November 4, 1791. Roosevelt in his Winning of the West, writing of the mismanagement of St. Clair's campaign, and the incompetency or unfitness of its two commanding officers, says:

"The whole burden fell on the AdjutantGeneral, Colonel Winthrop Sargent, an old Revolutionary officer; without him the expedition would probably failed in ignominy even before the Indians were reached, and he showed not only cool courage but ability

of a good order; yet in the actual arrangements for battle he was, of course, unable to remedy the blunders of his superiors."

In 1794 Sargent was with General Wayne in his successful campaign against the confederated tribes. On December 19 of this year he was commissioned Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, and much of his time he acted as governor. He continued in the discharge of these duties until May 7, 1798, when he was appointed governor of the Mississippi Territory. This territory was created April 7, 1798, and its eastern part was embraced in the present State of Alabama. Governor Sargent arrived at Natchez on August 6, and his first act, August 16, was the delivery of an address to the people of the Territory. Soon after, on September 8, in consequence of the apparent prospect of a war with France, by an official order he temporarily organized the militia of the Mississippi Territory.

On October 28, 1798, Governor Sargent was married to a wealthy young widow, Mrs. Mary McIntosh Williams, daughter of William and Eunice (Hawley) McIntosh, of Inverness, Scotland, later of Natchez, Miss. William Fitz Winthrop was the only son of this marriage.

Governor Sargent was not popular with the people of the Mississippi Territory. While he was a conscientious and patriotic man and did his whole duty in attempting to conciliate and attach the people to the United States, he was a New England Federalist, and doubtless inclined to be autocratic from his long military training. Hence he did not prove acceptable to the turbulent Jeffersonian Republicans of the Southwest. It was his fate to encounter a strong opposition from some of the most influential men of the Territory. The first opposition was against the code of laws of 1799, which laws were necessarily made before the Territory had voters enough to entitle it to a territorial legislature.

After this there was a constant opposition to all other measures of Governor Sargent's administration. Finally, in 1801, on the accesion of Jefferson to the presidency, he was released from his office by the appointment of W. C. C. Claiborne as governor of the Territory. Notwithstanding the opposition to his administration, Governor Sargent seems to have been strongly attached to the Mississippi Territory, for, on his retirement from office, he made it his home the remainder of his life. He lived near Natchez on his plantation, named Gloucester, in honor of his birthplace. And here after his death in New Or

leans his remains were brought for burial, to rest forever within the confines of that territory to which he had given such faithful service.

In

SEQUOYA, or GEORGE GUESS, inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, born about 1760, in the Cherokee town, Tuskegee, died in August, 1743, near San Fernando, New Mexico, was the son of a German trader, named George Gist, and of a Cherokee woman of mingled white and Indian blood belonging to a good family. Her name has not been preserved. She became a widow or a deserted wife before the birth of her son, who received the name of his father. His Indian name, spelled Sikwayi in the Cherokee language, cannot be translated. As the son grew in years, he assisted his mother in her domestic duties, in the cultivation of her small farm, and in taking care of her horses and cattle. He early showed great mechanical ingenuity and as he grew to manhood became a fine silversmith. Like most of his people he was also a trader and hunter. He had no educational advantages, as he was a man of middle age when missions were established among his people; nor did he ever even learn to speak broken English, an attainment not uncommon with many of the Cherokee halfbreeds of his day. In short, George Guess was a totally illiterate man, but a man of profound thought and close observation. 1809 a chance conversation with some of his people led him to think deeply over the problem how it was possible that white people could communicate thought by means of writing. He then and there resolved to devise a similar system for his own people. A hunting accident after this making him a lifelong cripple, his now enforced sedentary life gave him all the leisure to evolve his great invention. He was during these years a man of some note among his people, for he was one of the signers of the treaty of 1816. After this he made his home in Will's town, situated in the present DeKalb county, Alabama. Here he devoted five years of thought and labor to the subject that was ever uppermost in his mind. He first invented or fabricated ideographic characters, each character representing a word in the Cherokee language. But after much labor, he realized that these characters would be too numerous, and their acquisition far beyond the power of the average memory. At last, in 1820, at his home in Will's town, after years of turmoil, exposed all the time to the ridicule of his friends, he at last evolved a syllabic alphabet, representing eighty-six syllables, perfectly suited to the Cherokee language. In 1821 he submitted his invention to the leading men of the Cherokees; it was accepted as a success, and the name of George Guess became immortal as the Cadmus of his race. "Without advice, assistance, or encouragement-ignorant alike of books and of the various arts by which knowledge is disseminated-with no prompter but his own genius, and no guide but the light of reason, he had formed an alphabet for a rude dialect, which, until then, had been

