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with the lint. The following table gives the ex-
port of cotton-seed oil from the United States
for the latest period obtainable:

EXPORTS OF COTTON-SEED OIL FROM NEW YORK, BY
COUNTRIES.

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Sept. 1 to
Nov. 11, 1889.

would eat it, but cows and horses would not, while all the stock eat the kernel with avidity.

The present method of manufacture requires massive and powerful machinery, with careful manipulation and the exercise of good judgment in the selection of seed. To some extent the oil has been extracted by treating the kernels, after grinding, with benzole or bisulphite of carbon; but this does not produce as much oil as the pressure in boxes, and the oil becomes tainted in the process. When it is used as food for stock, 68,980 the cake and meal are both given; but the large 190 majority of consumers prefer the meal. The cake is often preferred for shipment on account of its compact form, and ground after it reaches its destination.

Gallons.

1,146

7,958

2,794 14,678 1,184

80

52 807

10

153,186
253,198

49,909

632

5,181

615

250

54

258

Sept. 1 to
Nov. 11, 1889.

Gallons.

200
150

9,500

9,850

The price of cotton-seed cake was quoted in November, 1889, at from $18 to $22 a ton; that of cotton-seed meal at $16.50 to $23 a ton. A large quantity of oil and cake is exported to the 100 Netherlands, where it is used in the manufacture 188,172 of butterine. In the feeding of cattle, cotton1,670 seed-oil meal is usually mixed with other food, 380,002 and the stock raisers prefer that it should be finely ground. It is largely used in Northern and Western States and finds extensive sale in New England and on the Continent of Europe. In England, American cake is preferred by many because their own meal is not only adulterated 1,025,996 but their cake is made of less value from the practice of grinding the hulls and kernels together. The value of cotton seed for food is owing to the protein starch and fats it contains. According to analysis, cotton-seed-oil cake contains of digestible nutriment, 31 per cent. of protein, 18-03 of starch, and 12·3 of fat. Other seed, like peas or beans, rich in protein, contain but little fat. Cotton seed, being rich in both, containing even more than linseed, is valuable for mixing with products that are poor in these and rich in starch, such as straw, hay, potatoes, and turnips. In regard to the use of cotton-seed meal for cattle as a butter producer, competent authorities express opinions on both sides; but the preponderance of the testimony is favorable to its judicious use for this purpose. The constituents of cotton-seed meal that give it value as a fertilizer are nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid. An average of eleven analyses of American meal gives 603 nitrogen, equal to 7:32 ammonia, 2 potash, 3-20 phosphoric acid. The manufacturers of commercial fertilizers use it to a large extent in their mixtures, as the amount they require of the ingredients of the meal can be obtained cheaper in this than in any other form. It is believed that the application of the meal directly to the land is wasteful, and that the best and most economical method is to feed it to the stock in the proper quantity and manner. The oil is also used for illumination, for lubrication, for dressing morocco, for softening wool, and indeed for most purposes for which other oils are used. It is sometimes mixed with, or employed instead of linseed oil, although it does not possess the drying qualities of linseed. Besides being employed in the manufacture of oleomargarine, it is also used with cream in the making of a substitute for butter. It makes excellent glycerin, and contains the elements of nitro-glycerin and kindred compounds. The best quality of cotton-seed oil is now considered

In November, 1889, this interest became largely a matter of speculation at the New York Stock Exchange, the prices of the certificates fluctuating to an enormous extent, and finally to such a degree as to bring about the collapse of the Trust, the resignation of several of its officials, and the final reorganization under the title of the American Cotton Oil Company.

The cotton seed consists of a pericarp or woody shell and the kernel or meaty part; the hull and kernel are of about equal weight. The hull is hard and tough, and chiefly valuable to the planter for the potash it contains. In the kernel is incorporated an unusual amount of nitrogenous matter and oil, with some mineral matter. These constituents give the products their commercial value, and it is the province of the crusher to give them the most available form for use. The nitrogen, oils, and nitrogen-free extract give the value for feed, and the nitrogenous matter, together with the ash constituents, gives the value as a fertilizer. The oil of commerce comes from the liquid portions, which are profusely distributed through the entire kernel. Previous to the establishment of this industry, such of the surplus feed as was utilized was used for manure without any other preparation than allowing it to heat in mass, and a small portion was used without any preparation whatever as food for stock. In this form sheep and hogs

by many authorities in the United States to be equal to olive oil.

