of births, 1,814,499, against 1,798,637; the number of deaths, 1,302,103, against 1,268,452; excess of births over deaths, 512,396, against 530,185. The proportion of illegitimate births was 9:47 per cent.

The population of Germany was divided in 1885 in respect to religious creeds as follows: Protestants, 30,000,000; Catholics, 15,882,000; other Christians, 126,000; Jews, 554,530.

The following cities contained more than 100,000 inhabitants on Dec. 31, 1885: Berlin, 1,315,287; Hamburg, 305,690; Breslau, 299,640; Munich, 261,981; Dresden, 246,086; Leipsic, 170,340; Cologne, 161,401; Magdeburg (with Neustadt and Buckau), 159,520; Frankfort-on-theMain, 154,513; Königsberg, 151,151; Hanover, 139,731; Stuttgart, 125,901; Bremen, 118,395; Düsseldorf, 115,190; Nuremberg, 114,891; Dantsic, 114,805; Strasburg, 111,987; Chemnitz, 110,817; Elberfeld, 106,499; Altona, 104,717; Barmen, 103,068.

Emigration. The emigration question has for many years past seriously engaged the attention of German statesmen and economists. In the acquisition of colonies the Government, in extending its protection, and private individuals, in embarking their capital in such enterprises, have been guided by the supposed adaptability of the territories for European colonization, hoping to turn the stream of emigration away from the United States, which have always been the goal of the best class of German emigrants, who become entirely lost to the fatherland, renouncing their allegiance and forgetting their native language and customs. The highlands of New Guinea and of east Africa and the interior of southwest Africa were supposed to be adapted for agricultural and pastoral settlements, and still no German emigration has been attracted to those regions. Several years ago southern Brazil was praised as a profitable field for German settlers, where they would retain their national habits and sentiments, although on foreign territory. Uruguay, Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic were recomended also, and even Patagonia. The formation of German settlements in southern Brazil dates from 1824. Some estimate the total number of Germans in Brazil and their descendants at 230,000. They live in communities separate from the rest of the population, and have their own churches, schools, and newspapers. Nearly 9,000 Germans went to Brazil in 1872-73, but the Brazilians have not received with favor the planting of a foreign colony in their midst. A German exhibition at Porto Allegre was broken up and burned by a mob. The Brazilian Government has endeavored to discourage German immigration, while welcoming the more assimilable Italians, and has done what it could to break down the national character of the German settlements by intermingling with them immigrants of other races. Even the Chinese are held to be preferable to German settlers. For these reasons the Prussian Government has disapproved emigration to southern Brazil, and latterly the tide has run more strongly to other parts of South America. In 1888 the emigration to Brazil was 1,129; to other countries in South America 1,723. But the main current sets toward the United States, where three quarters of the 5,000,000

emigrants that have crossed the sea since 1820 are settled, with their descendants, as American citizens. The recent social legislation, especially the wide-reaching scheme of old-age and infirmity insurance, has for one of its chief objects to deter people from going to America. Everyone dependent on wages is compelled to contribute to the accumulation of a capital that will provide an annuity when he is no longer able to work, but the emigrant forfeits all that he puts into the fund, as well as the benefits of the sick and accident insurance. The total emigration from Germany from 1871 to 1888 was 1,769,297 persons, and of these no fewer than 1,618,816 went to the United States. The emigration to Brazil during the eighteen years was 33,443; to other parts of South America, 15,599; to Australia, 16,341; to British North America, 4,780; to Africa, 4,047; to Asia, 1,086. There remain 74,685 emigrants sailing from French ports whose destination was not reported; but nearly all of these also were bound for the United States. The year of highest emigration was 1881, when 220,902 Germans sought new homes across the ocean. In 1887 the number of emigrants was 95,605, exclusive of 4,107 who went by way of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and of 4,947 sailing from Havre and other ports. The emigrants by way of German ports and Antwerp comprised 52,986 males and 42,619 females. The number whose destination was the United States was 91,869. Brazil was the destination of 1,152, other American countries of 1,555, Australia of 500, and Asia and Africa of 529. The number of emigrants in 1888 was 98,568, not including those who sailed from French ports.