an unwritten tongue." The Cherokee syllabary was soon recognized by the Cherokees as an invaluable invention for their elevation as a people and everywhere, in their cabins and along the roadside, they began to teach it to each other. Guess, of course, was its first teacher. "The invention of the alphabet had an immediate and wonderful effect on Cherokee development. On account of the remarkable adaptation of the syllabary to the language, it was only necessary to learn the characters to be able to read at once. No school houses were built and no teachers hired, but the whole Nation became an academy for the study of the system, 'until in the course of a few months, without school or expense of time or money, the Cherokees were able to read and write in their own language!'" In 1822 Guess went on a visit to the Cherokees in the Arkansas Territory, constituting one-third of the Cherokee people, and introduced among them his syllabary. It was readily accepted and a correspondence was soon opened between the two divisions of the Cherokee people. Having accomplished his purpose, Guess returned to his eastern home, where he remained but a short time, and then, in 1823, emigrated permanently to the west. He never after visited his people in the east. In the fall of 1823, the general council of the Cherokee Nation, in appreciation of Guess' great service to his people, awarded to him a silver medal, which bore on one side two pipes, on the other, a head with this inscription, "Presented to George Gist, by the General Council of the Cherokee Nation, for his ingenuity in the invention of the Cherokee Alphabet." The inscription was the same on both sides, excepting that on one side it was in English, on the other in Cherokee, in the characters invented by Guess. The medal was sent to Guess, then in the west, through John Ross, the president of the Council, who sent with it a written address. The first literary productions in the Cherokee syllabic alphabet were made, copied, and circulated in manuscript. In 1827 the Cherokee National Council, having resolved to establish a National paper in the Cherokee language and characters, types for this purpose were cast in Boston, and the first issue of the paper, Tsalagi Tsulihisanunhi or Cherokee Phoenix, printed in English and Cherokee, appeared in New Echota, February 21, 1828. Thenceforth, year after year, a large amount of literature in the Cherokee language and alphabet was created, educational, legal and religious works, that were suitable for a people rapidly advancing in a Christian civilization. Guess became a prominent man in the public affairs of the western Cherokees. He was chosen one of the delegates that visited Washington and negotiated the treaty of May 6, 1828. He and three other delegates signed their names to this treaty in the Sequoyan alphabet. While in Washington much attention was paid to Guess by various parties, who felt an interest in him on account of his wonderful invention. In 1838, in the re-organization of the Cherokee Nation, Guess as the President of the

Eastern Cherokees, signed the act of union. In 1843, imbued with the tradition that there was a band of Cherokees, long segregated from their people, living somewhere in Northern Mexico, he left home to seek for this lost band. He had gone far on his journey, when worn out with age and toil, alone and unattended, he sank under his efforts and died; near the village of San Fernando, in Mexico. Before his death, news of his condition having come back to his people, a party was sent to his relief, but they arrived too late to find him alive.

An annual pension that had been previously granted to Guess was continued to his widow. Besides his wife, he was survived by two sons and a daughter. Sequoya district of the Cherokee Nation was named in his honor. His name too is forever preserved in the big tree (Sequoia gigantea) and the red wood (Sequoia sempervirens) of California, and even in the sequoiene distilled from its needles.

