parts by a line running east and west at about 26° south latitude or in the neighborhood of Murchison river. The sale, letting, disposal, or occupation of waste lands north of that line is to remain under the control of the Imperial Government, the proceeds of sales being invested to form an interest-bearing fund, or expended for the benefit of the district, while the interest of this fund and the annual land revenues will go into the treasury of Western Australia until the Imperial Parliament decides to erect the northern territory, which contains at present about 2,000 inhabitants, into a new colony or colonies. The northern region, unlike the settled district around Perth, is not adapted to agriculture. Its prosperity will depend on the gold-fields, the pearl fisheries, and the pastoral industry. For the protection of the natives an Aborigines Protection Board was created in 1886, which disposes of an annual grant of £5,000. This board will be continued, the members being appointed by the Imperial Government, against the protest of the Western Australian Council. A bill for granting responsible government to Western Australia, subject to the reservations and conditions made by the colonial authorities, was introduced in Parliament by the Government, but since these conditions were far from being accepted by the Western Australians, the bill was only carried to a second reading, thus affirming the principle of responsible government, but leaving the disputed points open for further negotiations and compromises.

Tasmania.-The Legislative Councit is elective, the property qualification of electors being higher than for voters for members of the House of Assembly. The present Governor is Sir Robert G. C. Hamilton, who was appointed in January, 1887. The following ministers were in office in 1889: Premier and Chief Secretary, Philip Oakley Fysh; Treasurer, Bolton Stafford Bird; Attorney-General, Andrew Inglis Clark; Minister of Lands and Works, Edward Nicholas Coventry Braddon.

The revenue for six months of 1888, when the date of the financial year was changed, was £323,103, and the expenditure £328,512. The revenue for 1889 was estimated at £611,617, and the expenditure at £653,169; for 1889-'90 the prospects are more cheerful, a revenue being expected of £683,000, against £670,000 of expenditures. To extinguish the deficits of recent years the Government introduced a tax of 9d. in the pound on personal property, including that of non-residents, and of 4d. in the pound on all incomes. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1888, amounted to £4,545,370.

The estimated population at the end of 1887 was 142,478. There were during the year 4,736 births, 2,161 deaths, and 939 marriages. The number of immigrants was 14,980; of emigrants, 12,288.

The imports in 1887 amounted to £1,596,817; exports, £1,449,371. The exports of wool were valued at £415,425; those of tin at £407,857. The next most important articles are gold, fruit, and timber and bark. There were 318 miles of railroad completed, 123 miles under construction, 1,816 miles of telegraph lines, and 2,407 miles of wires at the end of 1887. The postoffice forwarded 4,442,736 letters in that year.

Fiji. The colony, which was formally annexed in 1874, is administered as a direct dependency of the Crown. The Governor also acts as High Commissioner and Consul-General for the Western Pacific. The present Governor is Sir John Bates Thurston. The native Fijians, who numbered 110,754 in 1887, are Wesleyan Christians, except eight per cent., who are Roman Catholics. There were besides 2,105 Europeans, 838 halfbreeds, 6,085 Indian coolies, and 2,354 Polynesian immigrant laborers. Rotumah, a dependent island administered by an English commissioner, had 2,303 inhabitants. The imports in 1887 were £188,071 in value, and the exports £281,080. The export of sugar was 12,831 tons, valued at £205,294.

British New Guinea.-The southern part of New Guinea, which was made a British protectorate after the annexation of the northeastern coast by Germany, has an area of about 86,457 square miles, and a population of 135,000 Papuans. The white population has not hitherto exceeded fifty souls. There is a missionary settlement at Port Moresby, which is now said to possess hotels, water supply, and other conveniences of a civilized town. By the New Guinea act of November, 1887, the administration was placed on a new basis, and on Sept. 4, 1888, British sovereignty was proclaimed. The sum of £15,000 per annum is guaranteed for ten years by the colony of Queensland to meet the expenses of administration, New South Wales and Victoria having promised to contribute equally with Queensland to raise this amount. Dr. William McGregor was appointed Administrator of the new possession. Deputy Commissioner Musgrave, in his official report, asserts that the coast is not more unhealthful than northern Queensland, although residents are subject to fever. The mountain regions of the interior he believes to be remarkably salubrious. The country is said to be well suited to the raising of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry, and to the cultivation of sugar, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, yams, sweet potatoes, and various tropical fruits. In the jungle sago, rattan, and copra can be gathered. Promising discoveries of gold have been made. The natives are not averse to labor, since they already collect, cure, and prepare for shipment copra, gum, and bêche de mer. The bêche-de-mer and mother-of-pearl supplies are nearly fished out, but the copra industry is capable of indefinite expansion. Much is expected also from the timber resources of the island. Great numbers of applications for land have been made by individuals, syndicates, and companies. In the neighboring Louisiade Islands gold has been found in apparently large deposits, and Australian gold-diggers have invaded the islands in large numbers.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in Central Europe, composed of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The two states are united in the person of the sovereign, and have a common army, navy, and diplomacy. They also form a customs union by virtue of a financial convention called the Ausgleich, which is renewed and amended at the end of every ten years. Common affairs are managed by ministers of the Emperor's selection, subject to the sanction of a body called the Delegations, chosen