Finances. The imperial expenditures in excess of the revenues from customs, stamps, certain excise duties, and the profits of the post-office and telegraphs are defrayed from assessments levied on the individual states in proportion to their population. The total ordinary expenditure for 1888-'89 was estimated at 775,594,769 marks; but extraordinary expenditures of 450,331,305 marks, of which 372,473,616 marks were for military purposes, swelled the budget to 1,225,926,074 marks. To meet the extraordinary requirements 394,695,887 marks were raised by a loan. For the year ending March 31, 1890, the total expenditure is estimated at 949,678,497 marks, of which 142,678,497 marks represent non-recurring or extraordinary expenditures. The ordinary expenditures are apportioned in the following manner:

bearing in the order of their numbers the names of the provinces of Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, Saxony, Posen, Silesia, Westphalia, Rhineland, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, and HesseNassau. The Twelfth Corps is the Saxon, the Thirteenth and Fourteenth those of Würtemberg and Baden, and the Fifteenth the corps garrisoning Alsace-Lorraine, which last has battalions of 686 men on the peace footing, like the guards. The First and Second Royal Bavarian Corps stand under the immediate superintendence and administration of the King of Bavaria. The Prussian Guards constitute a separate unnumbered corps d'armée.

The smokeless powder was satisfactorily tested in the autumn manoeuvres of 1889. The chief advantage of this powder is that it enables infantry to take a clear aim. The magazine rifle with ordinary powder would possess no superiority over the breech-loader, because rapid firing would fill the air with smoke, quite obscuring the field of vision. But scarcely less important, especially in contending against cavalry, is the disadvantage at which the foe is placed, who is unable to discern from what quarter the fire is given. Novelties in the defense of earth-works are wire fencing to obstruct a bayonet attack and movable ironclad turrets containing Schumann revolving guns. The employment of carrier pigeons and dogs as bearers of dispatches was also successfully tried during the manoeuvres. The Emperor has changed the arms of the cavalry, all classes of which will hereafter bear the lance as the principal weapon, The cuirass in the German army is to be discarded.

In a supplementary budget presented to the Bundesrath in March, 1889, provision was made for an increase of the field artillery on the peace footing by giving each army corps, except the Würtemberg and Alsace-Lorraine corps, two regiments and adding three regiments to the royal Saxon artillery. The reason given for strengthening this arm was the recent augmentation of the French artillery. A difference of opinion between the new chief of the general staff, General Count Waldersee, whose views were shared by the Emperor, and General Bronsart von Schellendorff, who is credited with saying, "It is possible to have too much artillery," led to the retirement of the latter from the Prussian Ministry of War, which he had conducted for six years, and the appointment of General von Verdy du Vernois as his successor in the beginning of April. General Bronsart was said also to be opposed to the new infantry tactics in which an irregular, creeping advance in twos and threes takes the place of the solid front of the old line of battle. General von Verdy has done much by his writings to develop the modern German tactics. In the army budget for 1890 the sum of 6,629,000 marks is added to the permanent expenditure, 1,500,000 marks being devoted to the creation of two new army corps. The extraordinary army estimates amount to 139,500,000 marks, of which 45,750,000 marks are for charges necessitated by the extension of the obligation of military service, and 61,250,000 marks are for the artillery. The two new army corps are formed by the division of the Fifteenth Corps. The Sixteenth Corps will be stationed on the Russian frontier.

This enumeration does not include the "Irene and "Prinzessin Wilhelm," launched in 1887, steel, deck-protected cruisers of 4,230 tons, designed for a speed of eighteen knots, and armed with fourteen 6-ton guns. There are, besides, a great number of torpedo boats. Under the new naval administration, the ambition of the Emperor to have a strong war fleet has led to the elaboration of a programme of construction in which heavy ironclads again find a place in spite of the doubts of modern naval critics respecting this costly kind of vessel. The nucleus of the projected fleet will be four battle ships, of about 10,000 tons displacement, armed with heavy guns and all other appliances for offensive warfare, plated with thick armor, and capable of every manoeuvre that the progress of naval art makes possible. The plan includes, further, seven protected corvette cruisers of great speed and fuel capacity, with steel deck-armor protecting the machinery, boilers, and ammunition chamber; ten ironclad gunboats with turrets, rams, and torpedo appliances; four unprotected cruisers for the naval stations in the German protectorates; two avisos; and two torpedo vessels. The first of the large ironclads, laid down at Kiel in November, will be completed in 1893. The navy is commanded by an admiralin-chief and seven admirals, who have under them 823 officers, including surgeons and engineers. The crews, including marines, number 14,743 men and boys. This force is raised by conscription among the seafaring population and by the voluntary enlistment of seamen, of whom there are 48,000 in the German merchant service and 6,000 on foreign vessels. The war strength of the crews in 1888 was 38,700 men.