REFERENCES.-McKenney and Hall's Indian Tribes of North America (1842), vol. i, pp. 6370; Handbook of American Indians (1910), part a, pp. 510, 511; Mooney's Myths of the Cherokee, pp. 14, 108-110, 135, 137, 138, 139, 147, 148, 219, 220, 353, 355, 485, 501; Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1887), pp. 230, 302; Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History, vol. 8, p. 130; Phillips' Sequoya, in Harper's Magazine, pp. 542-548, September, 1870; Pilling's Iroquorian Bibliog raphy (1888), p. 21; Foster's Sequoya, the American Cadmus and the Modern Moses (1885); The New International Encyclopædia (1909), p. 815; Drake's Indians, fifteenth edition, p. 364.

STUART, JOHN, superintendent of Indian affairs, born in Scotland about 1700, died in England in 1779. He came to America with General Oglethorpe in 1735 and was appointed to a subordinate command in the British service. He was second in command in Fort London, when it was besieged by the Cherokees in August, 1760. After the surrender of the garrison and the subsequent massacre of some of its inmates, the Cherokee chief, Atakullakulla, claimed him as his prisoner. He took him into the woods, ostensibly for a hunting excursion, but he secretly carried him through the wilderness to his friends in Virginia. Early in 1763 he was appointed Superintendent of Indian affairs for the Southern district. In the ensuing year he sent the King's talk to the Catawbas, the Cherokees, the Creeks, the Chickasaws, and the Choctaws, inviting them to a congress to be held in Augusta, Georgia, with the governors of the colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The congress met there on November 5, in full session, with representatives from the five Indian nations. Stuart delivered the opening talk, representing the four governors, all of whom were present. On November 10, the congress closed with the signing of a treaty for the preservation and continuance of a firm and perfect peace between King George

aux

and the five Indian nations. In spite of this treaty there was still considerable disaffection among the Creeks and the Choctaws. Stuart's diplomacy, however, held them in check, until the complete pacification brought about by the Choctaw-Chickasaw congress, held in Mobile, March 26-April 4, 1765, and by the Creek congress held in Pensacola, May 26June 4, 1765, in both of which he was the dominant factor. His speech on March 27 at the Choctaw-Chickasaw congress, is spoken of by Hewat, the Carolina historian, as "a speech, in which is exhibited a good specimen of the language and manner proper for addressing barbarous nations." When Major Robert Farmar, in the summer of 1765, was organizing an expedition to take possession of Fort Chartres, Stuart engaged the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, and the Cherokees to furnish flanking parties that would act as an iliary force to the troops in their voyages up the Mississippi. The work of the Indians was so well done that, by the direction of General Thomas Gage, commanding in America, the three nations received the thanks of Superintendent Stuart. On October 14, 1768, Stuart concluded a treaty with the Cherokees at Hard Labor, by which Kanawha River was made the western boundary of Virginia. He had his deputies among all the tribes of his district, their deputies it seems being appointed by himself. James Adair in his American Indians, pp. 294, 296, 370, 371, does not speak in high terms of Stuart as a public officer, and criticizes severely the favoritism shown by him in the appointment of his deputies, men utterly unfit as he claimed or unsuitable for the position, some even being said to be near relatives of Stuart. It was the policy of the English officials in America never to interfere in Indian inter-tribal wars, believing that when Indians were thus engaged they would be less apt to go to war against the whites, and besides the sooner the Indian tribes were decimated or swept out of existence by such wars, the greater facilities would be given to the whites to acquire their lands. Stuart avowedly followed this policy in the long Creek-Choctaw war which began in 1766. He made no effort to establish peace between the two warring tribes until the outbreak of the American Revolution made it necessary for him to unite all the tribes on the side of the King. He then made peace between the two tribes about the close of 1776. Being an ardent loyalist, Stuart now conceived a plan for crushing the revolted colonies, which was approved by the British cabinet. This was the landing of a large force in West Florida, which in conjunction with numerous bands of Indian warriors would march against them and destroy the western settlements of the colonies, while other British troops would attack the colonists on the sea coast, and the Tories would rise in the interior,-all thus acting together would soon crush the patriots. On the discovery of the plot, followed by the defeat of the hostile Cherokees, Stuart fled to Florida, whence he soon sailed for England, where he died in 1799.