In 1883, the cash capital of the 83 mills then existing was estimated at $7,811,130. The estimated aggregate capacity of those mills was 43,547,100 gallons of oil, requiring 1,288,376 tons of seed. In 1883 the average price of seed was $12.88 a ton, and in 1889, it was $14 a ton. The average yield of oil in 1883 was 33 gallons to the ton of seed; in 1889, 35 gallons. The average yield of cake in 1883 was 733 pounds to the ton of seed. The average price for crude oil in 1883 was 35.05 cents a gallon; in 1889 it was 38 to 40 cents a gallon. The average price of cake in 1883 was $17.94 a ton; in 1889 it ranged from $18 to $24.50 a ton. The average yield of lint is about 18 pounds to the ton of seed, worth from 5 to 6 cents a pound. The yield of ashes from the hulls is about 45 pounds to the ton, selling at an average price of $10 a ton.

Dr. Allan M'Lane Hamilton, of New York, pronounces cotton-seed oil one of the best fats and one of the most important articles in diet that we can procure; and a physician announced before the Kings County Pharmaceutical Society, in June, 1889, that he had experimented satisfactorily in the use of cotton-seed oil as a basis for ointments, and exhibited a sample of oxide zinc ointment which he thought would give a better result than those otherwise made. The chief cotton-seed-oil presses of this country are at the following-named points:

ALABAMA. Selma, Mobile, Montgomery, Eufaula,

and Huntsville.

ARKANSAS.-Little Rock, Argenta, Fort Smith, Texarkana, Brinkley, and Helena.

GEORGIA. Atlanta, Augusta, Albany, Columbus, Macon, and Rome.

ILLINOIS.-Cairo.

LOUISIANA. New Orleans, Rouge, and Monroe.

Shreveport, Baton

MISSISSIPPI-Clarksdale, Columbus, Canton, Grenada, Greenville, Meridian, Natchez, Vicksburg, and West Point.

MISSOURI.-St. Louis.

NORTH CAROLINA.-Charlotte and Raleigh.
SOUTH CAROLINA.-Columbia and Greenville.
TENNESSEE.-Memphis, Jackson, Nashville, and

Dyersburg.

TEXAS.-Brenham, Dallas, Galveston, Houston, Palestine, and Waco.

CUBA, an island in the West Indies, belonging to Spain; area, 118,833 square kilometres; population, 1,521,684, of whom 977,992 are native Spaniards and creoles, 10,632 white foreigners, 43,811 Chinese coolies, and 489,249 negroes and mulattoes. Havana's population is 225,000. The Consul-General at Havana is Ramon O. Williams; the Consul at Matanzas, Frank H. Pierce; at Santiago, Otto E. Reimer; and at Cienfuegos, Henry A. Ehninger.

Army. The Commander-in-Chief and Captain-General of the island (since March 13, 1889) is Don Manuel de Salamanca y Negrete. The strength of the Spanish forces in Cuba in 1889 was 20,749. The total expenses for the Department of War is $6,501,102 in gold. In the total of forces mentioned above are not comprised the Guardias Civiles, nor the corps of Órden Público in charge of the police; but both forces are militarily organized, and under command of army officers. Navy. The navy comprises one cruiser, the

"Jorge Juan," one torpedo boat, thirteen canonnières, and two gunboats, maintained at a cost of $1,404,451 in gold. All forces-administration, artillery, engineers, and penal and sanitary services are under the command of a rearadmiral who resides in Havana, and has a salary of $12,000.

Finance.-The budget for 1889-'90 estimates the outlay at $25,554,390, and the income at $25,549,920. The total debt amounted to $186,000,000 in 1889, and the annual sum of $9,000,000 is set aside to pay interest on it. The $186,000,000 named include $40,000,000 of paper money in circulation. The Captain-General receives a salary of $40,000, and controls a fund and certain perquisites which generally swell his income to about $90,000. The receipts from customs during the fiscal year 1888-'89 were $13,563,467, against $10,673,133 in 1887-'88.

