compelled to confine myself to the records of our own state institution over which I have the honor to preside.

The institution was organized in December 1863 and during the next four years over eight hundred children of soldiers had been admitted. During a similar period following the World War there were no admissions of soldiers' children and up to the present date, August 1923, there have been but five.

The young men of the Civil War period who had settled in Iowa were generally speaking, of limited means and without the backing of a long line of antecedents as may be found in an older country and were almost wholly dependent on their own efforts and largely along agricultural lines. Many of these pioneers answered the call for volunteers and large numbers lost their lives or were incapacitated, leaving their families in destitute circumstances. Neither were the agencies in evidence which have done so much rehabilitation work following the World War.

During the Civil War Iowa furnished 78,059 fighting men. The population of the state was then 760,000. Our quota for the Spanish-American war was about six thousand with a population of two and a quarter millions. For the World War our enlistments numbered approximately one hundred ten thousand while our population was then probably two and one half millions,

As bearing on this subject it should be noted that the government, the American Legion, the Red Cross, state, county, municipalities, church societies, fraternal organizations, social workers, philanthropic individuals and corporations, rendered wonderful service in assisting the soldier of the late war and his family to be self-supporting. Few of these agencies were in existence doing this constructive work in the olden days.

I quote from a letter from Mrs. M. Myrton Skelley, for some years in the service of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport

but now engaged in government work at Bellevue Vocational School, Bellevue, Nebraska.

"It is quite true that after the peak of rehabilitation is reached and passed there will undoubtedly be many fathers unable to care for their families, either through physical or mental disabilities or because of domestic difficulties. I am not prepared to give you the exact percentage of orphans or half-orphans of the World War at this time. There are not so many now, as the greater part of the army was made up of single men. However, many have married since return.

"The American Legion Auxillary is, at the present time making a national survey of the World War orphans and half orphans'. Their plan is to make an attempt to enable the mothers to care for these children in their own homes, or, where children are full orphans, to make arrangements whereby they may be placed in private home care.

"On the other hand, the state of Kansas through the Department of the Legion, is fostering the idea of a national home for children of the World War. The department expects to bring this matter up on the convention floor of the National Convention in San Francisco, October 15-19, 1923.

"I mentioned the peak of rehabilitation in second paragraph. Of course, there are a number of claimants who are and will continue to be rated on a compensation status and are non-feasible for training, meaning that they may not be trained for a new vocation."

The resolution of the American Legion authorizing the committee above referred to reads as follows:

"Be it resolved that the Fourth National Convention of the American Legion instructs the National Commander to appoint a committee of three members to inquire into the feasibility and probable cost of establishing and maintaining somewhere in the United States a home, for the destitute and orphaned child of deceased Legionnaires, and that said committee report in writing its findings and recommendations to the National Convention of 1923."

While it is encouraging to know that the Legion is leaving no stone unturned looking to the care of its members and the protection of their families yet we do not believe the National Home will be found feasible for a number of reasons. First, it would gather into one institution too large a number of children. Second, it would remove the children too far from their parents, other relatives, or 'immediate friends. Third, almost all of the states are at present equipped with institutions to care for their own children.

From what I have been able to gather it is my opinion that

the institution at Davenport will not be called upon to care for World War children in great numbers.

After the government has done all that it can along the vocational lines there will no doubt be some fathers who will still be unable to properly support their families and in later years perhaps those who have married more recently will feel the effects of war service and their children may come under the state's care but on the whole I am convinced that the principal work of the institution in the future will be the care of the indigent child rather than caring for the children of soldiers.

THE CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY IN BOYS OF SUPERIOR INTELLIGENCE.

By John Christian Tjaden, Ph. D. Iowa City, Iowa. June 1923. FOREWORD

During the summer of 1922 the writer had the pleasure of engaging in a course in clinical psychology under the direction of Dr. F. L. Wells, Psychologist at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. In numerous informal conversations with this keen analyst, with particular reference to the monumental work in the investigation of juvenile delinquency carried on by Dr. William Healy, the writer's attention was fixed upon the question why it is that boys of superior intelligence do the things that bring them to reformatory institutions. In other words, why is it that young individuals with fine mental equipment ignore the norm of social conduct and deviate from it in every degree of measure, when by nature they are endowed with all the elements that should enable them to meet the struggles of life without entailing social mal-adjustment. In his experience in addressing parent-teacher associations, the writer has been deeply impressed with the fact that problems of home and school discipline engage a large part of their attention, and that these problems seem to be very resistant to solution and their number seeming to multiply as civilization advances. Especially are parents of bright boys solicitous in this matter, for they realize that their "knowing better" does not save them from seriously interfering with parental peace of mind, nor from frequently becoming vexatious problems for their teachers. The writer has for some time had in mind the desire to apply the psycho-clinical method in an attempt to uncover the psychogenic etiological factors involved, and to make a study of a group of delinquent boys who wou'd be classified according to standard measures of intelligence as belonging to the superior and very superior groups. By courtesy of the Iowa Board of Control, a group of this kind became available at the State Training School for Boys, Eldora, Iowa, and with the fine cooperation of the superintendent and other officers of this instituton, private personal interviews with twenty-six boys were made possible. These interviews were repeated after an interval of one month for the purpose of verifying and checking up the data secured in the initial approach.