TAIT, JOHN, Indian agent, was probably a Scotchman. Nothing is known of his career prior to 1778, when he was appointed agent for the Creek Indians, very probably receiving this appointment from John Stuart. General Woodward's statement that John Tait came to the Creek nation with Lachlan McGillivray seems erroneous, for if he was a grown man in 1735, the year of McGillivray's arrival, he would have been too old a man to be appointed Indian agent in 1778. Col. Tait's station in the Creek nation was at the Hickory Ground. It was doubtless soon after his appointment that he married Sehoy McGillivray, an alliance, it may be conjectured, formed through the influence or persuation of Lachlan McGillivray. The well known David Tait of later times was the son of this marriage. In the summer of 1780, Colonel Tait raised a large force of Creek warriors from almost all the upper towns, except from the Tallissee and the Natchez, who were kept neutral through the influence of James McQueen, and started on the march to Augusta to the aid of Colonel Grierson. On the Chattahoochee he was reenforced by Little Prince with a force of Lower Creeks. On their march, while near the head springs of Upatoy Creek, Tait became deranged. He was brought to Cusseta town, there died, and was buried on a high hill east of the town. On Tait's death, nearly all the Upper Creeks returned home except the Tuckabatchies, commanded by Efa Tustenuggee. This man and Little Prince, with their warriors, numbering about two hundred and fifty men, proceeded to Augusta, where they lost seventy men in battle in September when the place was attacked by Colonel Elijah Clarke. After the abandonment of the siege and the retreat of the Americans, Colonel Thomas Brown, the chief in command at Augusta, after hanging a number of the prominent American prisoners, delivered the others into the hands of the Indians, who, in revenge for their slain warriors, put them to the most protracted and torturing deaths, by cuts, blows, scalpings and burnings. The opprobrium of these enormous atrocities must forever be shared by the Indians with Colonels Brown and Grierson, the white officers in command at Augusta. Some months after the death of Colonel Tait, his widow married Charles Weatherford. He was succeeded in his office by David Tait, who was perhaps a brother, and who for several years previously, had been a Justice of Peace in the Creek nation. There is no record available to show how, or from whom, David Tait received his appointment. He was the last British agent among the Creek Indians. It is on record that he was living in 1793 in England, in wealth and affluence "on the money received from the English for sending the Creeks to war against the Americans."

REFERENCES.-Woodward's Reminiscences of the Creek or Muscogee Indians, p. 59; McCready's History of South Carolina, 1775-1780, pp. 1734-1739; Jones' History of Georgia, vol. 2, pp. 455-459; The Colonial Records of Geor gia, vol. 12, pp. 334-364; American State Papers,

Indian Affairs, vol. i, p. 382; Pickett's History of Alabama, Owen's Edition, p. 342, authority for Hickory Ground as Tate's headquarters.

TOGULKI, TUGULKEY, or YOUNG TWIN, born probably about 1740 and in Coweta, was the son of Malatchee, the Creek emperor, who was the son of the great chief, Brim. There is no record of the mother of Togulki. On the death of his father in 1755, Sampiaffi, or Stumpee, the white perversion of the name, was appointed the guardian of his nephew Togulki until he should arrive at years of maturity, when he would assume his father's rank and office. The first public appearance of Togulki in the affairs of his people was in the treaty made at Savannah in November, 1757, with Sir Henry Ellis, Governor of the province of Georgia. The council at which were representatives of twenty-one towns of the Upper and the Lower Creeks, was in session two days, October 29 and November 3. On the first day Wolf King of the Upper Creeks acted as speaker for the whole Creek nation. After his address Togulki made a short talk, expressive of his appreciation of the Governor's reception of his people. It is here given in full:

"'Tis not many months (said he) since I was in Charles Town where I met with many marks of esteem and respect from the Governor and his beloved men-I am now received with even stronger tokens of love which as they are proofs of a sincere friendship cannot but rejoice my heart." After Togulki's talk the headmen were all invited to dine with the Governor. The marks of esteem and respect of which Togulki was the recipient from the Governor and other offiIcials of Charleston were no doubt prompted by their memory of his father, who had ever been popular with the people of Carolina. It must have been soon after the treaty of Savannah that Togulki was chosen as the Emperor of the Creeks, and was also commissioned as such by the Governor of Georgia. In the summer of 1759, Edmund Atkin, the Superintendent of Indian affairs of the Southern district, came to the Lower Creek town of Cusseta. Soon after his arrival with his escort, it was agreed by the chiefs to go and shake hands with him and learn the object of his visit. But when they appeared before him, he abruptly asked them what they wanted, and told them to go about their business, and when he wanted he would send for them. The chiefs were mortified at this rude reception. Though greatly provoked, Togulki nevertheless resolved to make another attempt at a conversation with Atkin. He accordingly forcibly passed the sentinel and entered the house where the King's beloved man was and offered his hand, which Atkin scornfully refused to take. Exasperated at this affront, Togulki told the agent that he had shaken hands with the Governors of Carolina and Georgia, and he wished to know if he, Atkin, was greater than they.. To this Atkin replied that there was a Governor of Carolina and a Governor of Georgia, but that he, At

kin, was greater than they, as he was the King's own mouth. He then accused Togulki of being a Frenchman, that is, as in the French interest. Togulki replied that he was no Frenchman, nor did he intend becoming one, but rather than stay in his own nation and be subject to such ill treatment by the agent, and to avoid all other uneasiness, he would go off on a ramble in the woods. Togulki was as good as his word. He accordingly went to his uncle Sampiaffi, who was hunting on Broad River, thence with his uncle's son to the Cherokee Nation in search of some stray horses. In consequence of some misrepresentations in regard to his visit to the Cherokee Nation, in the following October, he, his uncle Sampiaffi and son, with some other Creeks visited Governor Ellis in Savannah in order to clear himself from these misrepresentations. They related to the Governor the story of Atkin's behavior in Cusseta, and closed their talk with the request that he be immediately recalled thence to prevent further mischief. Governor Ellis and the Indians had hardly finished their talk when an express arrived with the news of the assault upon Atkin at Tuckabatchee. It was thought prudent for the present not to mention the matter to the Indians. The Governor further stated to the Indians that he was glad to hear that the rumor relative to their visit to the Cherokee Nation was absolutely false; and that they saw their own interests so well as to persist in an inviolable friendship, and other attachment to the English. In closing he asked them if they had anything more to say. After much irrelevant talk the Indians finally came to a grievance which they had with the Virginia people who had settled high upon their hunting grounds and who were killing all the deer. They wished these people to be removed and a paper to be given to them to show that it must be done. The Governor postponed his reply to this grievance until the next day, when he again held a council with them. After some general talk the Governor at last told the Indians of the outrage upon Atkin in Tuckabatchee. The Creeks were greatly perturbed at this news. After some comments on the affair, the Governor told the Indians that the Cherokees were on the point of declaring war and there was danger of the Creeks being involved in it. The only way to prevent this was for the Creeks to resolve to keep the path to the white people clear by engaging to resent any injuries done to the people of Georgia by the Cherokees, and to signify the same to them immediately. And as the people of Carolina would likely soon be in open war with the Cherokees, they must caution their people not to go into that province lest they be taken for enemies. As the matter was urgent, and concerned both the white people and the Creeks, the Governor requested the Indians to send runners immediately, some to their own nation, and some to the Cherokee, to inform them of their resolve. In this way the Creeks would have peace, a good trade, free communication with the whites, and no interruption on their hunting

grounds, for the white people should be removed from it. The Creek auditors highly approved of the Governor's talk, and said that they would send runners immediately to their own people and to the Cherokees. This point settled, the Governor gave them some presents and dismissed them completely satisfied. After their departure, he issued a proclamation ordering all persons illegally settled in the back part of the province near the Indians' hunting grounds to remove from those lands by the first of the coming January. The Creeks, by following Governor Ellis' counsel, doubtless saved themselves from being involved in the war which very soon after broke out between the Cherokees and the Carolinans, which continued until the Cherokees were subdued by the successive campaigns of Colonels Montgomery and Grant in 1760 and 1761, and there was again peace on the frontiers. There is no record of Togulki until the great Indian congress in Augusta in November, 1763, which he attended with his uncle Sampiaffi. Here he resigned his English commission as Emperor. His name does not appear one of the signers of the treaty made at the Congress. Six weeks after the Congress, on December 23, 1763, fourteen people they being women and children, were killed by a party of Creek Indians in the Long Cane settlement above Ninety-six. When the news of this deed came to the ears of Togulki, he with another Indian, at once went to see George Galphin to inform him who were the guilty parties, and to request him to write out a talk from him in relation thereto to Governor Wright. Togulki's talk as recorded by Galphin runs as follows: "As soon as I was acquainted in the woods who the Persons were that had killed the White People, I came immediately to acquaint my Friend Galphin of it, that he might write down and acquaint both Governors and the beloved Man of it, and I have left this Talk with him to send down.

