commissioners to their office. At the close of the year the legislative appointees still held their place.

Political.-On Sept. 14 a State convention met at Salem to form an amalgamated party, which should include Prohibitionists, Grangers, Free-Traders, Greenbackers, American party men, Knights of Labor, Union Labor men, Woman Suffragists, and any others disaffected with the two leading parties. Many delegates were present, and an organization was effected under the name of the "Union party," the object being to secure influence and standing in the canvass of 1890 by a union of forces. The platform agreed upon contained the following: We declare that the Government should prohibit the manufacture, sale, supply, exportation

PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. (For details of the census taken in 1866, see Annual Cyclopædia " for 1887.)

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Government.-The President is Gen. Patricio Escobar, whose term of office will expire on Nov. 25, 1890. His Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Interior, Col. Meza; Foreign Affairs, J. C. Centurion; Finances, H. Uriarte; Justice and Public Worship, M. Maciel; War, Gen. Duarte. The United States Minister for Paraguay and Uruguay, resident at Montevideo, is George Maney; the American Consul at Asuncion Frank D. Hill. The Paraguayan ConsulGeneral at New York is Rafael R. Barthold.

Army. The strength of the regular army in 1889 was 1,092 foot and 284 horse, besides an artillery numbering 20 field-pieces. All men capable of bearing arms are enrolled in the National Guard.

Navy. The navy was composed of a screw man-of-war of 440 tons, mounting 4 guns, and being manned by 6 officers and 36 sailors, and two small steamers with 51 marines.

Finances. On Jan. 1, 1888, the internal debt amounted to $1,068,891, and the foreign debt to $4,250,000. The income of the state in 1888 was derived from the following sources: Land sales and leases, $1.915,445; revenue from customs, $1,389,132; taxes, $246,868, together, $3,551,445.

Postal Service. The number of items of mail matter handled in 1888 was 807,562.

Commerce. The import of merchandise in 1888 was $3,289,000, compared with $2,442,000 in 1887, and the exports $2,588,000 against $2,005,000, showing a notable increase. The custom-houses yielded in 1888 a revenue of $1,389,000, against $1,153.000 in 1887. The chief products exported in 1887 were: Tobacco, 4,014 tons: yerba-maté or Paraguay tea, 6,410 tons; 81,000 hides, 34,000,000 oranges, and 193,776 running yards of cabinet wood. There entered Paraguay river in 1887 392 vessels from Montevideo and Buenos Ayres, where they arrived with cargo for Paraguay, 278 being steamers, the total tonnage being 93,545; and there sailed with Paraguayan cargoes 392,263 of these steamers, with a tonnage of 93,036. River navi

and importation of, and interstate commerce in all intoxicating liquors to be used as a beverage; should establish a national monetary system, by which a circulating medium in necessary quantity shall issue direct to the people, without the intervention of banks; that all chartered corporations created by law for the transportation of passengers, products, or intelligence should be regulated by national and State law; should establish a governmental land system that will restore to the public domain all unearned land grants, to be reserved for actual settlers; should require of foreigners a residence of ten years and a definite test of knowledge of our institutions as conditions of citizenship; should provide for arbitration that will prevent strikes and other injurious methods of settling labor disputes.

gation was represented by 1,110 vessels of 41,259 tons ascending the river, and 1,046 with 41,624 descending it.

Colonization.-The Chambers voted $200,000 toward aiding immigration and colonization. that being four times the amount the Government had applied for.

PARIS EXPOSITION. The World's Fair or Universal Exposition held in Paris in 1889 to celebrate the centenary of French independence, was opened by President Carnot on May 6, and closed on Nov. 6, with a brilliant fête, after a successful existence of six months. This fourth and largest exhibition of the kind in the "city of devices" was visited by 25,000,000 paying visitors, against 12,000,000 to the Exposition of 1878, and 8,000,000 to that of 1867. Of this number 5,000,000 were from the provinces of France and 1,500,000 foreigners, divided as follow: English, 380,000; Belgians, 225,000; Germans, 160,000; Spaniards, 56,000; Swiss, 52,000; Italians, 38,000; Austrians, 32,000; Russians, 7,000; Greeks, Turks, and Roumanians, 6,000; Portuguese, 3,500; Scandinavians, 2,500; Asiatics, 8,000; Algerians and other Africans, 12,000; North Americans, 90,000; South Americans, 25,000. The number of exhibitors was more than 60,000, and the number of recompenses awarded, 33,139; 903 grand prizes were distributed; 5,153 gold, 9,690 silver, and 9,323 bronze medals; and 8,070 names received honorable mention.