by the Austrian Reichsrath and the Hungarian Parliament, each being represented by sixty members, two thirds of whom are chosen by the Lower House from among its members, and one third by the Upper House.

The reigning Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary is Franz Josef I, who succeeded his uncle, Ferdinand I, in 1848. The death of the Archduke Rudolf made the Emperor's brother, Karl Ludwig, heir to the throne; but he renounced his rights in favor of his son Franz, born Dec. 18, 1863.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House for the whole monarchy is directed by Count Kálnoky de Köröspatak, born in Letowitz, Moravia, Dec. 29, 1832, who was appointed on Nov. 21, 1881, having for a year or two previous represented Austria-Hungary at the court of St. Petersburg. The Minister of War for the whole monarchy is Baron Maj. Gen. Ferdinand Baur, who succeeded Count BylandtRheydt on March 16, 1888. The Minister of Finance for the whole monarchy is Benjamin de Kállay, appointed on June 4, 1882.

Commerce.-The total value of imports in 1887, exclusive of precious metals, was 562,700,000 florins; of exports, 648,800,000 florins. Of the total imports of 1886, amounting to 539,223,418 florins, 333,458,308 florins entered the customs territory by way of Germany, 95,380,122 florins through the port of Trieste, 10,094,153 florins from Roumania, 33,410,920 florins through Fiume and other ports, 23,464,820 florins across the Russian frontier, 18,070,037 florins from Italy, 15,698,518 florins from Servia, 9,559,611 florins from Switzerland, 296,083 florins from Montenegro, and 790,774 florins from Turkey. The special trade of Hungary in 1887 amounted to 440,619,404 florins of imports, 85.15 per cent. of which came from Austria, and 405,991,407 florins of exports, 73.90 per cent. of which went to Austria. Barley and wine are the chief agricultural products exported, and in some years there is a considerable surplus of wheat for exportation. The mineral products of Austria for 1887 had a total value of 72,067,948 florins, and the metals extracted were valued at 27,204,556 florins. The annual value of Austrian manufactures was estimated at 1,200,000,000 florins. The mineral products of Hungary in 1886 were valued at 22,617,834 florins, not reckoning produce of salt mines, of the value of 13,299,421 florins.

The commercial treaty with Switzerland, which went into operation on Jan. 1, 1889, contains important reductions in the general tariffs of both states, governing, in conjunction with the new treaty with Italy, running from Jan. 1, 1888, to Jan. 1, 1892, the tariff on imports from Germany and other countries having most-favored-nation treaties with Austria - Hungary. The Swiss treaty was signed on Nov. 28, 1888, and ratified on Dec. 28. It remains in force till Feb. 1, 1892, and from that time will be continued by tacit agreement, subject to abrogation by either party on twelve months' notice. The treaty with Germany was prolonged by a provisional arrangement till June 30, 1888, and in default of notice from either power prior to Feb. 15, 1888, continues in operation from year to year, unless renounced by one party or the other. The treaties

with England and Belgium are terminable on a year's, and those with France and the Netherlands on six months' notice. The Turkish treaty of May 22, 1862, expires on July 6, 1890, and negotiations for a new one are in progress. All efforts to renew the commercial convention with Roumania, which expired on June 1, 1886, have failed. Besides the Swiss and Italian treaties, Austria-Hungary has concluded a conventional tariff with Servia, with reductions favorable to exports from both countries.