Railroads. In 1889 there were 1,499 kilometres of railway in operation and 240 in course of construction. During the summer the Remedios and Santa Clara Railroad Company began the construction of branch lines to Ranchuelo and San Juan. The company raised for this purpose a loan of $500,000 among its shareholders. Simultaneously the Havana and Bahia Railroad Companies were consolidated.

Telegraphs.-The length of lines in operation is 4,500 kilometres, and the service is attended to by 187 offices. During the summer the Government of Jamaica resolved to suspend the subsidy of $10,000 per annum that it had been paying to the Cuban Submarine Telegraph Company, because the rate for dispatches has been considerably increased. Consequently in September telegraph tolls were reduced 50 per cent. and the transmission of messages in English and French was permitted.

Commerce.-The American trade with Cuba is shown in the following table:

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The increase, both in imports and in exports, was due to the rise in the price of sugar.

Sugar and Molasses.-During the crop year 1888-89 the island produced 544,300 tons of sugar and 98,860 tons of molasses, against 647,860 tons of sugar and 125,460 tons of molasses in 1887-'88, showing a decrease of 130,160 tons, or 17 per cent. This was due to the cyclone of September, 1888, which prostrated the canes. It was said in July, 1889, at Sagua, that most of the estates that have heretofore been making muscovado sugars would either manufacture centrifugals during the season 1889-'90, or sell their canes to the nearest centrifugal factory. It was also said that an American syndicate would establish a large sugar factory near Encrucijada. In August Dr. B. Otamendi, of Havana, contracted for a diffusion apparatus of a capacity of 400 tons of cane a day, to be put up in time for the next crop on his estate. The chief difficulty that Cuban sugar planters have

to grapple with is the comparative scarcity of colored field-hands. The wages of these advanced in 1889 from $20 a month and found to $30, and this attracted negroes in large numbers from other West India islands, chiefly Trinidad.

Mining. In August a bed of excellent coal was discovered near Santa Clara. The gas company at that place reduced the price of gas from $5 to $3 a 1,000 feet. At the same time a company was formed at Pensacola, for the purpose of supplying the Cuban and West Indian coal trade from the Alabama mines. Mining interests are taking the front rank among the indus

DAKOTA (see also NORTH DAKOTA and SOUTH DAKOTA), a Territory of the United States, organized in 1861; admitted to the Union as two States, North Dakota and South Dakota, on Nov. 2, 1889; area, 150,932 square miles; population at the last decennial census (1880), 135,177; capital, Bismarck. The population on June 30, 1889, was estimated by the Governor in his last annual report to be about 650,000.

tries of Cuba. Iron and manganese ores are extensively mined by two American companies near Santiago de Cuba. Preparations are making to begin operations in a gold mine near Santa Clara, and some Americans are about to open what are supposed to be valuable deposits of iron ore near Cabañas, at the west end of the island not far from Havana.

Education. There are in Cuba 720 public and 537 private schools, with an average attendance of 40,352 children. The annual cost of maintaining the public schools is $560,227, which amount is furnished by the 135 municipalities on the island.

D

printing, $85.07; stock indemnity fund, $8,065.40; paid bond interest, $88,066.97; leaving a balance of $8,332.51 in the treasury at the close of the year. The tax levy is limited by law to 3 mills on the dollar, which is the rate for 1889. The total cost of maintaining the twelve public institutions of the Territory for the last two fiscal years was $656,162.42, and $530,000 was expended in permanent improvements.

Assessments.-The following table gives a comparative statement of the valuation of different kinds of property, as returned by the assessors in 1888 and 1889:

ITEMS.