During the last four years of General von Caprivi's administration of the admiralty department he brought the personnel, which in 1884 was 6,000 or 7,000 short of the 30,000 required to man the fleet in time of war, up to that figure by securing enlistments for four years among the inland population, by training young men in the school squadrons, and by the operation of the law of Feb. 11, 1888, to augment the war strength of the crews. In 1889, at the desire of the Emperor, the Reichstag sanctioned a change in the administrative organization of the navy. The administration is separated from the military command and confided to a new department called the Imperial Naval Office under the supervision of the Chancellor, while the command of the fleets and vessels and the direction of purely

naval affairs on sea and land is given to an admiral-in-chief, who will not have to busy himself with legislative and financial matters connected with the navy, but only with the military efficiency of the naval forces.

Commerce and Industry.-The customs territory of the German Zollverein comprises, since October, 1888, when Hamburg, Bremen, and a small district on the Swiss border in Baden were incorporated, the entire political territory of the Empire, except small areas reserved for free docks in Hamburg and Bremen, and beyond the limits of the Empire it includes the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Austrian commune of Jungholz. The value of the general commerce for 1887 was 9,501,994,000 marks, comprising 4,730,381,000 marks of imports and 4,771,613,000 marks of exports. The imports of merchandise for home consumption amounted to 3,124,700,000 marks, and the exports of domestic products to 3,135,200,000 marks. The imports of horses were of the value of 72,049,000 marks, and those of swine 43,658,000 marks, the total imports of live animals amounting to 163,017,000 marks, while the exports were 89,774,000 marks. The imports of cereals were valued at 267,900,000 marks, and the exports at 56,400,000 marks. The import of coffee was 168,025,000 marks; of petroleum, 61,128,000 marks; of tobacco, 75,700,000 marks; of raw cotton, 224,877,000 marks; of wool, 216,151,000 marks; of woolen yarn, 94,374,000 marks; of raw silk, 98,187,000 marks. Some of the largest exports were sugar, of the value of 180,927,000 marks; leather goods, 142,583,000 marks; cotton cloth, 217,536,000 marks; hosiery, 109,879,000 marks; ribbons, etc., 103,741,000 marks; mixed silk and cotton cloth, 147,156,000 marks; paper goods, 94,537,000 marks; machinery and instruments, 124,022,000 marks; hardware, 78,359,000 marks; glass and pottery, 71,500,000 marks; jewelry and works of art, 116,800,000 marks; wooden wares, 107,531,000 marks; coal, 89,333,000 marks; books, etc., 38,500,000 marks; aniline dyes, 42,539,000 marks; hops, 31,503,000 marks. The imports of precious metals in 1887 amounted to 64,092,000 marks, and the exports to 54,862,000 marks.

The sum of the special imports for 1888, inclusive of precious metals, was 3,435,900,000 marks; of the special exports, 3,352,600,000 marks. The merchandise imports amounted to 3,290,700,000 marks and the exports to 3,205,900,000 marks, showing an excess of imports of 84,800,000 marks. There was an increase in the imports of coal, timber, nitre, ores, and stone. The exports show an inconsiderable increase in the total, owing chiefly to the decline in the sugar export and to the marked falling off in the exports to Austria-Hungary and Italy, which were higher than usual in 1887 on account of the impending rise in the tariff that went into effect in 1888. A comparison of the totals with the preceding year is misleading on account of the incorporation of Hamburg and Bremen in the Zollverein. An analysis of the returns shows diminished imports of animals and animal food products, cereals, and iron manufactures, and an increase in the imports of coffee, spirits, petroleum, and materials for the chemical, tanning, textile, and paper industries. Owing to the increase in the grain duties, the import of wheat fell off from