Navigation. The Austro-Hungarian merchant marine, in the beginning of 1888 comprised 68 ocean steamers, of 80,203 tons; 91 coasting steamers, of 15,307 tons; and 9,569 vessels, including coasters and fishing smacks, of 191,757 tons; total, 9,569 vessels, of 287,267 tons. The number of vessels entered at AustroHungarian ports in 1886 was 66,635, of 7,588,658 tons; the number cleared, 66,381, of 7,578,975 tons. The Austrian flag was carried by 83 per cent. of the vessels and the same percentage of those cleared, the Italian tonnage coming next, and the British third.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The Austrian state lines of railroad on Jan. 1, 1888, had a total length of 3,789 kilometres, exclusive of 84 kilometres of Government railroad worked by companies, while the companies operated 8,674 kilometres of their own lines, and owned 1,607 kilometres more, worked by the state.

The total length of Hungarian railroads was 10,121 kilometres. Baross, the Hungarian Minister of Communications, introduced a new system of passenger fares, by which the country is divided into fourteen zones. Uniform rates are charged from any place in one zone to any place in another, and between all stations in the same zone there is put one price. The average rate of fares is about 25 per cent. less than formerly. The Hungarian Legislature in 1867 adopted the system of guaranteed railroads, then common in European countries, and by 1874 a large network had been built, which has been of great benefit in the economic development of the country, but which was administered from the beginning for private gain to the neglect of public interests, and through stock speculation has cost the state more in guaranteed interest than it would have cost to build the railroads. At length, in common with the neighboring countries, Hungary adopted the system of state railroads, and gradually bought up the lines of the companies until, with the acquisition of the Hungarian Western Railroad and the line leading into Galicia, the entire network is now in the hands of the state. Lines that under private management, were unable to earn their running expenses, now return a fair profit notwithstanding recent reductions in freight tariffs ranging from 7 to 46 per cent.

The number of letters and postal cards sent through the Austrian post-office during 1887 was 462,907,000; of patterns and printed inclosures, 59,288,000; of newspapers, 93,621,000. The receipts of the posts and telegraphs were 27,635,753 florins; expenses, 23,824,267 florins. The Hungarian post-office forwarded 128,113,000 letters and postal cards, 16,647,000 patterns and printed inclosures, and 50,531,000 newspapers. The postal and telegraph receipts were 10,868,551

florins; expenses, 9,301,374 florins. The Austrian telegraph lines in 1887 had a total length of 24,672 kilometres, with 66,430 kilometres of wire. The number of messages sent during the year was 7,431,131. The length of the Hungarian lines was 11,215 kilometres; length of wires, 41,520 kilometres; number of messages, 3,621,832. In the Occupied Provinces there were 2,000 kilometres of lines, with 3,410 kilometres of wire; number of dispatches in 1886, 288,000.

The Common Budget.-The budget of the Delegations for common expenses amounted in 1888 to 135,910,000 florins. The budget estimates for 1889 call for 139,157,324 florins, of which 39,698,314 florins represent the surplus from customs, 96,518,566 florins are assessed on the two parts of the empire, and the remainder represents receipts of the various ministries. Of the expenditure the two chief items are 121,131,004 florins for the army and 11,318,227 florins for the navy. The budget for 1890 amounts to only 129,351,708 florins, of which 113,960,160 florins are ordinary and 15,391,548 florins extraordinary expenditure. The customs receipts are estimated at 39,953,850 florins, leaving a sum of 89,397,858 florins to be provided out of Austria and Hungary for common requirements. The extraordinary army expenditure amounts to 15,358,948 florins, and includes new accoutrements for the infantry, repeating carbines for the cavalry, and additional fortifications in Galicia, costing 2,674,000 florins.

The Army.-The military forces of the dual monarchy are divided into the active army, the reserve, the Landwehr, and the Landsturm. The active army and its reserve are under the control of the common Minister of War, while the territorial armies of the two monarchies are controlled by the Ministers of National Defense. The peace footing of the standing army in 1888 was 301,042 officers and men of all arms. There are 102 regiments of regular infantry, numbering 178,778 men; 1 regiment of Tyrolean Jägers and 32 battalions of Jägers, numbering 18,529 men in all; 41 regiments of cavalry, with 47,091 men; 14 regiments of field artillery, numbering 23,493 men; and 12 battalions of fortress artillery, with 7,181 men; besides technical artillery, engineers, pioneers, a railway and telegraph regiment, train, staff, and medical and other establishments. The Austrian Landwehr on the peace footing numbered 4,452 officers and men; the Hungarian Honved, 11,125; Austrian gendarmerie, 10,510. On the war footing the standing army numbers 905,618; the Austrian Landwehr, 234,926; the Honved, 167,360. The number of men liable to serve in the Landsturm is more than 4,000,000. There are 816 field-guns in peace, and in war 1,748. The number of horses in time of peace is 50,362, and in war can be increased to 217,000.