The space occupied by the Exposition, not including that along the river banks, was 175 acres. The first exposition, held at Paris in 1855, was confined within the Champs-Elysées; in 1867 part of the Champ de Mars was occupied, and in 1878 the Hill of the Trocadéro was also included, the palace of the same name being built at a cost of $2,000,000. The Exposition of 1889 filled both of these, extending three fourths of a mile along the Quay d'Orsay, and into the Esplanade des Invalides, 550 × 270 yards.

In consequence of the nature of the political principles of which the Exposition of 1889 commemorated the triumph, the only nations that officially participated were: The United States of America, Mexico, the Central and South

American republics, Santo Domingo, Greece, Monaco, Norway, Servia, Switzerland, San Marino, Japan, Persia, Siam, Morocco, the Hawaiian Islands, the Transvaal Republic, and the British colonies of Victoria and New Zealand, acting independently of the imperial authority. Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and Montenegro declined representation. Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Russia, Italy, Spain, Roumania, Portugal, Luxembourg, Egypt, Brazil, and China were unofficially represented by private committees. Small subsidies were given by some of these countries. The invitation of the French Government was accepted by act of Congress, May 10, 1888, and $250,000 was appropriated for expenses incidental to the exhibit of the United States. A commissioner-general, assistant commissioner-general, and nine scientific experts, one for each of the nine groups into which the exposition was divided, were appointed, and freights were paid to and from Paris on all exhibits. The exhibit of the United States ranked fourth in size. There were 1,500 exhibitors from the United States.

The decree for the Exposition of 1889 was published in the "Journal Officiel," Nov. 10, 1884; but work on the grounds did not begin before the first months of 1886. The directors of the enterprise were: M. Charles Adolphe Alphande, civil engineer, Director of Public Works, seventy-two years of age, who beautified Paris under Napoleon III, and cleared away its ruins after the siege; M. Georges Berger, manager and director of arrangements, exhibits, etc.; and M. Grison, financial director. All exhibits, as in 1878, were divided into 9 groups subdivided into 85 classes, as follow: Group I, works of art, in 5 classes; Group II, education and instruction-apparatus and processes used in the liberal arts, in 11 classes; Group III, furniture and accessories, in 13 classes; Group IV, textile fabrics, wearing apparel, and accessories, in 11 classes; Group V, extractive arts-raw and manufactured products, in 7 classes; Group VI, apparatus and processes of mechanical industries and electricity, in 19 classes; Group VII, foodstuffs, in 7 classes; Group VIII, agriculture, cultivation of the vine, and fish culture, in 6 classes; Group IX, horticulture, in 6 classes.

The prominent features of the Exposition were the Eiffel Tower (for an illustration of which see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1888, page 309), Machinery Palace, the Palace of Industries, the Palaces of the Fine and Liberal Arts, contained within the Champ de Mars, the postal and telegraphic exhibits, the sections of war and public health, and the exhibits of the colonies and protectorates of France, in the Esplanade des Invalides, the agricultural display along the Quay d'Orsay, and the horticultural in the park of the Trocadéro.