Acres of land

Government.-The following were the Territorial officers from Jan. 1 until the date of admission to the Union: Governor, Louis K. Church, Democrat, succeeded by Arthur C. Mellette, Republican; Secretary, M. L. McCormack, succeeded by Luther B. Richardson; Treasurer, J. D. Lawler, succeeded by J. M. Bailey, Jr.; Auditor, James A. Ward, succeeded by J. C. Mc- Total assessment. Manima; Attorney-General, T. C. Skinner, succeeded by Johnson Nickens; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Eugene A. Dye, succeeded by Leonard A. Rose; Commissioner of Immigration, P. F. McClure, succeeded by F. H. Hagerty; Railroad Commissioners, Judson La Moure, II. J. Rice, J. H. King; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Bartlett Tripp; Associate Justices, Value of mules. Charles M. Thomas, Roderick Rose, William B. McConnell, John W. Carland (who resigned in March and was succeeded by Frank R. Aiken), James Spencer, C. F. Templeton, and Louis W. Crofoot.

Finances.-The total bonded indebtedness of the Territory at the time of its division and admission to the Union this year amounted to $1,250,007.46, expended in building and furnishing public institutions.

The report of the Territorial Treasurer for 1888 shows a balance on hand at the beginning of the year amounting to $89,325.69. The receipts, amounting to $552,003.08, were from the following sources: From the 2.9 mills tax, $411,361.03; from railroads, $104,167.82; from the Western Union Telegraph Company, $2,122.30; from insurance companies, $20,538.13; from the United States Government, $300; from the Secretary of the Territory, $85.25; from the Auditor, $5.224.88; from bond interest fund, $5,565.66; from stock indemnity fund, $2,638.01. The disbursements were as follows: Auditor's warrants, $468,555.26; paid counties for their proportion of railroad taxes, $65,364.05; paid counties for telegraph tax, $2,399.51; exchange and express charges, $459.98; paid on account of Territorial

Value of land
Average value per acre..
Value of town lots..
Value of merchandise
Number of horses
Capital in manufactures.

Value of horses
Average value.
Number of mules.

Average value
Number of cattle.
Value of cattle
Average value..
Number of sheep..
Value of sheep
Average value
Number of swine.
Value of swine
Average value
Value of vehicles
Moneys and credits.
Household furniture
Stocks and shares

All other property

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Legislative Session.-The eighteenth session of the Territorial Legislature began on Jan. 8, and adjourned on March 9. One of its earliest acts provided for an election, on April 9, of delegates to a proposed convention, which should meet at Grafton on the second Tuesday of May and frame a Constitution for North Dakota. This act never took effect, as by its terms it should become void in case Congress, at the session then being held, should pass an enabling act for the admission of North Dakota. After much discussion of railroad measures and the failure of several bills-including one abolishing the railroad commission, which passed both Houses, but was

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vetoed by the Governor-a measure, known as the Farmer's Alliance bill," was enacted, which modifies the existing law in the following particulars: The Governor shall appoint three commissioners, one from North Dakota, one from central Dakota, and one from South Dakota. No person shall be qualified who owns bonds or stock in any railroad, or who is in any manner pecuniarily interested in any railroad, public warehouse, or elevator. The commissioners and their secretary shall have free transportation. All railroads shall receive grain in bulk for transportation, without discrimination as to the manner or condition in which it is received, or as to the persons from whom it is taken, whether loaded upon the cars from teams or from elevators. They shall permit individuals, without distinction, to construct side tracks from elevators, mills, or warehouses, and connect them with the line of their road. When any company is unable to supply all cars demanded, it shall make a pro rata distribution among all applicants. The provision of the interstate commerce law as to long and short haul rates is embodied in the act. It requires reasonable charges for transportation of property, for hauling or storage of freight, or for use of cars, etc.; prevents pooling; requires proper facilities for handling freight, and for the accommodation of passengers, and for interchange of cars at points where railroads intersect; but no buildings shall be required if there be no village having one hundred inhabitants and a post-office within one mile of the crossing. Consignees are entitled to have twenty-four hours after notice of arrival free of expense for unloading cars. The act requires schedules showing classification, rates, fares, and charges for the transportation of passengers and property, and joint schedules of fares, to be published within sixty days, and prohibits changes in classification in the rates, fares, or charges, except on due publication. It is the duty of any railroad commissioner to ascertain whether provisions of the law are violated and to visit each

line of road as often as practicable. Any person, corporation, or municipal corporation may make complaint, and if such complaint appears well founded, it is the duty of the commissioners to bring suit against the railroad in the name and at the expense of the Territory. Suit can not be dismissed except on consent of the AttorneyGeneral or the commissioners. The AttorneyGeneral shall be ex officio attorney for said commission. Statistical reports are required as to every branch of railroad business.

