10,165,000 drachmas: to Austria-Hungary, 7,668,000 drachmas; to Turkey and Egypt, 6,018,000 drachmas. The imports from the United States were valued at 1,891,000 drachmas; exports to the United States, 4,711,000 drachmas. The currant crop of 1888 was 158,500 tons, exceeding the largest crop ever before produced by about 30,000 tons. The shipments to Great Britain were 64,554 tons; to France, 40,988 tons: to the north of Europe, 27,881 tons; to the United States, 12,973 tons.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered at Greek ports in 1888 was 5,976, of 2,373,073 tons, of which 2,524, of 333,122 tons, were Greek; the number cleared was 5,462, of 2,420,530 tons, of which 2,156, of 366,369 tons, were Greek. The mercantile marine, January, 1888, comprised 5,074 sailing vessels, of 227,305 tons, and 83 steamers, of 31,451 tons, exclusive of coasters. The number of sailors employed on Greek merchantmen was 21,591.

Posts and Telegraphs.-The number of ordinary letters sent through the post-office in 1887 was 5,668,443; of postal cards, 179.033; of registered letters, 323,655; of journals, circulars, and other printed matter, 6,602,269. The receipts for that year were 1,052,176 drachmas, and the expenditures were 1,237,239 drachmas.

The state telegraph lines in 1888 had a total length of 6,979 kilometres, with 8,100 kilometres of wire. The number of internal dispatches was 678,511; of international dispatches, 258,127; of official dispatches, 12,888; total, 949,526. The receipts were 1,130,161 drachmas; the expenses, 992,320 drachmas.

Railroads. There were 708 kilometres of railroads completed in 1889, and 330 kilometres in course of construction. Surveys for a line from the Piræus, by way of Athens and Thebes, to Larissa, connecting with the international trunk line from Vienna, 345 kilometres in length, with 45 kilometres of branches, and also for 3 lines in the Peloponnesus of the total length of 285 kilometres, besides 197 kilometres of subsidiary lines, were completed in the spring of 1889. Capitalists, rendered timid by the recent failure of the Comptoir d'Escompte, were reluctant to build the roads, especially since the Porte would not promise to build the section of the international railroad between Salonica and the Greek frontier, or decide on a point of junction, fearing that it might lead to the loss of the provinces desired by Greece. M. Tricoupis decided to build all the projected lines with means of the Government, calculating that a loan of 105,000,000 drachmas would be sufficient. Reasoning that strategic necessity would compel the Turkish Government to build its section of the international line to enable it to put down troops at the frontier as quickly as the Greeks, and at the same point, he determined to settle the junction question by carrying the line to the frontier at the point most advantageous for Greece. He was willing at first to leave the choice of the spot to Turkey. When he expounded his bold plan of constructing the Greek section without waiting for the decision of the Porte, the Sultan's ministers immediately offered to make the junction at the village of Kalambaka. M. Tricoupis rejected this concession, and in April, 1889, asked the Legislature to authorize a loan for the pur

pose of having the line made by contract to Pazaraki, and thence to Larissa and the frontier or to some other terminus to be left for positive settlement later. The local lines to be built in the Morea are of a very light and inexpensive character with the tracks only 75 centimetres wide, being intended to supply the place of wagon roads, which would cost more to build in that mountainous but productive peninsula. For the Peloponnesian lines, a loan of 25,000,000 drachmas was raised, and for the Athens-Larissa line one of 125,000,000 drachmas.

The Cretan Question.-The insurrection in Crete, which Tricoupis had done his utmost to discourage and prevent, brought thousands of Christian fugitives to Greece, who joined with the party of Delyannis in exciting popular sympathies in behalf of the revolutionary attempt, and demanded of the Greek Government arms to enable them to go back and defend their families and their property from the ravages of the Mussulmans. Tricoupis maintained an absolutely correct attitude until popular excitement rose to such a pitch that he felt compelled to make a move evincing sympathy with the Greek population of the island. In the early part of August he addressed a note to the powers, attributing the disturbances in Crete to the inactivity of the Imperial Government, and describing the Greek population as unarmed and exposed to the attacks in the towns of Turkish hordes who, with the connivance and aid of the Ottoman army, were supplied with weapons and ammunition from the imperial arsenals. The Porte, on Aug. 9, answered this circular with another in which the uprising was traced to its true causes, and the purpose was announced of sending Shakir-Pasha with a military force sufficient to repress the insurrection.

OF.

GRIPPE, LA. See INFLUENZA, EPIDEMICS GUATEMALA, a republic of Central America. (For details of area, population, and vital statistics, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1888.)