Beginning at the Champ de Mars, the parallelogram, containing 4,733,000 square feet, stretching between the Seine and the Ecole Militaire, and bounded on the two sides by the avenues de la Bourdonnais and Suffren, connecting with the Trocadéro by the bridge of Jena, the first exhibit encountered was that of the uses and preparations of petroleum, in two small pavilions on either side of the bridge, one of which

contained a panorama of the countries of its production in Asia and the United States. Along the river bank were annexes of the group of machinery, on the one hand, and the marine and river exhibit on the other. At the extremity was the panorama of the Compagnie Transatlantique. The Street of Human Habitations, parallel with the river, designed by M. Charles Garnier, architect of the Grand Opéra, was one of the most interesting and instructive sights of the exposition. A series of forty-two small constructions, of various styles and shapes, reproduced the abodes of mankind, from the cavedwellings of the prehistoric ages. All nations and civilizations were represented, a humorous sense of contrast of climate controlling in the disposition, and the culmination of the whole being reached in a French mansion of the Renaissance, reserved as a salon of honor for the President when visiting the exposition. The street extended along the whole front of the Champ de Mars, on either side of the Jena Bridge, facing which rose the Eiffel Tower of iron-work, 984 feet high, begun Jan. 28, 1887, and completed March 31, 1889, without accident or miscalculation. The base, covering two and a half acres, was formed by four piers of masonry 85 feet thick, arranged in a quadrangle 112 yards square, facing the four points of the compass. These piers rest upon iron caissons sunk to a depth of 49 feet on the side nearest the Seine and 29 feet on the opposite side, into which concrete was poured. By means of hydraulic presses sunk in the foundations, any one or all of the four uprights can be raised or lowered if necessary. The iron weighs 7,000 tons, and consists of 12,000 pieces, fastened with 2,500,000 rivets. The girders and beams are hollow, and the upright standards have a breadth of two feet, while to the top the interval between successive horizontal beams is 33 feet. The four uprights, inclined at an initial angle of 54°, pass distinctly visible through two platforms, combining to form a single shaft at the height of 590 feet. On the first platform, 230 feet high, and having an area of about 5,800 square yards, beneath which rose the St. Vidal fountain, 29 feet in height and 37 feet in diameter, were four large restaurants and 12 stalls, and on the second. 380 feet high and 32 yards square, was the printing-office of the "Figaro" and "Petit Journal," from which those papers were issued daily, and also another place of refreshment. The third platform served only for a change of elevators, of which three systems were employed. The fourth and last platform, 13 feet across, commanded a view of 90 miles. Still higher was a large double lantern, 89 feet high, destined to be used as an observatory, which was closed to the public. Over all floated the flag of France, and the electric beacon, supplied by engines of 500 horse-power, visible for 40 miles, gleamed through tricolored glasses. The steps to the tower numbered 1,796, but ascent was forbidden except by elevator after the second platform. The ascents averaged 20,000 daily, and the tower was capable of containing 10,000 persons at a time. The total cost was $1,500,000. The tower will stand for fifty years, and will be used for astronomical, meteorological, and, in case of war, strategical observations. No lightning conductor is required, as the tower

itself, by special communication with the aqueous subsoil, acts as a protection to an enormous space. As the result of private enterprise, to which the state contributed $300,000 only, it will remain twenty years in the hands of the company of the projector, after which it will pass to the Government. The receipts to the close of the exposition were $1,300,000.

The individual exhibits of numerous countries and influential industries, in special buildings constructed at their own expense, were a leading feature of the Exposition. To the right of the tower, facing the central dome of the Palace of Industries, were the structures of the South American republics, resplendent among them that of the Argentine, costing $300,000. That of Mexico had the form of an Aztec temple. The pavilion of the Suez-Panama Company, carried out in the Egyptian style, contained models of the canals in question, and a model of the Nicaragua Canal was also to be seen in the pavilion of that country. In this square were a children's palace for the exhibition of toys, an international theatre, the Ocean Pavilion, a terrestrial globe thirty-nine feet in diameter, one millionth of the dimensions of the earth. The pavilions of Uruguay, Santo Domingo, Paraguay, and Guatemala extended in line behind the Palace of the Liberal Arts, followed by those of Hawaii, India, China, Roumania, Siam, Morocco, and Egypt, to the Palace of Machines, the conclusion being the Cairo Street-an exact reproduction-which was the subject of universal comment and admiration. Actual gateways and masonry brought from Cairo itself, and donkeys in the street, increased the illusion. The corresponding fringe of individual exhibits along the Avenue de la Bourdonnais consisted of metallurgic and ceramic industries of France, of technical interest (with a diamond-cutting establishment of Cape Colony), terminating in the Pavilion of the Press. Exhibitions of water-colors and pastels, annexes of the Palace of Fine Arts, the pavilion of Monaco, a Turkish tobacco exhibit, the Theatre of Folies-Parisiennes, a Finnish pavilion, Norwegian and Swedish chalets, a Dutch diamondcutting establishment, the Eiffel, the Gas, and the Telephone pavilions, with a French tobacco factory, substantially completed the square to the left of the tower.