The law passed in 1883, taxing railroads upon their gross earnings, which the Supreme Court of the Territory had pronounced unconstitutional so far as levied upon interstate traffic, was repealed, and as a substitute, an act was passed providing that all railroads that signified within a certain time their willingness to pay a gross-earnings tax in lieu of other taxation, might do so, but upon all others a property tax should be levied. Companies who avail themselves of the provisions of this act must pay all arrears of tax claimed by the Territory, and 3 per cent. annually for five years on their gross earnings from all traffic, and thereafter 2 per cent. annually. A gross-earnings tax was also imposed upon express companies and sleeping

car companies. The code known as the "compiled laws of 1887" was accepted and legalized. A new tenure-of-office act provides that the term of every Territorial appointive officer shall cease ten days after the expiration of the term of the Governor appointing him, but such officer shall continue in his office until his successor is qualified.

A memorial was sent to Congress, asking for the admission of the Territory as two States.

There was established at Hot Springs, Fall River County, the Dakota Soldiers' Home. For the purpose of erecting buildings the sum of $45,000 is to be raised by the issue of bonds to that amount, payable in twenty years. A special tax was levied to pay the interest thereon and the principal at maturity. A further issue of bonds, amounting to $22,700, payable in twenty years, was authorized, in order to refund to the citizens of Grand Forks advances made by them in rebuilding certain additions to the University of North Dakota, destroyed by storm in June, 1887. The levy of a special tax for payment of interest and the principal at maturity was authorized. The Auditor was directed to issue refunded warrants, bearing 5 per cent. interest and payable in five years, in payment of outstanding warrants drawn upon the Capitol-building fund amounting to $53,158.83, and accrued interest.

The following appropriations in support of public institutions were made for two years: University of Dakota, $70,000; University of North Dakota, $57,000; Madison Normal School, $31,700; Normal School at Spearfish, $31,100; Reform School at Plankinton, $11,000; Dakota Agricultural College, $52,375; School of Mines at Rapid City, $33,500; School for Deaf Mutes, $33,800; Dakota Penitentiary at Sioux Falls, $72,300; Territorial Penitentiary at Bismarck, $57,600; Yankton Insane Hospital, $111,075; Hospital for the Insane at Jamestown, $114,500. Other acts of the session were as follow:

Requiring all persons engaged in making abstracts security against errors in such abstracts.. of title to give a bond with sureties to the county, as

in a public place, or suffering to run at large, any Imposing a penalty for importing, selling, exposing horse or other animal affected with glanders.

To provide for the sinking of artesian wells, and the construction of permanent water-courses therefrom for purposes of irrigation, the undertaking to be first approved by the county probate judges, and the expense to be assessed upon the property benefited. Prescribing reasonable attorney's fees in cases of foreclosure of mortgages.

Creating the office of assistant Attorney-General. Providing for publication of notice of foreclosure sale of chattel mortgages.

Authorizing cities of not fewer than 3,000 inhabitants to extend their corporate limits.

tion.

Requiring annual statements from building and loan corporations, and exempting their shares from taxaAuthorizing counties to issue bonds to procure seed wheat for needy farmers therein.

Creating the county of Meade out of a portion of Lawrence County.

Requiring a residence of one year in the United States, six months in the Territory, three months in that a citizen may be qualified to vote. the county, and thirty days in the precinct, in order

Limiting the legal rate of interest to 12 per cent. Fixing the rate of interest on unpaid Territorial warrants at 7 per cent.

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To provide for a tax on dogs.