547,000 to 330,000 metric tons, and that of barley from 511,500 to 444,000 tons. The exports that showed the largest gains were coal and coke, ores, fertilizers, potatoes, flour, fruit, oils, chemical products, paper materials, textile materials, and machinery. The articles of export that show the greatest falling off are (besides sugar) salt, coffee substitutes, spirits, earthen and porcelain wares, raw and manufactured metals, timber, wooden wares, paper, textiles, and railroad cars. The export trade in cotton goods, dresses, linens, half silks, and woolen goods has recently declined, and there has been a more serious decrease in iron manufactures, which declined nearly one half between 1886 and 1888. The returns for the first half of 1889 show a marked decline in some classes of goods that have heretofore steadily advanced, such as glassware, leather, and leather goods, and decreases in the exports of alcohol, beer, and paper, while in sugar there was some recovery. The United States customs authorities have lately refused to accept the valuations given by exporters of cloaks and other garments. The German export trade has undergone considerable changes in recent years. The countries that participate most largely in the foreign commerce are, in the order of their importance, Great Britain, Austria - Hungary, France, Belgium, Netherlands, the United States, Russia, Switzerland, and Italy. The once large export trade to Russia has fallen away, owing to protective duties, and the trade with Austria and France has also declined, while that with southern Europe, and especially with Italy, has made up a great part of the loss. But the extension of German trade since 1880 has been chiefly due to the augmented demand for German goods in Great Britain, partly for re-export to Australia and other countries, in the United States, and in the countries of South America, where the Hamburg merchants have made particular efforts to extend their trade.

The area devoted to wheat in 1888 was 1,919,662 hectares, producing 2,830,804 metric tons or 99,640,000 bushels; the area under rye, 5,842,280 hectares, producing 5,375,734 tons; under barley, 1,731,121 hectares, producing 2,205,504 tons; under oats, 3.810,244 hectares, producing 4,301,407 tons; under potatoes, 2,918,147 hectares, producing 25,272,998 tons. The vineyards, covering 120,210 hectares, yielded 2,392,042 hectolitres or 52,624,924 gallons of wine. The product of sugar in 1888 was 1,475,827 tons; of tobacco, 90,114.000 pounds.

The value of coal and lignite mined in 1887 was 351,278,000 marks; of iron ore, 34,005,000 marks; of zinc ore, 10,022,000 marks; of lead ore, 15,923,000 marks; of copper ore, 14,552,000 marks; of mineral salts, 14,947,000 marks; of other salts, 38,122,000 marks. The total value of minerals produced in Germany and Luxemburg was 449,000,000 marks. The pig iron product was 4,023,953 metric tons of 2,200 pounds, valued at 166,443,000 marks. The quantity of manufactured iron was 3,496,117 tons; the value. 442,525,000 marks.

Navigation. The merchant navy, in the beginning of 1888, numbered 3,811 vessels, of 1,240,182 tons. There were 717 steamers, of 470,364 tons, and 3,094 sailing vessels, of 769.818 tons. Of the steamers 333, of 117,240 tons, belonged to

the Baltic ports, and 384, of 358,124 tons, to the ports of the North Sea; and of the sailing vessels there were 1,037, of 235,292 tons, sailing from Baltic ports, while 2,057, of 534,526 tons, belonged to the North Sea ports. At the beginning of 1889 the number of sailing ships had decreased by more than 200, causing a decline in the aggregate tonnage of registered vessels to 1,233,894, notwithstanding the addition to the merchant navy of 47 steamers, of 32.215 tons. The crews of the sailing vessels decreased from 21,220 to 19,574 men, while those of the steam fleet increased from 15,856 to 16,684 men.

The subsidized steamship lines to Australia and eastern Asia, which began operations in 1886, make quicker voyages than almost any other lines, the steamers averaging usually 14 knots. This advantage will be retained, as the steamship companies intend to replace their Atlantic liners which have developed a speed of 18 knots, with larger and fleeter vessels, to employ the old steamships on the Indian and Pacific Ocean routes.