The common budget for 1890 continues a number of infantry and cavalry regiments above their peace strength, and provides for 14 new batteries of heavy artillery and an additional railway battalion. The Austrian infantry is rapidly being equipped with the Mannlicher repeating rifle of eight millimetres caliber, which is that of the French magazine rifle. The model of the Mannlicher rifle, which was adopted by the Austrian Government in 1888, has also

been decided on by the German authorities as the weapon for the German infantry. It is not properly a magazine rifle, but is loaded with cartridges in packages of five, with an attachment for inserting the cartridges successively in the breach. The cartridge contains the ball, powder, and percussion material all inclosed in the shell. The rifle can be used as a single loader only when the chamber is empty by introducing ordinary single cartridges. The bullets, like those adopted in France for the Lebel rifle, are coated with a thin nickle-washed envelope of steel to preserve the shape and penetrating power when striking a solid substance. The smokeless-powder that has been adopted in Germany was the invention of an Austrian chemist. Although a powder that burns without much smoke is necessary for the effective use of a magazine rifle, this powder, while adapted for skirmishing and picket-firing, can not be used by large bodies of infantry in close line of battle, as was shown in the Austrian autumn_manoeuvres of 1889, when a large number of soldiers were overcome by the powerful fumes, and many were fatally asphyxiated.

66

The Navy. The navy is under the supreme command of the chief of the naval department of the Ministry of War. The naval forces consisted in 1888 of 11 iron-clads, 8 corvette cruisers, 8 torpedo cruisers, 12 coast guards, 9 transports, 2 monitors, and 42 torpedo boats. The cruiser, "Custoza," the turret ship "Tegethoff," and the Erzherzog Albrecht " are the most The powerful of the older vessels. 66 Kronprinz Rudolf," a central citadel barbette ship, launched in July, 1887, carries 3 48-ton Krupp guns. "The Stephanie," a belted barbette ship, armed with 2 48-ton guns, was launched in April, 1887, Three of the torpedo vessels have attained a speed of 19 knots when fully equipped for cruising. The navy is recruited both by conscription and enlistment. A Seewehr of the coast population, corresponding to the Landwehr, was organized in 1888. The term of service in the navy is the same as in the army.

Austria.—The Cisleithan Monarchy is officially known as the kingdoms and provinces represented in the Reichsrath. It is composed of seventeen states possessing separate Diets, which exercise a large measure of home rule. The Provincial Diets are composed of bishops of the Roman and Greek Churches, heads of universities, and representatives of land-owners, of towns, of boards of trade and industry, and of rural communes. These bodies are competent to legislate on matters of local administration, the promotion of agriculture, charities, and public works, and to levy taxes for these purposes and for the maintenance of schools and churches. The Reichsrath consists of two chambers. The House of Lords is composed of 20 archdukes, 66 territorial nobles, 10 archbishops, 7 prince-bishops, and 109 life members. The House of Deputies contains 353 members, of whom 85 are elected by land-owners, 116 by urban constituencies, 21 by chambers of commerce and trade guilds, and 131 by rural constituencies. Bohemia has 92 representatives; Galicia, 63; Lower Austria, 37; Moravia, 36; Styria, 23; Tyrol, 18; Upper Austria, 17; the coast provinces of Gorizia, Istria, and Trieste, 12; Carniola, 10; Silesia, 10; Carinthia.

prohibited subscriptions in Vienna for a Greek Government lottery to raise money for archæological explorations that had been encouraged by the Austrian Foreign Office. A bill for the restriction of the liquor traffic was drawn up on the basis of reports showing that drunkenness was spreading. The clerical party has induced Dr. Gautsch, the Minister of Education, to introduce voluntary schools, such as the Belgian clericals borrowed from the English system of public education. Amendments to the publicschool law made in the session of 1889 provide that religious instruction shall be imparted and directed by the ecclesiastical authorities with the approval of the provincial school authorities, and in case of disagreement, the Minister of Education shall decide. The ecclesiastical authorities have alone to decide what shall be taught. Religious teachers, ecclesiastical authorities, and religious societies must conform to the school laws and the regulations of the educational authorities. Attendance in school is required from the age of seven to the age of fifteen, though after six years of schooling children will be excused from full attendance for good reasons at the request of parents or guardians. Private institutes are subject to the supervision of the educational authorities, and the erection of a public school in any locality can be omitted when there is a private school fullfilling the requirements of the education laws. This clause not only facilitates the establishment of conventual schools, but relieves people patronizing them in many cases from their share of the cost of public education.

