league of Turin, in which the enemy had two thousand five hundred, under general Fiorella, who, refufing at first to furrender the city, retired into the citadel; from whence he threw into the city fome balls and fhells. But having been given to understand, that if the firing was continued no capitulation would be allowed him, he readily confented to a convention, by which he engaged to fire no more on the town, as the allies did not fire on the citadel from that quarter. The four battalions, which had been left at Milan, with genera! Latterman, not being fufficient to undertake the. fiege of the castle, marfhal Suwarrow commiffioned general count Hohenzollern to go and lay fiege to the caftle of Milan, and gave him fix battalions more for that purpofe. On the night, between the twentieth and twenty-firft, the count opened the trenches against the caftle of Milan, and, on the twenty-third, the commandant, being fummoned a fecond time, confented to capitulate, The principal conditions were, that the garrifon, confifting of two thoufand two hundred men, fhould return to France, but should not ferve for a year against the two emperors. It was at this time much regretted, that this garrison, as well as that of Pefchiera and fome others, had not been made prifoners of war, instead of returning to France, where they were made ufe of to maintain the directorial defpotifm, to act against the royalifts of Britanny, and to enable the French rulers to fend troops to the armies, which they would otherwife have been obliged to keep in the interior of France. But the allied generals were defirous of converting be: fieging into difpofeable corps as foon as poffible. The capture of the caftle of Milan did not coft the Auftrians fifty men. The maga zines, which were found here, and at Brefcia, Cremona, Pefchiera, and other places were immenfe, and abundantly fapplied the allied armies. The fpoils of Italy, at least thofe of the foil, paft, in part from the hands of the French, into thofe of the imperialifts. The citadel of Ferrara allo was taken by capitulątion: on the twenty-fourth, the garrifon, confifting of one thoufand five hundred and twenty-five mep, were fent to France, under the engagement not to ferve for fix months against the allies. Two days after wards, the left wing of the Auftrians extended itself fill farther. Four companies of Auftrian infantry, has ving embarked, on the twenty-fourth, at the mouth of the Po, took poffellion, without obfacle, of Porto Digoro, and, on the twenty-fixth, of Porto primero, where they difembarked, and from whence, fupported by three hundred infurgents of the country, they marched against Ravenna, into the port of which an Auftrian flotilla, 'had just entered at the fame time, The French and the Italian patriots fhut its gates; but one of them was foon forced, and the garrifon obliged to fly by another towards Lucca, The capture of Ferrara and Ravenna completed the establishment of the Auftrians on the Lower Po, gave fupport to their left, and rendered their maritime communications, and the arrival of their tranfports, more eafy and more fecure, Thus the Auftrians, confined and threatened as they had been at the end of March, on the line of the Adige, had, in two two months, carried their right to the frontiers of France, and their left to the Adriatic fea. It has already been seen that, at the opening of the campaign, the French were mafters of only a part of the provinces, and of the capital of the kingdom of Naples. Since that time, general Macdonald had been prevented from extending their conquefts by the gradual di minution of his army, which, for fome months, had received no reinforcements, by the armed loyalifts, under cardinal Ruffo, and other inferior leaders; by threats of defcent from the English, Ruffians, and Turks, who cruized on the coafts of both feas; and laftly by the difaftrous news which he received from Upper Italy. He had been obliged to content himfelf with fecuring the fubmiflion of the capital, with putting the coafts in a flate of defence, and completing the reduction of the two provinces of Abruzza and Capiana, and of the two principalities; which reduction he had not been able to effect but by burning feveral towns and villages, and putting to the fword fome thousands of peafants. Such was the fituation of Macdonald, when he received, from the directory, an order to evacuate the kingdom of Naples and join Moreau. According to his inftructions, he depofited all power in the hands of the patriots; leaving, for their fupport, republican corps, railed in the country, and the garrilons of St. Elme, of Capua, and Gaeta, which could easily communicate and aflift one another. Setting out, with all the reft of his troops, he traverfed, in clofe columis, the Romish ftate, of which feveral parts were but imperfectly fubdued; left there his heavy bag gage, and with a reinforcement of all the troops in that ftate, excepting fome fmall garrifons which he left at Rome, Civita Vecchia, Viterbo, Pegia, Ronciglione, and Ancona, he haftened towards Tufcany, the capital of which he reached on the twenty-fourth of May. He found there the divifion of general Gauthier, and established a communication with that of general Montrichard, which was opposed to general Klenau, in the country of Bologna, and in Romagna. The union of all thefe troops, compofed of French, Italians, and Poles, formed an army of