Government.-The President is Gen. Manuel Lisandro Barillas. The Vice-President is Gen. Calixto Mendizabal. The Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Foreign Affairs, Don Enrique Martínez Sobral; Public Instruction, Don Francisco Muñoz; Interior and Justice, F. Anguiano; Public Works, S. Barrutia; Finance, Don Rafael Salazar; War, Don Calixto Mendizábal. The Guatemalan Minister at Washington is Don Francisco Lainfiesta; the ConsulGeneral at New York is Mr. Jacob Baiz; the Consul-General at San Francisco, Don Domingo Estrada; the United States Minister for all Central America, resident at Guatemala, is Lansing B. Mizner; Consul-General, James R. Hosmer.

Finances. On Dec. 31, 1888, the national indebtedness stood as follows: Home debt, consolidated, £945,000; foreign debt, £923,000; floating debt, £359,000; total, £2,227,000 (equal to $13,094,944). The net revenue in 1887 was $2,832,510; in 1888, $3,288.106. The outlay for 1889 is estimated at $2,288,703; for 1890, $4,577,406. In 1889 an issue of paper money was made to the extent of $1,000,000, which the treasury takes in payment of import and export duties, except a fraction of the former set aside for paying the interest on the home and foreign debts, which is payable in coin. A sinking fund

provides for the withdrawal of 12 per cent. per annum of this paper-money issue, which is to serve the purpose of settling arrears of salaries, civil and military, while the floating debt is to be paid off by the issue of treasury notes bearing 5 per cent. interest, 1 per cent. per annum to be set aside toward the operations of the sinking fund. The consolidated bonds of the home debt are currently sold on the Stock Exchange, where they have been bought in large amounts. Dating from April 13, 1889, the Government's financial agents in London declared themselves ready to pay £80 for every $500 of these consolidated home-debt bonds, and for accrued interest £4 16s. for every $30 coupon.

The amount of import duties collected in 1888 was $2,288,385. The Minister of Finance issued an order that from Sept. 1, 1889, goods shall not remain in bond more than three months; the first month to involve no expense, the second month 1 per cent. storage on their value to be collected, and the third month 14 per cent.

The legal interest in Guatemala has been fixed at 6 per cent. per annum, instead of 12.

The Government has empowered the municipality of San José to issue bonds to the extent of $2,000,000, for the purpose of furnishing the city with water works, a new market, and a city hall. Postal Service.-On Jan. 7, 1889, the five republics signed a postal and telegraph convention between them, and Guatemala and Salvador an agreement about the telephone service between the two states.

Press Association. The daily press of Guatemala has combined to form an Associated Press, for news by cable and otherwise, the model of the one in New York.

Steamer Lines. - The Minister of Public Works renewed for two years from July 1, 1889, the contract by virtue of which the Pacific mail steamers plying between Panama and San Francisco touch monthly at the ports of San José and Champerico. Another agreement was made with the Honduras and Central American Steamship Company of Glasgow for a bi-monthly service between New York and Livingston.

New Port.-The Government made a contract in January, 1889, with a London syndicate for the purpose of rendering more accessible the projected new port of Morazan at the mouth of the Michatoyo river. Capitalists of Quezaltenango, Retalhulen, and Suchitepéquez have subscribed $500,000 toward deepening the entrance into the port of Ocos.

Railroads.-In September, 1889, a contract was signed by Guatemala with the Suez Canal Company for the construction of a northern railroad, which will be united to the central line of Guatemala. This work will be of great importance to Guatemala and all Central America, as well as to those doing business on the Pacific coast, since it will establish direct communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific across Guatemala. The French company will place at the disposal of the Government 106,562,500 francs, with which the nation will purchase the Guatemala Central Railroad, which is worth 20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000), and with the remainder the company will construct the Northern Railroad with the necessary wharves, stations, etc. The sum of 10,000,000 francs will

be used to establish an agricultural mortgage bank. The cost of the new railroad is estimated at $40,000 the kilometre. The loan, which is secured by the eventual net earnings of the railway and the revenues of custom houses in the republic, bears 6 per cent. interest, and was taken by the London Debenture Corporation at 80, and placed on the European market at 92. The Atlantic terminus of this railway will be at Puerto Santo Tomás. The Government has agreed to pay for ten consecutive years an annual subsidy of $32,000 to the branch line that is to connect Esquintla with Patulul. Commerce.-The imports and exports for six years have been as follow:

A Large Plantation.-During the summer of 1889 eight commercial firms of Hamburg purchased the coffee plantation El Porvenir, at Quezaltenango, forming a stock company with a capital of 2,000,000 marks. This plantation is watered on one side by the Rio Negro, and on the other by the Rio Cabús. It covers 6,600 hectares, and gradually rises from an altitude of 2,200 to 5,000 feet above sea level. The highest portion is planted with coffee, and has some pastures; the lower portion is devoted to sugar and banana culture, cocoa and India-rubber trees. About 720 hectares are covered with coffee shrubs, and 900 hectares are kept in reserve for a similar purpose. Between 1881 and 1885 1,025,271 coffee shrubs were planted, and those of 1881-'83 are in full bearing, while of those of a later planting, 282,699 produced the first coffee in 1888 and 1889. There are also extensive plantations of castor-oil plants, Indian corn, and 150,000 cinchona trees. Irrigation is obtained by a canal five kilometres long and six feet wide. The number of Indians employed is 3,000.

Mining. Work was begun early in January, 1889, at the Santiago silver mine, property of Messrs. Condé & Co., and the encouraging results have given animation to the surrounding villages of San Rafael, Las Flores, and Mataquescuintla, where building is going on briskly and commerce has taken a start.

Education.-The Government has authorized the Minister of Public Instruction to found at San José a geographical, statistical, and ethnological society. New public schools are to be built at San Martin, Patzicía, Itzapa, Parramos, Zaragoza, Poaquil, and Yepocapa.

The export value of supplies furnished to naval and merchant vessels for 1888 are estimated at $195,800; of foreign goods exported, $76,163. The imports of bullion and specie in 1888 were $1,209,077; the exports $28,520. The principal seaport of the islands is Honolulu, where in 1888 imports of the value of $4,145,321 were landed, and exports to the value of $9,581,025 were shipped. The remainder of the was divided between the port of Kahului, on the island of Maui, and Hilo and Mahukona, on Hawaii.

commerce

Navigation. The number of merchant vessels that entered Hawaiian ports during the year 1888 was 247, of 220,216 tons, against 254,

of 210,703 tons in 1887. The vessels and tonnage entered in 1888 were, as to nationality, in the following proportion:

Government.-The President (since Oct. 17, 1889) is Gen. Florvil Gelin Hippolyte. His Cabinet is as follows: Minister of War and Marine, Gen. Monpoint, Jr.; Interior, Gen. St. Martin Dupuy; Justice and Worship, Léger Cauvin; Public Instruction, Dantes S. Rameau; Finance, Commerce, and Foreign Affairs, Antenor Firmin; Public Works and Agriculture, Clément Houtjens. The Haytian Minister at Washington is Annibal Price; the Consul at The United New York, Normil Deslandes. States Minister to Hayti is Frederick Douglass. Finances.-The new Government has been obliged to assume a heavy financial burden. The $2,000,000 worth of paper money that during President Salomon's administration had been gathered in to be destroyed was floated again by Légitime and followed by $2,000,000 of the same kind. There are also two loans of $600,000 each, forming a bonded debt of $1,200,000, the interest of which is payable in gold.

The conversion of the 6 per cent. Haytian foreign bonds of 1869 began in London on July 28, 1889, those not presented up to Aug. 26 at Port-au-Prince and the chief cities of departments to forfeit their right to conversion.

An American Syndicate.-It appears that Hippolyte, as provisional President, granted cerican syndicate, which act, it is understood, will tain important rights and privileges to an Amer

soon be confirmed now that he has been elected President.

The syndicate proposes to furnish a capital of $18,000,000, and the Government of Hayti agrees to concede to it all rights pertaining to the construction of railways, telegraphs, mining, building of bridges, and the establish

ment of banks and institutions of credit.

Commerce.-Prior to the civil war of 1888-'89, the imports into Hayti were $6,000,000 per annum, and the exports $9,000,000, the bulk of the France, the trade amounted to $2,000,000, mostly business being with the United States; with for luxuries. The American trade presents these figures:

On

ammunition for his army. Ostensibly their destination was Monte Christo, Santo Domingo, a town near the border, but they quickly found their way into his hands. Légitime made spasmodic raids into the enemy's territory, but gained nothing. On Dec. 3, 1888, he bombarded Cape Hayti from the harbor, but desisted after he had thrown a few shells, and never resumed the attack. The blockade was nominally continued, but foreign vessels came and went as they chose. On Jan. 25, 1889, the troops of Hippolyte captured the seaport town of Grande Saline and butchered three hundred of the army of Légitime. In several encounters the utmost barbarity was displayed on both sides, the forces of the Government usually being defeated. March 10, Légitime sent to the insurgent general a committee accompanied by M. de Sesmaisons, the French minister, bearing proposals of peace. LéThey were disdainfully refused. gitime took his revenge when, on April 7, at the head of two thousand men, he surprised the town of Petite Rivière, captured it, and burned its six hundred houses. England joined France in the recognition of Légitime, while Germany instructed her ships to respect his blockade of the Haytian ports. The United States Government refused to recognize either party as a legitimate power. Hippolyte captured the towns of Marchand, Marmelade, and St. Michel in the first week of May, opening communication between St. Mare and Gonaïves. A week later, two of Légitime's generals fled before the insurgents and Hippolyte rapidly advanced toward Portau-Prince, while the army of Légitime was fast being reduced by panic and desertion. He finally lost everything but Port-au-Prince and the territory immediately surrounding it. His forces occupied Arcahial, the strongest fortress near the capital, which he regarded as impregnable, and La Coupe, another strong position near it. Hippolyte reached this point early in July. Then Légitime's cause became evidently hopeless, and he wanted arbitration. He made overtures to the American consul to act as arbitrator, and the latter accepted the task. But Hippolyte had gained too much to submit to arbitration. He had stormed Arcahial several times, and had been driven back each time, but on July 9 he made a last desperate effort and captured the fort. This put an end to all hope of arbitration. Nothing remained between Hippolyte and Port-au-Prince but La Coupe, and Hippolyte very soon discovered that he could buy his way into that stronghold. He entered into negotiations with the general in command, and it was decided that on July 16 the former should make an attack on the fort, an apparent resistance would be made, and La Coupe, too, would have been won. Légitime heard of this arrangement, determined to defeat the project, and on the date mentioned stationed a strong force in ambush near the point where the fort would be attacked. In a little while Hippolyte's men made the attack, the garrison rushed out, fired a few shots in the air, and began to retreat. Then the force in ambush made its appearance and completely routed the attacking party. The treacherous general was put into prison at Portau-Prince, and nothing has been heard of him since. Before the repulse, Hippolyte managed

to secure eighteen prisoners, and the next day, out of revenge, he had these poor wretches stood up before his army, and remorselessly cut the throat of every one. Légitime's retaliation was swift and terrible. He had eight prisoners of war, whom he caused to be butchered in the public square, in the presence of a large crowd. The men were gagged, and one by one their throats were cut. One of the men succeeded in dislodging the gag from his mouth, and his piteous cries for mercy so delighted the crowd that the gags were removed from the remainder, in order that their cries might give further zest to the entertainment.

With the fall of Arcahial Hippolyte's victory was assured; Port-au-Prince held out longer than was expected, but its loss in the end was certain. On Aug. 10, Hippolyte again attacked the outpost La Coupe at one in the afternoon. The contest was very spirited, and lasted until sunset, leaving in his possession the road connecting his position with the coast, the western entrance into Port-au-Prince, its weakest one, and Léogane, an important seaport twenty miles west of Port-au-Prince. Léogane fell two days afterward, and gave Hippolyte control of the main road connecting the capital with the south. Along this he advanced, and by the 19th his left wing rested within four miles of the capital. La Coupe was again attacked by Hippolyte on the afternoon of that day, and was evacuated during the night.

The next morning Légitime sent for the United States minister, and gave him full power to treat with Hippolyte, he binding himself to subscribe to any terms Mr. Thompson should agree upon. The latter informed Hippolyte that Légitime was desirous of leaving the country and to offer terms of peace. It was agreed that Légitime should embark on a French war-vessel, and that afterward the northern troops were to be admitted into the city. Légitime went on board a French corvette on Aug. 22, which sailed for Santiago de Cuba, while Hippolyte's forces, seven thousand men, quietly occupied the capital on Aug. 23. Légitime left Santiago for New York, where he embarked with his followers for Havre on Sept. 7.

The army of the north, commanded by Gen. Mon-Point Jeane, entered the capital on Aug. 23, and Hippolyte himself on Aug. 24. The Constituent Assembly was convoked to enter upon its duties of elaborating a new Constitution on Sept. 24, and on Oct. 17 unanimously elected Gen. Hippolyte to the presidency of the republic, the number of votes cast being ninetyone. The new Constitution embraces the following features:

The powers of government are divided into three parts-a legislative, an executive, and a judicial body. The Legislature is composed of a Chamber of Commons and a Senate. The members of the former body are elected for a period of three years and the latter for six years. All members are indefinitely eligible to re-election. The executive power is to be vested in a President, elected for a term of four years by both Houses of the Legislature in joint convention. This is one of the principal changes to be introduced, as

up to this time the Executive was elected for seven years. The manner of his election is described, and two thirds of a quorum is necessary for a choice, except in the case of a dead-lock, when the two candi