Committees were appointed early in the session to institute investigations into the conduct of the trustees of the two insane hospitals, the Territorial veterinarian, and other officials of the Territory. The trustees of each hospital, in their last report, had shown considerable expenditures beyond the appropriations made for each institution, and they had also made unusual charges for their own services. The legislative committee, although it could discover no fraud, found a lack of economy in the management of the hospitals, and reported that the trustees had held meetings more frequently than was necessary. In fact, the trustees of nearly all the public institutions had presented large bills for their services. The expenses of the trustees of the Reform School at Plankinton for two years for per diem and mileage were $5,508, and of the trustees of the Bismarck Penitentiary, $6,936. The expenses of all the bonds of trustees for the two years amounted to $30,077.32. To prevent such large expenditures for such purposes in the future, the Legislature passed an act providing that each of the public institutions of the Territory should be governed by a board of five trustees, nominated by the Governor and approved by the Legislative Council (the Governor having power to fill vacancies after adjournment of the Council), who should have the same power and duties as the governing boards that they displace, except that each board should hold not more than twelve sessions each year, not exceeding twenty-four days in all, and the members should receive $3 for each daily session, and traveling expenses. The investigation into the conduct of the Territorial Veterinarian showed that from May, 1887, to November, 1888, his traveling expenses had amounted to $4,313, while in that time he had destroyed horses and cattle valued at more than $8,000. These expenditures, when no epidemic existed, were considered excessive.

The relations between Gov. Church and the Legislature were somewhat strained throughout the session. Of 128 laws enacted, 35 were passed over the Governor's veto, including the Soldiers' Home bill and the general appropriation bill. The total number of vetoes was 43, eight of which were sustained, while there were also 24 "pocket vetoes." Trouble began when the Legislature, against the objection cf the Governor, began the investigations above mentioned into the conduct of his appointees. He was further incensed at the passage of an act over his veto, which deprived him of the use of several thousand dollars for clerk-hire in his office. This sum was derived from the proceeds of the fee of five dollars, which the Secretary of the Territory was directed to charge for issuing each notary-public commission, three fifths of which was allowed the Governor for the above-mentioned object. The act of this year reduced the fee to two dollars, no part of which was available for the Governor's use. It was claimed that he had used much more of the fund than his office required. The Republicans of the Lower House

This

went so far as to introduce a memorial to the President-elect, complaining of the dictatorial and undignified conduct of the Governor, his opposition to legislation, his unfit appointments, extravagance, and other shortcomings. memorial was not passed; but as soon as President Harrison was inaugurated, forty-five of the seventy-two members of the Legislature united in sending him a telegram asking for the immediate removal of the Governor. Before any change was made, however, the Legislature adjourned, having rejected all of his nominees to Territorial offices. He then proceeded to reappoint the rejected nominees, claiming, also, that he could issue to them a commission for two years, notwithstanding the fact that he had signed the new tenure of office bill, which provided that the term of office of all gubernatorial appointees should terminate ten days after the retirement of the Governor appointing them. His claim depended upon the construction of several acts of the Legislature with reference to each other, but it was not supported by the Secretary of State, who refused to sign and seal the new commissions. The new Governor, therefore, came in unhampered by any question regarding the rights of the nominees of his predecessor, and at once proceeded to make sweeping changes in the offices.

Education. The following official statistics cover the school year ending June 30, 1889:

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The school-district system prevails in sixteen counties, while in seventy-two counties the township system of government has been adopted. The officers under the latter system are a State superintendent, who is ex officio member of a State board of education, a county superintendent for each county, and a board of education in each township. In addition, there is established in eighteen towns and cities a special system of graded schools, under which 9,551 pupils were enrolled this year.

There are 1,715,009 acres of school land in the Territory, the total value being $9,929,902.11. In some of the older and richer counties much of this land has been cultivated by private individuals without rendering any compensation therefor to the Territory.

During the Territorial period these lands were not available for school purposes, but now the gift from the Government becomes operative, and will provide a handsome fund for each of the new States.

There are two normal schools, one at Madison, which enrolled for this year 246 pupils in its normal department and 141 in the model school, and one at Spearfish. There is also a normal department in the University of Dakota, at Vermillion, Clay County, and another in the Uni

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