about twenty-five thoufand men. With this force, Macdonald had to join Moreau, who was at one hundred and fifty miles diftant, and to overcome the multiplied obftacles, prefeated both by the nature of the country and the enemy. To effect an union with his col league, he had two roads, on different fides of the Appenines: the one goes along the Riviera di Ponente and is known under the name of the Corniche: but it could not admit of the paffage of artillery or even of baggage. The fecond road was that between the Appenines and the Po, across the duchies of Modena, Parma, and Placentia. This was the road chofen by the two republican generals, who already had a free and fpeedy intercourle with one another by the Riviera di Levante, and began to concert their plans and mealures. Although Macdonald had refolved to advance between the Appenines and the Po, it was, nevertheless, necellary that he should be master of the road by the Corniche, for it was by this that he was to preferve his intercourfe with Moreau, and, by roads branching off from this, that he could penetrate into the plain across the mountains. Macdonald, on the twenty-fixth, affembling his troops, on the frontiers of Tufcany, proceeded on his march, diflodging the imperialifts from feveral important pofts as he advanced, particularly that of Pontremoli, and, on the thirtieth, had his head-quarters at Lucca. Meanwhile, Moreau advanced half way to meet his colleague; and, leaving only his left wing in the pofition of Coni, arrived with his right acrofs the maritime Alps at Savona, occupying with his centre the upper valley of the Tanaro. Pufhing on a divifion ftill farther, he occupied, with confiderable force, the defile of the Bochetta, and other paffes of the Appenines. All preparatory meafares being taken, Macdonald put his army in motion on the eighth of June, marching himfelf with the centre toward Modena, and the other divifions taking the road to Fornovio and Rheggio, with a part of his army, to reinforce marthal Suwarrow, wherever he thould be required to do fo. This occafion was now come, and, confequently, as has been mentioned in the preceeding chapter, general Bellegarde, quitting that country, at the end of May, with about fourteen thousand men, arrived at Milan on the fourth of June. He was then fent to, by Pavia, to conduct the blockade of Alexandria. This reinforce ment, with fome free corps, from the hereditary ftates, enabled the fieldmarhal to unite about forty thoufand fighting men to oppofe the two French generals. Macdonald, after two actions with the imperialists, on the tenth and the twelfth, in one of which he himself was pretty feverely wounded, advanced, on the thirteenth, towards Rheggio, entered Parma on the fourteenth, from which the duke and all his family fled on his approach, and on the fifteenth arrived at Placentia. Marthal Suwarrow, leaving Wuckaflowich, with a corps of obfervation, in the province of Mondovi, and general Kaim with the brigade of Lufignan, to cover, on the fide of France, the fiege of Tarin, fet out from the city, on the tenth with the principal part of his army, amounting to from twenty-five to thirty thoufand, and placed his headquarters, the fame day, at Afti, from which they were transferred, on the twelfth, to Acqui. On the fifteenth, he fet out with a little more than twenty thousand men, of whom two-thirds were Ruffians. A dreadful battle enfued, which was interrupted only by the night, on the feventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth, on both fides of the Macdonald, though As long as marshal Suwarrow had ho enemy but Moreau, he could, with the forces he had, continue the war, and even act offenfively against the army of the enemy. But he had forefeen that, when Macdonald fhould come to throw his weight into the fcales, his fituation would be much altered. He had, there fore, beforehand, asked for rein forcements, both at Petersburgh and Vienna. The first of thefe courts, detached to his affiftance eleven thoufand men, of the forty-five thoufand, which it had deftined to at in Switzerland. The fecond, attributing lefs importance to the conqueft of Switzerland than of Trebbia. Italy, ordered general Bellegarde, wounded, followed and directed VOL, XLI. [U1 his his army, which, being thirty thoufand ftrong, was equal, in numbers, to that of the allies. This battle, or courfe of battles, terminated to the advantage of marthal Suwarrow. General Macdonald, after lofing more than a third of his army, returned to the fame fpots to which he had fet out. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, was little lefs than that of the enemy. Marshal Suwarrow haftened back, marching his army towards Alexandria, to go to meet Merean, who had pafled the Appenines, raifed the blockade of Tortona, and forced general Bellegarde to retreat behind the Bormida. Moreau, on the ap proach of the Ruffian commander, retired to Genoa. An event, highly advantageous to the allies, which happened at the fame time with the victories of the Trebbia, completed their triumph, and juftified the hazardous and fingular plan for the campaign, adopted by the chief commander. The neceffary preparations retarded the opening of the trenches, before Turin, till the twelfth, when they were boldly opened at three hundred paces diftant from the covered way. The principal batteries were difmounted; the barracks, magazines, and a great