Bohemian Politics.-The Rump Diet of Bohemia, from which the German members absent themselves, enacts new measures each year for the preservation of the Czech language and nationality, one of the latest being a law subjecting Czech parents to a fine when they send their children to German schools. The old Czechs, who, through their alliance with the Ultramontanes, the Galicians, and the Feudalists, have secured the equality of their language, do not go far enough to satisfy the awakened aspirations of the Czech nation, which, recalling its ancient glories, is captivated by the extravagent promises of the young Czech party, led by Dr. Gregr. The young Czechs aim to separate Bohemia from Austria, crown the Emperor as King of Bohemia in the capital of St. Wenceslas, and give the restored kingdom an independent constitution and equal rank with Hungary and Austria in the federal empire. In the elections of 1889 the old Czechs lost two thirds of their seats to the young Czechs, retaining forty-one, while the Germans kept the sixty-two seats that they held before. The young Czechs are considered a dangerous and unpatriotic party, not by the Germans alone, but by the friends of the Government. Their organs have often denounced the German alliance, and hinted at a restoration of Bohemia to her place among nations by the aid of Russia. In the debate on the army bill they went as far as the Hungarian Radicals in their opposition to German as the official language of the army, and were the only ones except the Anti-Semites to vote against the bill. The German Liberals were elated over the young Czech victory as a proof of the failure of the Taafe system of concession and compromise;

but the Government, instead of gratifying the Germans by punishing the electors, held fast to the policy that had been successful in averting race conflicts for ten years, appointing Count Thun-Hohenstein to the governorship of Bohemia when it was rendered vacant by the retirement of Baron Krauss. The new governor is attached to the old Czech party, belonging to the section that is most ready to share the ideas of the young Czechs.

On

Riots in Vienna.-A strike of the street-car drivers in Vienna began on Easter Sunday. The men complained that they had to work from fourteen to eighteen hours a day, for wages averaging about a florin and a quarter. They were subjected to a vexatious system of fines for delays that are often entirely beyond their control. The public, which had long protested against the overcrowding of cars, sympathized with the "tramway slaves," who also suffered from the avaricious management of the company. There were several encounters between friends of the striking drivers and the police on Sunday. In the evening dragoons were sent to patrol the streets, and they likewise were assailed with stones. Monday the strike became general. The Tramway Company sent out hostlers and inspectors with cars, which were stoned by sympathizers of the striking drivers. The police were powerless, and the cavalry that were sent to clear the streets of the suburbs held by the rioters were received with missiles. Beer shops and cafés were taken possession of and used as fortresses by the rioters, who were no sooner dispersed in one quarter than they appeared in another to continue the disturbances. In the evening infantry were called out to re-enforce the cavalry. The working population of Favoriten and Hernals, not the strikers themselves, tore up the tracks and broke the windows of the cars. Many empty cars were overturned on their routes, and one that was full of passengers. On Tuesday, while police held the depots and troops guarded the streets, cars were enabled to run until evening, when the rioters held the field, although the troops were largely increased. The Socialists were thought by some to have instigated the disturbance, while others held the Anti-Semites responsible. A well-known Anti-Jewish agitator was said to have been active in preparing the strike. There were many Jews among the directors and stockholders of the company, and hostility toward Jews in general, and Jewish capitalists in particular, was evinced, as was natural with a state of feeling existing among the working-class citizens that had led to the election of 11 Anti-Semites out of 17 new members sent to the Municipal Council. The authorities were reluctant to use extreme measures; but when the Emperor returned to Vienna, he told Baron Krauss, the head of the police, that the riots must be brought to an end." At the same time he showed his sympathy for the grievances of the men on strike by appointing an interview with a deputation of the drivers. The company was finally brought to terms by the action of the Municipal Council in fining it 50,000 florins for breach of its charter in not conveying passengers on holidays, and holding over it a fine of 10,000 florins for every additional day that it continued to withhold the street-car service.