The number of vessels entered at German ports during 1887 was 62,382, of the aggregate tonnage of 10,994,680; and the total number cleared was 62,327; the tonnage, 11,076,273. The number entered with cargoes was 52,344, of 10,072,566 tons; cleared with cargoes, 47,303, of 8,240,626 tons; entered in ballast, 10,038 vessels, of 922,114 .tons; cleared in ballast, 15,024 vessels, of 2,835,747 tons. A little more than 50 per cent. of the total tonnage entered and cleared was German, and 27 per cent. was British.

Railroads. The total length of railroads in operation in 1888 was 25,127 miles, of which 21,710 miles were the property of the state. The total amount of capital invested in railroads at the end of the financial year 1887 was 9,843,708,000 marks. The receipts during that year were 1,026,361,000 marks, and the expenses 574,935,000 marks, leaving a net profit of 4 per cent. on the capital. Although the public debts of the states have been greatly increased by the nationalization of the railroads, the profits of the lines, with the funds for construction and the extinction of debts that were turned over by the companies, amounting altogether to 1,006,362,000 marks, have more than paid for the construction of between 6,000 and 7,000 new railroads since 1880, which cost 995,182,000 marks.

Telegraphs and Post-Office. The total length of telegraph lines in the beginning of 1888 was 55,748 miles; the length of wires, 198,214 miles. The number of dispatches in 1887 was 21,750, 348, of which 15,117,328 were internal. The imperial post-office and the separately administered royal post offices of Bavaria and Würtemberg carried together 897,765,900 let ters, 276,588,710 postal cards, 20,340,490 samples, 275,267,320 sealed wrappers, 624,818,320 newspapers, and 97,847,330 unregistered packages in 1887. The money remittances were worth in the aggregate 18,927,634,555 marks. The receipts of the post-office and telegraphs in 1887-'88 were 213,446,446 marks, and the expenses 183,144,491 marks. The number of persons employed in the postal and telegraph services at the beginning of 1888 was 101,208.

Dependencies.- Before 1884 Germany had no possessions beyond the seas. The following

The population of Togoland and the stations on the Slave Coast is about 40,000. The South African territories have about 200,000 inhabitants. Kaiser Wilhelm's land in New Guinea has a population of 109,000, and New Britain and other islands of Bismarck Archipelago contain approximately 188,000 inhabitants, the Solomon Islands 90,000, and the annexed islands of the Marshall group 10,000.

The Hanseatic syndicate for whose behoof the Togo and Cameroon protectorates were established declined to assume the political jurisdiction, and therefore the Government was compelled to send out a staff of officials to administer those territories as crown colonies. For similar reasons an imperial commissary was appointed for Southwest Africa. The New Guinea possessions have also been transferred to the administration of the Government, and in East Africa political difficulties of the company have led to the blockade of the coast, and necessitated the supersession of the political powers of the company by an imperial commissary with military forces under his command (see ZANZIBAR). The cost of administering the colonies of West Africa is in great part defrayed from the duties collected by the officials. The revenue of Togo is estimated in the budget of 1889-'90 at 167,000 marks, and the expenditure at 178,000 marks; the revenue of Cameroons at 76,000 marks, and the expenditure at 94,000 marks.

The Emperor gave his approval on May 17, 1889, to an alteration in the statutes of the New Guinea Company, transferring the civil authority and administration of the laws to the Imperial Government, while the company retains the monopoly of the right of acquiring land. The imperial commissary with his official staff entered on his duties in October. The company has raised experimental crops of tobacco in Kaiser Wilhelm's Land that brought a fair price. Nevertheless the enterprise has lagged, and the assistance of the Government was necessary to save it from failure. The Germans have not been able to teach the natives of New Guinea to labor, and even the Solomon Islanders and other islanders that are used to work on plantations have a dread of them. Cotton, as well as tobacco, has been proved a promising crop. But German capitalists prefer to invest in the plantations of Borneo and Sumatra, and small cultivators can not be induced to emigrate to the German colony.

When Prince Bismarck expounded the new