"The Fellows that have done the Murder are seven that have been among the Cherokees these four or five years and helped them against the White People-The People are all going home, by the time this Moon is gone they will be all at Home, and there we shall have a meeting of all the Heads of the Nation, and before the next moon is done you shall hear from us. We hope this will not make a general war if the murderers can be killed, there is two of my own Towns Peopls concerned in it, all the Head Men are much concerned about it, and hope it will be Strait yet, and I desire that you will be up on your Guard on this River, for they have taken the Cherokee Talk, and that they will kill all the White People where ever they find them. And in case any of your People come up with them we hope they will kill them. There were three of our People came up with them and were going to kill them, but they were an overmatch for them, and they went in search of Abraham and his Gang to help them. They dare not go to the Nation, for they say now they must be killed, and they will do all the Damage they can before they

are killed: it is the Talk of the Head Men in the woods to forewarn any of the Young People to join them. They say it is the Young Warrior's Talk of Istatoe, and if he is not concerned he will order his People to kill them: and it is my Desire that you will write down and have them killed, as they harbor in his Nation and have Wives there

"Tugulkey alias Young Twin.

"P. S. The Fellows that have done the Murder are

"2 Cussetaws. "2 Cowetaws. "2 Tallissees. "1 Oakfuskee."

From the lack of records it cannot be stated whether the Creeks ever put to death the murderers of the Long Canes people. The talk of Togulki shows that he personally was in favor of inflicting this extreme penalty upon them. His talk is the last record we have of him and hence we may well suppose that his after life was uneventful.

REFERENCES.-The Colonial Records of Georgia, vol. vii, pp. 644-648, 655-667; Ibid, vol. 8, pp. 160-170; The State Records of North Carolina, vol. 11, 1777 and Supplement, 1730-1776; The Colonial Records of Georgia, vol. 9, pp. 115, 116.

TONTI, HENRI DE, Spanish explorer, and "The man of the ironhand," son of Lorenzo Tonti, inventor of the Tontine system of life insurance, was born in Gaeta, Italy, about 1650. In youth he entered the service of France, and was in several naval engagements. In one of these he lost a hand, for which he used an iron substitute, and this in after years often served him to good purpose in his relations with Indians. In 1678, he accompanied La Salle to Canada. La Salle's life purpose was to take up the unfinished work of Marquette and Joliet, and secure as a permanent possession for France the great Mississippi basin, by means of a chain of forts extending from Canada to the mouth of the Mississippi. Tonti enlisted heart and soul into La Salle's great enterprise. In March, 1680, he first stands forth prominent in history as the commander of Fort Crevecouer. After the mutiny and dispersion of its garrison, he and four faithful adherents went and lived for many months at the large Illinois town on Illinois river near Starved Rock. Here he acted as mediator in the great Iroquois raid, and he certainly saved the Illinois tribe from annihilation. In the spring of 1681 he and La Salle after more than twelve months separation met again at Mackinac. After all his misfortunes, La Salle began anew his preparation for exploring the lower Mississippi. Towards the close of 1681, in six causes of fifty-four voyages, eighteen of whom were Indians, he and Tonti floated down the Illinois river, reaching its mouth the last of January. Here Tonti beheld for the first time the mighty Mississippi, over which it was to be his lot to maintain the supremacy of France for twenty succeeding years. Days, weeks and months passed away with the voyagers, and