In the central garden, distinguished for its beauty, adorned with statues and trees, sheltered with awnings, and having in its midst the Coutan fountain illuminated after night by electric lights in subterranean galleries, cast through colored glasses, with an effect of indescribable loveliness, were the two pavilions of the city of Paris, devoted to Public Works and Art, and to Education and Public Charities.

The buildings of the Exposition as a whole represented an advance over those of 1878, the iron framework of all being relieved by terracotta moldings and ornaments of masonry, lead, zine, brass, glass, etc., producing a charming effect. Combinations of color, moreover, were subordinated to harmony of design. Opposite each other, on each side of the central garden, and extending about half its length, the twin Palaces of the Fine and Liberal Arts were the work of a single architect, M. Formigé, and cost

$1,350,000. Each covered 202,232 square feet, and each was surmounted by a polychrome cupola 183 feet high. Both were connected with the Palace of Industries by the Galleries Rapp and Désaix, named from the avenue and street terminating at these points, where were also two of the entrances to the Exposition.

The Palace of Fine Arts contained two distinct expositions-a decennial, which was international, and a cenntenial, French only, immediately beneath the dome. The exhibit of the United States in this department was particularly creditable, and included 565 works by 252 artists. Art exhibits were made by countries having no industrial representation, Germany being accommodated with a separate room. Sculptures were disposed in the Gallery Rapp, overflowing even into the gardens, and models of architecture upon its balcony.

In the Palace of the Liberal Arts was a retrospective view of the Industry of Man, in four grand divisions, the fifth, the Art of War, forming a separate exhibit in the Esplanade des Invalides. The history of man and the anthropological sciences; the history of the several liberal arts, among which that of the theatre was especially charming; the history of the arts and trades, in which printing and photography were prominent; and the history of means of transportation, were traced in the infinite ramifications easily imaginable, with the extreme of scientific art. Education, primary and secondary, and professional and technical, bore a large part. An exhibition of musical instruments was held in the center of the Gallery Désaix, and a portion of the exhibit of foreign nations belonging to Group III were also obliged to be accommodated in this palace and the gallery named. Beneath the central dome was an immense balloon, representing, with the history of acrostation, the culmination of transportation.

One of the most novel and striking features of the Exposition was the gorgeous central dome of the Palace of Industries, 195 feet high, and having an exterior diameter of 120 feet. The frieze within was painted by Lavastre and Carpezat to represent a procession of the nations of the earth. The same was surmounted by a statue of France distributing crowns, 30 feet high, by Delaplanche. Within this dome and the pavilions on either side were exhibits of the national manufactures of France-mosaics, Gobelins and Beauvais tapestry and Sèvres china. The palace itself, a vast prallelogram, flanked by two wings, covered 1,138,930 square feet, and cost $1,150,000. With the dome and portal, it was the work of the architect Bouvard. Along the entire front and both wings ran a gallery of restaurants.

Exhibits of France nearly filled the main building, or about two thirds of the space. Those of foreign nations were accommodated as follow: Great Britain and her colonies, 55,345 square feet; Denmark, 4,475; Belgium, 39,435; and the Netherlands, 12,768; in the wing bordering the Avenue de la Bourdonnais, the United States, 33,516; Spain, 11,198; Portugal, 5,604; Roumania, 4,475; Norway, 10,294; San Marino, 2,237; Greece, 6,045; Servia, 4,701; in that bordering the Avenue Suffren, "the countries of the sun," Japan, Siam, Egypt, and Persia, extending