number of buildings, including general Fiorella's own houfe, were fet on fire: water had penetrated into the calemates, which had been neglected: and anti-republican difpofitions were manifefted by part of the garrifon, which was compofed wholly of Swifs and Piedmontefe. All thefe circumflances determined the commandant to capitulate. The capitulation was figned, on the twentieth, at eleven o'clock at night, and the imperialifts were put in poffeflion of the gates. Con formably to the capitulation, the garrifon, two thousand seven hundred men, was conducted, on the twenty-fecond, to the frontiers of France, after laying down its arms on the glacis, and giving its parole not to ferve, till exchanged, against the emperor ofGermany and hisallies. About the end of June, the junc tion of general Bellegarde's corps, the co-operation of general Haddick, in the valley of Aouft and the Novarefe, and the arrival of a fresh body of eleven thousand Ruffians on the Brenta, put marshal Suwarrow in a ftate to oppofe ninety thoufand men to the fixty thousand of the French, who were, exclufive of the garrifons of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria, garrifons which amounted fcarcely to fifteen-thoufand men. The advantage, which marthal Suwarrow fought now to derive from his fucceffes, was reduced to two principal objects, that of reconquering Tufcany, and taking the three ftrong places juft mentioned. It had been with extreme reluctance that the fubjects of the grand duke of Tuscany, attached to their fovereign, and his mild and equitable adminiftration, fubmitted to the French yoke. As foon as Macdonald had removed himfelf from the Appenines, many thousands of the inhabitants of the province of Arezzo, encouraged and directed by Mr. Windham, the envoy from England, took up arms in favour of their fovereign, and foon amounted to twenty-five thoufand men. At the fame time, a Cifalpine general, Lahooze, commanding, for France, a corps of Italians, in the march of Ancona, together with his troops, deferted the caufe of the republic, and embraced that of the allies. Uniting with his own different different bands of infurgents, he reduced, under the power of the allies, the province which he had, till then, defended against them, and proceeded to inveft the capital on the fide towards the lea, blockaded, as already mentioned,by a fleet, Turkih and Ruffian. In thefe circumftances, Macdonald loft no time in contriving his retreat from Tulcany. The troops could retreat by the Reviera di Levante; but, there was no other means of faving the artillery, the baggage, and the numerous chefts filled with the poil of Italy, than to fend them by fea; a refource which the continual cruizing of fome English men of war, on the coafts of Tufcany, rendered extremely hazardous. But, as it was the only refource which remained, Macdonald fent all the artillery, baggage, and republican property, which he could collect, to be tranfported to Leghorn. Only a fmall part of this could be em barked on board an American velfel, in which many ficers of the faff, took their pallage, as well as the civil agents of the republic. The veffel fet fail on the ninth, and fell, almoft in going out of port, into the hands of the English, On the fame day, the allies made a more important acquifition, which was that of Urbino, the garrifon of which, after fuftaining a fire of fome hours, capitulated, and obtained permillion to return into France, on condition of not ferving, for fix months, against the allies. The preparations of the French for retreat, in all parts of Tuscany, encouraged more and more the infurrection of the inhabitants. Thofe of Florence broke out on the fifth of July, cut down the trees of liberty, and deftroyed all the other marks of their fubjec tion. The republican garrifon withdrew into the forts, which it quitted the next morning, in order to retreat towards Leghorn. This place it alfo evacuated on capitulation. After the evacuation of Florence, the infurgents of Arezzo, fupported by the imperalifts, and joined on the road by almoft all the inhabitants of the country, marched towards the coaft, approached in large bodies the places which the French ftill occupied, and prepared to drive them thence by main force. This was unneceffary; for Macdonald, whofe retreat, by the Corniche, was by this time rendered fate, and in a good meaíure already effected, gave orders, on the feventeenth, for the evacuation, not only of Leghorn, on conditions, but the whole of Tuscany. While the allies were employed in the deliverance of Tufcany, and thereby precluding the French troops, which ftill poflefled, in the territory of the church of Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, from all poflibility of retreat, Macdonald, towards the end of July, accomplished that of his own army, reduced now to about 13 or 14,000 men; and, in the environs of Genoa, joined Moreau, in which it was loft. By their re-union, general Moreau had a difpofable force of 40 or 50,000 men, who were fpread from the eastern extremity of the ftate of Genoa, as far as Coni, and occupied, in that line, all the defiles of the Appenines. After the evacuation of Naples, by Macdonald, cardinal Ruffo, at the head of the royalift army, confifting of more than 20,000 men, and fome hundreds of Rufians, having defeated the republican levies of men, which were oppofed to him, marched a[U 2] gainft |